Heat cost allocators (HCAs) have a high market share in existing buildings, which may cause problems, especially with variable heat cost allocation due to wrong readings from HCAs and/or the method used in the heat cost allocation process. That is wh...
The correct estimate of individual thermal energy consumptions, and consequently, a fair heat cost allocation among the residents of apartment buildings with centralized heating systems, represents an important driving force towards energy saving, en...
Although the cost allocation method does not change the total benefits of CHP, the use of various cost allocation methods generally results in significant differences in costs allocated for CHP products. In order to overcome the inadequacy of existin...
In the case of cogeneration, the allocation of operation costs has a particularity specific to the joint production of heat and electricity from the same primary energy source. The cost allocation is also influenced by the demand conditions faced by...
The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system negatively affects the electric vehicle (EV) driving range, especially under cold ambient conditions. Modern HVAC systems based on the vapour-compression cycle can be rearranged to operate i...
District heating provides efficient urban heating; however, sustainable cost allocation methods in multi-apartment buildings often require additional attention, especially in developing markets such as Prishtina, Kosovo. These systems often rely on f...
Industrial operations consume energy and water in large quantities without accounting for potential economic and environmental burdens on future generations. Consumption of energy (mainly in the form of high pressure steam) and water (in the form of...
Power plants, electric generators, high-frequency controllers, battery storage, and control units are essential in current transportation and energy distribution networks. To improve the performance and guarantee the endurance of such systems, it is...
In order to improve energy efficiency, the Croatian government introduced an individual metering obligation for all district heat network users. The purpose of the research was to evaluate this policy measure regarding its effects on tenants’ b...
Industries consume large quantities of energy and water in their processes which are often considered to be peripheral to the process operation. Energy is used to heat or cool water for process use; additionally, water is frequently used in productio...
To address the critical issue of uneven flow allocation in district heating systems, this paper proposes a novel, systematic evaluation framework centered on the Flow Balance Index. The basic approach transforms discrete actual flow rates of users ac...
Heat cost allocation is commonly used in existing buildings supplied by centralized sources of heating/cooling and provided with individual metering systems. However, this process is not always fair for the users, since “fairness” strongl...
The Hellisheidi geothermal power plant, located in Iceland, is a combined heat and power double-flash geothermal plant with an installed capacity of 303.3 MW of electricity and 133 MW of hot water. This study aimed to elucidate the environmental impa...
This work presents a detailed thermo-economic analysis of unit water costs from dual-purpose cogeneration plants. The power levelized cost was first calculated for stand-alone steam, nuclear, and combined-cycle power plants. The cost of energy needed...
The current climate and energy crises demand innovative approaches to operating buildings more sustainably. HVAC systems, which significantly contribute to a building’s energy consumption, have been a major focus of research aimed at improving...
Apartment position and operation within buildings play a significant role on energy consumption and also on perceived thermal comfort. Dwellings with favorable positions can have significant benefit, also when heated for a limited number of hours, if...
In this paper, we assess using two alternative allocation schemes, namely exergy and primary energy saving (PES) to compare products generated in different combined heat and power (CHP) geothermal systems. In particular, the adequacy and feasibility...
China aims to peak carbon emissions by 2030. As a result, small-scale coal-fired combined heat and power (CHP) units and self-provided units are gradually shut down, and large-scale coal-fired CHP units are a solution to undertake the industrial heat...
The purpose of this paper is to improve the utilization of renewable energy by exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of the novel combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, which is based on solar thermal biomass gasification. The source of hea...
Assessing the influential factors on measured (or allocated) heat consumption in district heating systems is often limited by the available data. Within a project of modelling consumption in district heating systems in Croatia for the Ministry of Env...
Urban heat and extreme-temperature risks increasingly constrain sustainable planning in semi-arid grassland towns. Taking Xi Ujimqin Banner as a case study, this research develops a remote-sensing-informed diagnosis-to-allocation framework for heat-r...
This study investigated the energy requirement for running desalination units coupled to cogeneration plants. Various cogeneration systems were explored using power- and heat-allocated approaches. The specific work and heat necessary for operating di...
Improving the energy efficiency of data center has become a research focus in recent years. Previous works commonly adopted the inlet temperature constraint to optimize the thermal environment in the data center. However, the inlet temperature-aware...
Wood-processing residues can support both circular material use and bioenergy, but gross residue generation is not equivalent to additional energy availability. This review develops a literature-derived sequential framework for allocating four major...
This study proposes a novel integrated energy system (IES) cluster optimization structure that uses multi-energy sharing, multi-Nash games, and asymmetric profit allocation according to the energy supply demand and energy development planning for Tib...
The need for cooling is more and more important in current applications, as environmental constraints become more and more restrictive. Therefore, the optimization of reverse cycle machines is currently required. This optimization could be split in t...
The sizing of rooftop solar energy systems is commonly based on the most visible load or on generic end-use allocations, leading to an inadequate distribution of the limited rooftop area between heat and electricity. This study formalizes the energy...
Modern electric vehicle heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems operate in more efficient heat pump mode, thus, improving the driving range under cold ambient conditions. Coupling those HVAC systems with novel heating technologies s...
The rapid digitalization of district heating systems (DHSs) has driven the large-scale deployment of thermal Internet of Things (TIoT) sensors, which generate massive real-time operational data. Traditional centralized computing architectures struggl...
The solar collector–evaporator is a pivotal component in a direct-expansion solar-assisted heat pump (DX-SAHP) system, and its structural design directly affects the heat-transfer performance and overall coefficient of performance (COP). To inv...
The European Union (EU) has made climate change mitigation a high priority though a policy framework called “Clean Energy for all Europeans “. The concept of primary energy for energy resources plays a critical role in how different energ...
This study investigates the operational response of a two-sensor electronic heat cost allocator (HCA) installed on a high-inertia cast-iron radiator in a multi-family building. Over 164 days, reference temperatures recorded at 2-s intervals and aggre...
In this paper, a dual-layer grid comprehensive resource optimizing allocation model is proposed, which considers power quality controlling and load optimization scheduling under large-scale application of distributed electric heating. The upper-layer...
This paper presents the methods used to determine individual heating costs in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Ukraine, as well as EU arrangements for the settlement of individual heating costs. Also presented is the original method, which significantly...
Distributed generation is a good option for future energy systems with respect to sustainable development. In this context, the small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants are seen as an efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to lo...
Efficient consumption of energy and material resources, including water, is the primary focus for process industries to reduce their environmental impact. The Conference of Parties in Paris (COP21) highlighted the prominent role of industrial energy...
Selection and breeding of genotypes with improved drought/heat tolerance become key issues in the course of global change with predicted increased frequency of droughts or heat waves. Several morphological and physiological plant traits must be consi...
The constant attention to sustainability aimed at reconciling economic and social development with environmental protection is the driving force of the continuous growth of renewable energy in the energy sector. Among the numerous actions taken by th...
This study quantified irrigation–yield trade-offs in Northern Xinjiang under contrasting temperatures and evaluated the interannual performance of candidate irrigation schedules. We coupled APSIM-Cotton, calibrated and validated with field obse...
Electric vehicles (EVs) experience substantially reduced driving range in cold weather, primarily due to cabin heating energy demands. This paper proposes a control allocation strategy for positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater-based electric...
Enhancing energy efficiency is a critical pathway for China’s achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals while maintaining economic growth. The deviation between actual factor prices and shadow prices is a major source of low tot...
Absorption cooling technologies converting excess heat and renewable heat resources to cooling energy have shown progress in recent years. In this study, two 400 kW LiBr solution absorption chiller types with series and parallel connected are analyze...
Integration of modeling and optimization of a thermal management system simultaneously depends on heat transfer performance of the components and the topological characteristics of the system. This paper introduces a heat current method to construct...
Aiming to relieve the large amount of wind power curtailment during the heating period in the North China region, a thermal-electric decoupling (TED) approach is proposed to both bring down the constraint of forced power output of combined heat and p...
Geometric modifications in spiral-wound heat exchangers alter flow passages and heat transfer areas, complicating performance interpretation. A three-dimensional numerical study compares 22 circular tube configurations of a three-layer spiral-wound h...
In Europe, heating of houses and commercial areas is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. When considering the drastic impact of an increasing emission of greenhouse gases as well as the finiteness of fossil resources, the usage...
Grid carbon intensity varies hour to hour, so a load that must finish by a deadline but not at a specific hour, such as electric-vehicle charging, heat-pump operation, or batch computation, can be shifted to a cleaner time at no cost to delivered ene...
The global transition to renewable energy requires hybrid solutions that address variability while delivering tangible co-benefits and verifiable mitigation outcomes. This study evaluates a novel small hydropower–photovoltaic (SHP–PV) hyb...
This paper introduces the composition of the combined heat and power (CHP) generation system with low-temperature return water. Focusing on the Gujiao–Taiyuan heating system, it systematically analyzes the effects of key operational parameters,...
Minimizing the energy consumption is a dominant problem in data center design and operation. To cope with this issue, the common approach is to optimize the data center layout and the workload distribution among servers. Previous works have mainly ad...
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