Developing a high-quality scenario library is crucial for evaluating more reliable autonomous driving systems. A fundamental prerequisite for constructing such a library is the generation of safety-critical scenarios. In this paper, we propose a nest...
This study examines whether and how harnessing more wind energy can decrease the cost of meeting the demand for electricity and amount of carbon emissions in the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region, using the ASEAN integrated elect...
The Sardinian wetlands (Italy) act as stopover sites for many migratory birds along the central eastern Mediterranean bird flyway. These wetlands are now severely threatened by human activities and climate change. Accordingly, we built a simulation f...
For the decision-making challenge of ensuring vehicle lane-changing safety, this study proposes a context-dependent causal inference-based model for safe lane changes. Emphasizing multi-vehicle interactions within dynamic traffic scenarios, we constr...
As the first pilot provincial water environmental compensation set up at the national level, the Xin’anjiang River Basin plays a very important exemplary and guiding role in the ecological compensation of transboundary basins in China. There is...
Airport projects can have a significant impact on sustainable development. In Germany, as in many other developed countries, airport development is confronting a dilemma because, on the one hand, airports are important infrastructural components and,...
The rapid integration of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is transforming healthcare through real-time monitoring, AI-driven diagnostics, and remote treatment. However, the growing reliance on IoMT devices, such as robotic surgical systems, life...
Recommendations suggest limiting the intake of free sugar to under 10% or 5% of calories in order to reduce the risk of negative health outcomes. This study aimed to examine Canadian free sugar intake and model how intakes change following the implem...
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has gained significant attention in recent years due to concerns over the lack of interpretability of Deep Learning models, which hinders their decision-making processes. To address this issue, counterfactual...
25 August 2021
Urban development and disaster risk are deeply linked, especially now when we are facing increasingly frequent climate change. Hence, knowledge of the potential trade-offs between urban development and disaster risk reduction (DRR) may have potential...
This paper studies the performance of machine learning predictions for the counterfactual analysis of air transport. It is motivated by the dynamic and universally regulated international air transport market, where ex post policy evaluations usually...
Counterfactual conditionals posit hypothetical scenarios in which antecedent events contradict reality. This study examined whether and how the processing difficulty of Chinese counterfactual conditionals (yaobushi, equivalent to if it had not been f...
5 August 2020
In Italy, the COVID-19 epidemic curve started to flatten when the health system had already exceeded its capacity, raising concerns that the lockdown was indeed delayed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health effects of late implementation...
This study critically evaluates a recent machine learning method called the X-Learner, that aims to estimate treatment effects by predicting counterfactual quantities. It uses information from the treated group to predict counterfactuals for the cont...
This paper presents an analysis of the land use and land cover change (LUCC) of major infrastructure construction as exemplified by the case of Hangzhou International Airport (HIA, Hangzhou, China), which is one of the busiest airports in Eastern Chi...
Cognitive diagnosis serves as a key component in personalized intelligent education, designed to accurately evaluate students’ knowledge states by analyzing their historical response data. It offers fundamental support for various educational a...
The paper presents Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels as the first systematic attempt to claim that the normal methods of testing belief and opinion for clarity, consistence, coherence, and how they stand to the facts are powerless when...
Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have made great achievements in various scenarios, but there are still many problems in solving sequential social dilemmas (SSDs). In SSDs, the agent’s actions not only change the instantaneo...
Pedestrian trajectory prediction is crucial for autonomous systems navigating human-populated environments. However, existing methods face fundamental challenges including spurious correlations induced by confounding social environments, passive unce...
While deep learning models have demonstrated superior performance in cryptocurrency forecasting, their deployment is often hindered by a lack of interpretability and trustworthiness. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes the Cryptocurrency Counterf...
3 June 2025
In this paper, we propose a methodology designed to deliver actionable insights that help businesses retain customers. While Machine Learning (ML) techniques predict whether a customer is likely to churn, this alone is not enough. Explainable Artific...
The introduction of a significant industrial carbon price in Alberta, Canada, has precipitated major changes in its electricity market, both for fossil fuel generators, which has resulted in a rapid transition from coal to natural gas, as well as for...
The adoption of green pest control technologies (GPCTs) has emerged as a critical factor in the pursuit of sustainable agricultural practices, particularly in improving farm efficiency and mitigating environmental impacts. This study investigates the...
Hourly traffic volume prediction is now emerging to mitigate and respond to hourly-level traffic congestion augmented by deep learning techniques. Incorporating meteorological data into the forecasting of hourly traffic volumes substantively improves...
11 July 2016
It is often argued that liquid biofuels are cleaner than fossil fuels, and therefore better for human health, however, the evidence on this issue is still unclear. Brazil’s high uptake of ethanol and role as a major producer makes it the most appropr...
This paper presents the results of a sustainability impact assessment (SIA) of policy induced land use changes in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The regional problems include rapid expansions of urban areas, due to high population pressure, and the conversio...
A decade after the publication of seminal papers on personal carbon trading (PCT), few empirical studies on its implementation exist. Investigating how to design, set up and implement a PCT scheme for a community or country raises several difficultie...
Rapid biofuel expansion has significantly reshaped agricultural land use in the United States, raising concerns about the conversion and long-term sustainability of marginal croplands. Understanding how policy incentives influence these land-use chan...
Educational stakeholders would be better informed if they could use their students’ formative assessments results and personal background attributes to predict the conditions for achieving favorable learning outcomes, and conversely, to gain aw...
The impact of the drastic reduction in travel volume within mainland China in January and February 2020 was quantified with respect to reports of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections outside China. Data on confirmed cases diagnosed outside China w...
In the industrial sector, malfunctions of equipment that occur during the production and operation process typically necessitate human intervention to restore normal functionality. However, the question that follows is how to design and optimize the...
Background: Global immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has expanded with Gavi support. We estimated health, economic benefits, equity and cost-effectiveness in 159 countries (1990–2021), and projected effects of future intr...
Despite its rich water resources, Brazil is increasingly facing extreme hydrologic events such as droughts and floods. The Sao Paulo Cantareira water supply system (CWSS) offers an opportunity to examine the potential economic benefits of nature-base...
Long uphill stretches of single-carriageway rural roads with one lane per travel direction may reduce the Level of Service (LoS), due to the decreased speed of heavy vehicles. In those circumstances, a slowdown of traffic, resulting in the formation...
The impact of outbreak response immunization (ORI) can be estimated by comparing observed outcomes to modelled counterfactual scenarios without ORI, but the most appropriate metrics depend on stakeholder needs and data availability. This study develo...
Background: Health disparities research increasingly relies on complex survey data to understand survival differences between population subgroups. While Peters–Belson decomposition provides a principled framework for distinguishing disparities...
As it emerges from the literature, electricity access in rural contexts is deeply intertwined with socioeconomic dynamics. However, the advent of a reliable and sufficient source of electricity is not the sole driver that might contribute to local de...
12 March 2019
The objective is to estimate the number of deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases and diet-related cancers that could be prevented or delayed in Sweden if adults adhere to the official dietary recommendations. We used an age-group and sex-spe...
As the educational landscape evolves, understanding and fostering student adaptability has become increasingly critical. This study presents a comparative analysis of XAI techniques to interpret machine learning models aimed at classifying student ad...
Bans on single-use plastic shopping bags (SUPBs) are a popular policy to tackle plastic pollution. However, their success has been evaluated solely based on reduced SUPBs consumption, ignoring the impacts of substitutes. This article addresses this g...
In Japan, a decrease in cardiovascular mortality has coincided with reduced population salt intake since the 1950s. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of reduced population salt intake on the long-term trends of cardiovascular morta...
The objective of this study is to estimate the number of deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases and diet-related cancers that could be prevented or delayed in the Nordic countries, i.e., Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Iceland, if adult...
This research aims to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of the Lithuanian long-term renovation strategy, focusing on improvements in the energy performance of renovated multi-apartment buildings in the country. The methodology used...
Unabated pressures on food systems affect food security on a global scale. A human-centric artificial intelligence-based probabilistic approach is used in this paper to perform a unified analysis of data from the Global Food Security Index (GFSI). Th...
The strategy of building an international tourism island in Hainan is an important national strategic deployment, with tourism as the core, integrating a series of issues such as industry, tropical agriculture, and urban-rural relations. The implemen...
Against a background of high-speed development and the expansion of built land surface, there has been widespread encroachment of natural habitats (henceforth “eco-spaces”). It becomes correspondingly difficult to improve the value of urb...
Background: Exposure to occupational carcinogens is an important and avoidable cause of cancer. We aimed to provide an evidence-based estimate of the burden of occupation-related cancers in Italy. Methods: The attributable fraction (AF) was calculate...
Explainable artificial intelligence provides tools to better understand predictive models and their decisions, but many such methods are limited to producing insights with respect to a single class. When generating explanations for several classes, r...
Both sorting on public goods and tastes for segregation contribute to the persistence of segregation in America. Incorporating Schelling’s (1969, 1971) concept of “neighborhood tipping” into a two-stage equilibrium sorting model, in which both neighb...
Cholera kills between 21,000 and 143,000 people globally each year. It is often fatal, killing up to 50% of the severely symptomatic patients; but death by cholera is preventable with timely treatment, so that the fatality rate can drop to less than...
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