248 Results Found

Background: This is the first survey to use the World Health Organization (WHO) methodology to document the magnitude and main drivers of tuberculosis (TB) patient costs in order to guide policies on cost mitigation and to produce a baseline measure...

Efforts to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem require reductions in mortality, incidence, and the eradication of associated catastrophic costs; however, the question of catastrophic costs is often neglected, particularly in the context...

Active case finding (ACF) is a strategy that aims to identify people with tuberculosis (TB) earlier in their disease. This outreach approach may lead to a reduction in catastrophic cost incurrence (costs exceeding 20% of annual household income), a m...

Despite national programs covering the cost of treatment for tuberculosis (TB) in many countries, TB patients still face substantial costs. The end TB strategy, set by the World Health Organization (WHO), calls for “zero” TB households to...

The End Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy has the ambitious goal of ending the global TB epidemic by the year 2030, which is aligned to the Sustainable Development Goals. One of three high level indicators of the Strategy is the “catastrophic costs&rd...

One way to reduce healthcare costs is to target the high spenders who remain persistently high in cost over time. Using claims data from China between 2010 to 2014, we sought to identify the level of concentration in spending and the proportion of sp...

Tuberculosis (TB), the leading single infectious diseases killer globally, is driven by poverty. Conversely, having TB worsens impoverishment. During TB illness, lost income and out-of-pocket costs can become “catastrophic”, leading patie...

Background: National Health Insurance (NHI) in Indonesia requires an appropriate cost-sharing policy, particularly for diseases that require the largest financing. This study examined factors that influence willingness to pay (WTP) for cost-sharing u...

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus and hypertension increasingly co-occur in South Africa. Despite publicly funded care, patients with multimorbidity face high out-of-pocket costs, yet limited evidence exists from the patient perspective. Purpo...

Rapid aging in China is increasing the number of older people who tend to require health services for their poor perceived health. Drawing on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2018 data, we used two-part model and binary log...

Background: Out-of-pocket costs pose a substantial economic burden to cancer patients and their families. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the literature on out-of-pocket costs of cancer care. Methods: A systematic literature review was cond...

Background: Understanding the pattern of care use can provide valuable information for reform interventions. This study investigates the pattern of healthcare utilization and its association with drug acquisition patterns and expenses in the National...

Scaling of the cost-functional and its violations are discussed with regard to their application to the summation of asymptotic truncated expansions. A new family of cost-functionals dependent only on amplitudes is considered, allowing for a continuo...

Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are configured as an important source of financing long-term care (LTC). However, very few studies have analyzed the risk of impoverishment and catastrophic effects of OOP in LTC. To estimate the contribution...

The objective of this case study is to enable students to analyze the financial impact of an unexpected catastrophic event on a retail business and how the strategic operational decisions made in response to regulatory restrictions and changes in tax...

Background. The financial effect of households’ out-of-pocket payments (OOP) on access and use of health systems has been extensively studied in the literature, especially in emerging or developing countries. However, it has been the subject of littl...

Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) place a considerable burden on medical costs and add to an increased number of inpatient days in Taiwan. Continuity of care (COC) has not been investigated in this population thus far. Materials and Metho...

The safety assessment of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) requires tremendous effort, as the complexity of cyber-physical systems is increasing. A well-known approach for the safety assessment of CPSs is fault injection (FI). The goal of fault injection...

Background: Patients with catastrophic health conditions have continuously faced substantial out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for non-covered services despite universal health coverage in South Korea. In 2013, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) ex...

A tunnel excavation model with weak interlayers is established to analyze the effect of different angles and thicknesses on the displacement of the surrounding rock. Based on catastrophe theory, a stability criterion for surrounding rock displacement...

The cognitive behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) often involves exposing patients to a catastrophic scenario depicting their most feared worry. The aim of this study was to examine whether a standardized scenario recreated in...

Refineries piping installation systems are designed, fabricated, and operated to assure very high levels of quality and structural integrity, to provide very high resilience to catastrophic events like earthquakes, explosions, or fires, which could i...

This study evaluates the current Spanish insurance framework for catastrophic flood risk, administered by the Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros (CCS), based on nationwide loss data reported by the CCS for the period 1996–2020. The ana...

During competition for resources in primitive networks increased fitness of an information variant does not necessarily equate with successful elimination of its competitors. If variability is added fast to a system, speedy replacement of pre-existin...

The implementation of lemon laws in America has played an important role in improving the quality of after-sales service. Nowadays, many countries, such as China, Canada, Europe, Australia, Singapore, and South Korea, have adopted lemon laws in vario...

Universal health coverage is essential for the progress to end threats of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. The current review assesses the publication rate, strategies and barriers for antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, equity, qu...

Catastrophic volcanic eruptions, large earthquakes beneath big cities, or giant earthquakes at subduction zones are apparently the biggest problems facing the sustainability of human society. However, imminent prediction methods for these events have...

Non-catastrophic weather risk is gaining importance as climate change becomes more pronounced and economic crisis forces companies to strengthen their cost control. Recent literature proposes weather derivatives as flexible weather risk mitigating to...

Catastrophic natural disasters cause devastating damage and leave a huge number of homeless people. Waiting for resettlement in a post-disaster environment brings human suffering, which is defined by waiting cost in this paper. Taking into account wa...

Medical care for children with cancer is complex and expensive, and represents a large financial burden for families around the world. We estimated the medical cost of cancer care for children under the age of 18, using administrative records of the...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) eruption has left not only illness and mortality in its wake, but also an overwhelming threat to health policy, human regality, food security, and struggle worldwide. The accessibility...

We discuss two queueing-inventory systems with catastrophes in the warehouse. Catastrophes occur according to the Poisson process and instantly destroy all items in the inventory. The arrivals of the consumer customers follow a Markovian arrival proc...

Catastrophic oil spill accidents, oily industrial wastewater, and other types of uncontrolled release of oils into the environment are major global issues since they threaten marine ecosystems and lead to a big economic impact. It can also affect the...

Improving the capabilities of online condition monitoring systems, able to detect arising of catastrophic wear on cutting tools, has been an important target to be pursued for the metal cutting industry. Currently, different systems have been propose...

A model of a single-server queuing-inventory system (QIS) with a limited waiting buffer for consumer customers (c-customers) and catastrophes has been developed. When a catastrophe occurs, all items in the system’s warehouse are destroyed, but...

Efficient maintenance is paramount for rail transport systems to avoid catastrophic accidents. Therefore, a method that enables the early detection of defects in critical components is crucial for increasing the availability of rolling stock and redu...

The consequences of a hazmat accident can be catastrophic due to the characteristics of hazardous materials. Different from the models, which are constructed from the perspective of “government-carrier”, this paper considers the three objectives of t...

With the development of IoT, IoT devices have proliferated. With the increasing demands of network management and security evaluation, automatic identification of IoT devices becomes necessary. However, existing works require a lot of manual effort a...

Embankment structures in civil engineering, such as earth dams and fluvial dikes, have a crucial role in society. These structures, often used for water storage and mining tailing containment, are cost-effective due to their reliance on locally sourc...

The research on the optimization of a low-carbon multimodal transportation path under uncertainty can have an important theoretical and practical significance in the high-quality development situation. This paper investigates the low-carbon path opti...

The broad availability and low cost of smartphones have justified their use for structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges. This paper presents a smartphone application called App4SHM, as a customized SHM process for damage detection. App4SHM inte...

In this investigation, a novel sort of retrial queueing system with working breakdown services is introduced. Two distinct kinds of customers are considered, which are priority and ordinary customers. The normal busy server may become inadequate due...

The steel industry is typical process manufacturing, and the quality and cost of the products can be improved by efficient operation of equipment. This paper proposes an efficient diagnosis and monitoring method for the gearbox, which is a key piece...

A few centuries ago, the first vaccine vial was formulated, and since then, they have resulted in an eminent reduction in infectious diseases associated morbidity and mortality. The discovery of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease and...

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death from a single infectious agent in humans. The morbidity and mortality due to TB are further worsened by co-existing health conditions and the emergence of drug-resistant (DR-TB) cases. The WHO has declare...

Regular transmission maintenance is important to keep the infrastructure resilient and reliable. Delays providing on-time maintenance increase the forced outage rate of those assets, causing unexpected changes in the operating conditions and even cat...

Earthworms are a resilient group of species thriving in varied habitats through feeding on decaying organic matter, and are therefore predicted to survive an abrupt sunlight reduction scenario, e.g., a nuclear winter. In this study, the feasibility a...

Energy poverty, defined as a households’ limited ability to secure affordable energy, has become a key issue in the energy transition debate due to its impact on well-being, health risks, and social inequality. We investigate its health impacts...

Deep learning has been the answer to many machine learning problems during the past two decades. However, it comes with two significant constraints: dependency on extensive labeled data and training costs. Transfer learning in deep learning, known as...

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) represent a high-density, controlled-environment fish farming method that requires constant monitoring of critical water quality parameters to ensure high water quality and fish stock health. Manual monitoring...