Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

16 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Resistance to Pyrethroids and Neonicotinoids in Malaria Vectors from Vegetable Farms in the Northern Benin

by Massioudou Koto Yérima Gounou Boukari, Innocent Djègbè, Ghislain T. Tepa-Yotto, Donald Hessou-Djossou, Genevieve Tchigossou, Eric Tossou, Michel Lontsi-Demano, Danahé Adanzounon, Adam Gbankoto, Luc Djogbénou and Rousseau Djouaka

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120305 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Agricultural pesticides may play a crucial role in the selection of resistance in field populations of mosquito vectors. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility level of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids in vegetable farms in northern Benin, in West Africa, [...] Read more.

Agricultural pesticides may play a crucial role in the selection of resistance in field populations of mosquito vectors. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility level of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids in vegetable farms in northern Benin, in West Africa, and the underlying insecticide resistance mechanisms. A survey on agricultural practices was carried out on 85 market gardeners chosen randomly in Malanville and Parakou. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were collected, reared to adult stages, and identified to species level. Susceptibility was tested with impregnated papers (WHO bioassays) or CDC bottles according to the insecticides. Synergists (PBO, DEM, and DEF) were used to screen resistance mechanisms. Allelic frequencies of the kdr (L1014F), kdr (L1014S), N1575Y, and ace-1R G119S mutations were determined in mosquitoes using Taqman PCR. Fertilizers and pesticides were the agrochemicals most used with a rate of 97.78% and 100%, respectively, in Malanville and Parakou. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant species in Malanville, while An. gambiae was the only species found in Parakou. Bioassays revealed a high resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroids and DDT, while a susceptibility to bendiocarb, pyrimiphos-methyl, malathion, and clothianidin was recorded. Resistance to acetamiprid was suspected in mosquitoes from both localities. A lower resistance level was observed when mosquitoes were pre-treated with synergists, then exposed to insecticides. The kdr L1014F mutation was observed in both locations at moderate frequencies (0.50 in Malanville and 0.55 in Parakou). The allelic frequencies of N1575Y and G119S were low in both study sites. This study confirmed the resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to insecticides used in agriculture and public health. It reveals a susceptibility of vectors to bendiocarb, pyrimiphos-methyl, malathion, and clothianidin, thus indicating that these insecticides can be used as an alternative in Benin to control malaria vectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Intervention Strategies Used to Control Mosquito Populations and Reduce Disease Transmission)

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12 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion of Labor Migrants as a Potential Key Population for HIV: A Nationwide Study from Tajikistan

by Brian Kwan, Hamid R. Torabzadeh, Adebimpe O. Akinwalere, Julie Nguyen, Patricia Cortez, Jamoliddin Abdullozoda, Salomudin J. Yusufi, Kamiar Alaei and Arash Alaei

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120304 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Key populations are particularly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nearly half of Tajikistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) originates from labor migrant transfers. While not officially designated as a key population, over 300,000 migrants return to Tajikistan every year at increased risk [...] Read more.

Key populations are particularly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nearly half of Tajikistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) originates from labor migrant transfers. While not officially designated as a key population, over 300,000 migrants return to Tajikistan every year at increased risk for HIV due to absence or interruption of treatment, change in risky behaviors, and other factors. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the national registry system operated by the Tajikistan Ministry of Health and Social Protection of individuals (n = 10,700) who had been diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 2010 to 30 May 2023. Individual HIV cases resided in five regions: Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS), Dushanbe (Tajikistan’s capital city), Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), Khatlon, and Sughd. We developed logistic regression models to investigate the relationships between key population status and demographic characteristics. GBAO has the largest proportion of labor migrants (49.59%), which is much larger than that of the other regions (<32%). In contrast to other key populations, there was a larger proportion of HIV cases in rural areas that were labor migrants (23.25%) in comparison to urban areas (16.05%). In multivariable analysis, the odds of being a labor migrant were 6.248 (95% CI: 4.811, 8.113), 2.691 (95% CI: 2.275, 3.184), and 1.388 (95% CI: 1.155, 1.668) times larger if a case was residing in GBAO, Sughd, or DRS, compared to Dushanbe, respectively. Our research contributes to the field by proposing to expand the definition of key population to include labor migrants in Central Asia who should be emphasized as a vulnerable population at high risk of HIV. We encourage policy action to provide designated HIV funding for labor migrants, increase international attention, and promote potential modifications of national regulations and/or laws regarding prevention and treatment of HIV among non-citizen populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Migrant Health, 2nd Edition)

11 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micronutrient Biomarkers and Their Association with Malaria Infection in Children in Buea Health District, Cameroon

by Jerome Nyhalah Dinga, Emmanuel Fondungallah Anu, Romelle Dibanda Feumba, Haowen Qin, Flora Ayah, Rene Bilingwe Ayiseh, Robert Adamu Shey, Stanley Dobgima Gamua, Anthony Kukwah Tufon, Rameshbabu Manyam and Vincent P. K. Titanji

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120303 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Recently malaria and micronutrient deficiencies have become a major worldwide public health problem, particularly in Africa and other endemic countries with children under 5 years old being the most vulnerable. Apart from nutritional problems that cause micronutrient deficiencies, studies have also reported that [...] Read more.

Recently malaria and micronutrient deficiencies have become a major worldwide public health problem, particularly in Africa and other endemic countries with children under 5 years old being the most vulnerable. Apart from nutritional problems that cause micronutrient deficiencies, studies have also reported that parasitic infections like malaria can affect the levels of micronutrients. Thus, this research was aimed at assessing the serum levels of micronutrient biomarkers and their association with malaria infection in children under 5 years old in the Buea Health District. Method: This cross-sectional study recruited 80 participants from February to April 2024. The micronutrient biomarkers levels were measured using a Q-7plex Human Micronutrient Measurement Kit. Results: There were changes in serum micronutrient biomarkers levels between malaria infected and healthy children. Ferritin was higher in sick children (23.53 μg/L ± 7.75) than in healthy children (19.07 μg/L ± 3.87), significantly (p < 0.002). The same trend was observed with the soluble transferrin receptor being higher (p < 0.049) in sick children (3.74 mg/L ± 1.92) compared to healthy ones (3.08 mg/L ± 0.64). In addition, the levels of retinol-binding protein 4 and thyroglobulin levels were not significantly different between the sick and healthy children. Therefore, this study revealed that malaria causes alterations in the serum levels of micronutrient biomarkers and consequently affects micronutrient levels in children below the age of 5 in the Buea Health District. Full article

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12 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abundance and Distribution of Phlebotomus pedifer (Diptera: Psychodidae) Across Various Habitat Types in Endemic Foci of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Mid-Highlands of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

by Bereket Alemayehu, Temesgen Tomas, Negese Koroto, Teshome Matusala, Aberham Megaze and Herwig Leirs

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120302 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Phlebotomus pedifer is a vector of Leishmania aethiopica, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study assessed the abundance and distribution of P. pedifer in different habitats and human houses situated at varying distances from hyrax (reservoir host) dwellings, in Wolaita Zone, [...] Read more.

Phlebotomus pedifer is a vector of Leishmania aethiopica, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study assessed the abundance and distribution of P. pedifer in different habitats and human houses situated at varying distances from hyrax (reservoir host) dwellings, in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia. Sandflies were collected from January 2020 to December 2021 using CDC light traps, sticky paper traps, and locally made emergence traps. Sampling was performed in human houses, peri-domestic areas, farmlands, and hyrax dwellings. Houses 200 m and 400 m from hyrax dwellings were selected to study whether distance affects indoor sandfly abundance. A total of 2485 sandflies were captured, with P. pedifer accounting for 86.1% of the catch and Sergentomyia spp. comprising the remaining 13.9%. The abundance of P. pedifer was highest in human houses (72.3%) and lowest in farmlands (4.0%). Temperature showed a positive correlation with sandfly abundance (r = 0.434, p = 0.000), while rainfall (r = −0.424, p = 0.001) and humidity (r = −0.381, p = 0.001) were negatively correlated with abundance. Houses near hyrax dwellings had significantly higher P. pedifer abundance compared to those further away. Soil-emergence trapping yielded only a few P. pedifer specimens, primarily from hyrax dwellings. The findings highlight the increased presence of P. pedifer indoors, particularly in houses close to hyrax habitats, emphasizing the need for targeted indoor vector control strategies to mitigate the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)

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14 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acceptance and Completion Rates of 3-Month Isoniazid-Rifampicin (3HR) Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment (TPT) Among Contacts of Bacteriologically Confirmed TB Patients—Patients’ and Healthcare Workers’ Perspectives

by Austin Ihesie, Ogoamaka Chukwuogo, Rupert Eneogu, Olugbenga Kayode Daniel, Aderonke Agbaje, Bethrand Odume, Debby Nongo, Charles Ohikhuai, Nera Kadiri-Eneh, Omosalewa Oyelaran, Victor Obianeri, Wayne Van Gemert, Enos Okumu Masini, Cleophas D’auvergne, Urhioke Ochuko, Chukwuma Anyaike and Sunday Olakunle Olarewaju

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120301 - 7 Dec 2024

Abstract

Providing tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to close contacts of persons with TB is a core strategy recommended by WHO for the prevention and control of TB. Nigeria rolled out the 3-month Isoniazid-Rifampicin (3HR) shorter regimen TPT as a pilot for use among eligible [...] Read more.

Providing tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) to close contacts of persons with TB is a core strategy recommended by WHO for the prevention and control of TB. Nigeria rolled out the 3-month Isoniazid-Rifampicin (3HR) shorter regimen TPT as a pilot for use among eligible adult and child contacts. This study assesses acceptance and completion rates of 3HR TPT among contacts and determines the perspectives of healthcare workers (HCWs) and contacts on acceptance and completion of 3HR TPT in Nigeria. In this cross-sectional descriptive study using mixed methods, records of TPT-eligible clients were retrospectively reviewed, while 18 purposely selected HCWs and 18 contacts on 3HR were interviewed. Of the 30,012 eligible contacts, 12,040 (40.1%) were initiated on TPT. Among these, 8213 (68%) were enrolled on 3HR, and 6972 (84.7%) of them completed treatment. Perceived facilitators include belief in its effectiveness, training among HCWs, and a good understanding of TPT from HCW counseling sessions. Barriers reported were linked to stockouts, misconceptions about side effects, non-disclosures, and disincentive follow-up strategies. The acceptance and completion rate for 3HR TPT was good. Scaling up 3HR TPT will require redesigning policies towards addressing identified barriers and utilizing interventions linked to capabilities, opportunities, and motivations among contacts of TB patients and HCWs. Full article

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22 pages, 5029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Snakebites in Cameroon by Species Whose Effects Are Poorly Described

by Jean-Philippe Chippaux, Yoann Madec, Pierre Amta, Rodrigue Ntone, Gaëlle Noël, Pedro Clauteaux, Yap Boum II, Armand S. Nkwescheu and Fabien Taieb

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120300 - 6 Dec 2024

Abstract

Snakes responsible for bites are rarely identified, resulting in a loss of information about snakebites from venomous species whose venom effects are poorly understood. A prospective clinical study including patients bitten by a snake was conducted in Cameroon between 2019 and 2021 to [...] Read more.

Snakes responsible for bites are rarely identified, resulting in a loss of information about snakebites from venomous species whose venom effects are poorly understood. A prospective clinical study including patients bitten by a snake was conducted in Cameroon between 2019 and 2021 to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a marketed polyvalent antivenom. Clinical presentation during the first 3 days of hospitalization was recorded following a standardized protocol. This ancillary study aimed to assess the frequency of bites by the different species encountered in Cameroon and to describe the symptoms of bites by formally identified species. Of the 447 patients included in the study, 159 (35.6%) brought the snake that caused the bite that was identified by a specialist. Out of these, 8 specimens could not be identified due to poor condition, 19 were non-venomous species, and 95 belonged to Echis romani—formerly E. ocellatus—species. The remaining 37 specimens included 2 Atheris squamigera, 12 Atractaspis spp., 2 Bitis arietans, 11 Causus maculatus, 1 Dendroaspis jamesoni, 1 Naja haje, 1 N. katiensis, 5 N. melanoleuca complex, and 2 N. nigricollis. Symptoms, severity of envenomation, and post-treatment course are described. Symptoms and severity of bites are consistent with cases described in the literature, but some specific features are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Snake Bite: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment)

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16 pages, 1881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Paper to Digital: Performance and Challenges of the Electronic Hepatitis B Surveillance System in Ninh Binh, Northern Vietnam (2017–2022)

by Hien T. Nguyen, Thai Q. Pham, Duc M. Hoang, Quang D. Tran, Giang T. Chu, Thuong T. Nguyen, Nam H. Le, Huyen T. Nguyen, Khanh C. Nguyen and Florian Vogt

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120299 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

Hepatitis B remains a major public health issue in Vietnam. Mandatory reporting to the national electronic communicable disease surveillance system (eCDS) has been required since July 2016. We conducted an evaluation of the hepatitis B surveillance system in Ninh Binh, the province with [...] Read more.

Hepatitis B remains a major public health issue in Vietnam. Mandatory reporting to the national electronic communicable disease surveillance system (eCDS) has been required since July 2016. We conducted an evaluation of the hepatitis B surveillance system in Ninh Binh, the province with the highest reported burden of hepatitis B in Northern Vietnam, between 2017 and 2022. Using the CDC’s guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems, we assessed four key attributes: simplicity, timeliness, data quality, and acceptability. This retrospective evaluation included document reviews, analysis of hepatitis B data, and in-depth interviews with provincial-level healthcare staff involved in the reporting of hepatitis B cases. The results showed that the eCDS improved reporting frequency, provided more detailed case information, and enhanced data accessibility compared to the previous paper-based system. However, the system faced several challenges, including unclear objectives, difficulties in distinguishing acute from chronic cases, insufficient training for staff, lack of supervision for data quality, and technical software issues. Despite these challenges, stakeholders found the system acceptable but emphasized the need for improvements, including revising the system’s objectives, automating case classification, enhancing training, securing funding for maintenance, and implementing regular data review processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Global and Local Burden, Surveillance, and Response Strategies)

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12 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlates of Trachoma Recrudescence: Results from 51 District-Level Trachoma Surveillance Surveys in Amhara, Ethiopia

by Eshetu Sata, Nicholas A. Presley, Phong Le, Andrew W. Nute, Zebene Ayele, Ayalew Shiferaw, Demelash Gessese, Ambahun Chernet, Berhanu Melak, Tania A. Gonzalez, Kimberly A. Jensen, Adisu Abebe Dawed, Taye Zeru, Zerihun Tadesse, Elizabeth Kelly Callahan and Scott D. Nash

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120298 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

Trachoma recrudescence is a serious concern for trachoma control programs. Programs define recrudescence as the return of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence above elimination threshold (≥5%) on district-level trachoma surveillance surveys (TSSs). This study aimed to determine potential correlates of trachoma recrudescence within a [...] Read more.

Trachoma recrudescence is a serious concern for trachoma control programs. Programs define recrudescence as the return of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence above elimination threshold (≥5%) on district-level trachoma surveillance surveys (TSSs). This study aimed to determine potential correlates of trachoma recrudescence within a historically highly endemic region. Between 2015 and 2021, population-based TSSs were conducted in 51 districts of Amhara, Ethiopia. District estimates were calculated accounting for multistage design; logistic regression was used to estimate the association of key correlates with recrudescence at the district level. Among the 51 districts, 17 (33%) were recrudescent. Correlates of recrudescence included indicators of historic trachoma burden, such as higher trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) prevalence (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6, CI: 1.4–5.3) and higher Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection prevalence (OR: 2.9, CI: 1.1–9.9) at the first recorded impact survey. The increased prevalence of children with clean faces (OR: 0.4, CI: 0.21–1.0) and the increased prevalence of travel time to a water source ≤ 30 min (OR: 0.5, CI: 0.2–1.1) at the TSS were associated with a protective effect from recrudescence. Data on historical trachoma burden as well as current water and sanitation conditions may help programs predict where recrudescence is more likely to occur and thus help programs sustain elimination as a public health problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trachoma and Its Management)

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7 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transitioning Adolescents to Adult HIV Care in the United States: Implementation Lessons from the iTransition Intervention Pilot Trial

by Amanda E. Tanner, Sulianie Mertus, Mohammed Sheikh Eldin Jibriel, Rakira Urquhart, Keenan Phillips, Nadia Dowshen, Srija Dutta, Madeleine H. Goldstein, Susan Lee, Kayla Knowles, Kaja Darien, Kelly L. Rulison, Julia Madden and Sophia A. Hussen

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120297 - 3 Dec 2024

Abstract

Although every youth in pediatric/adolescent HIV care will need to transition to adult-oriented care, there are no existing evidence-based interventions to optimize health through this process. Healthcare transition poses a persistent challenge to the health of youth living with HIV, which may result [...] Read more.

Although every youth in pediatric/adolescent HIV care will need to transition to adult-oriented care, there are no existing evidence-based interventions to optimize health through this process. Healthcare transition poses a persistent challenge to the health of youth living with HIV, which may result in gaps in care engagement, medication adherence, and viral suppression. Our process evaluation of iTransition, a multilevel mobile health (mHealth) intervention, included iterative interviews with youth, providers, and Transition Champions. These data, along with team meeting notes, highlight the important role the intervention plays in addressing healthcare transition-related challenges, positioning it to fill a critical gap for both youth and providers. It also highlights important individual (e.g., competing priorities of youth and providers), clinical (e.g., electronic health record integration), and contextual (e.g., clinical policies during COVID-19 pandemic) challenges to intervention reach and implementation. More work is needed to refine interventions to support care continuity for youth living with HIV as they transition to adult-oriented care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent HIV Care and Transition Strategies: Challenges, Outcomes, and Interventions)

5 pages, 207 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Integrating Community Engagement in Zero Leprosy Efforts: A Pathway to Sustainable Early Detection, Control and Elimination

by Anil Fastenau, Matthew Willis, Constanze Vettel, Sophie C. W. Stuetzle, Srilekha Penna, Priyanka Chahal, Fabian Schlumberger, Mowmita Basak Mow, Ngozi Ekeke, Joseph Ngozi Chukwu and Patricia D. Deps

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120296 - 3 Dec 2024

Abstract

Community engagement has emerged as a critical component in the effective control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly in regions with persistent stigma and limited healthcare access. Drawing on case studies from Brazil, India, and Nigeria, this opinion piece explores how [...] Read more.

Community engagement has emerged as a critical component in the effective control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), particularly in regions with persistent stigma and limited healthcare access. Drawing on case studies from Brazil, India, and Nigeria, this opinion piece explores how community-driven initiatives have successfully improved leprosy awareness, reduced stigma, and fostered early case detection and treatment adherence. The importance of culturally sensitive, inclusive approaches in health education and stigma reduction campaigns is highlighted, emphasizing the potential for community engagement to enhance national leprosy programs and contribute to the World Health Organization’s Zero Leprosy Strategy. By examining these examples, this article illustrates how integrating community participation into leprosy control and elimination programs can drive sustainable outcomes for achieving Zero Leprosy, even in resource-limited settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Zero Leprosy: Epidemiology and Prevention Strategy)

11 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden of Food-Borne Trematodiases in China: Trends from 1990 to 2021 and Projections to 2035

by Yanzheng Zou, Yihu Lin, Yili Qian, Luqiu Tao, Gao Tan, Hongru Zhu, Li Pan, Xiaoli Liu, Yu He and Wei Wang

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120295 - 3 Dec 2024

Abstract

To assess the burden of food-borne trematodiases in China from 1990 to 2021 and project the burden through 2035, data were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 datasets. The estimated prevalent food-borne trematodiase cases were 33.32 million (95% uncertainty [...] Read more.

To assess the burden of food-borne trematodiases in China from 1990 to 2021 and project the burden through 2035, data were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 datasets. The estimated prevalent food-borne trematodiase cases were 33.32 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 29.25–38.35 million) in China in 2021, contributing to 768,297.4 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (95% UI: 383,882.8–1,367,826.1). The number of prevalent cases and DALYs declined by 9.02% and 18.11%, and a downward decline was seen in age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates (estimated annual percentage change: −0.96% and −1.21%, respectively). A higher prevalence and DALY rates were observed among males than females, and the middle-aged group bore the highest burden, while the older population showed the most rapid increase in prevalent cases and DALY numbers. Projected DALY counts and rates remain stable through 2035 using the Bayesian age–period–cohort (BAPC) model. These findings demonstrate a decline in the burden of food-borne trematodiases in China from 1990 to 2021; however, the prevalence remained high, which contributed considerably to disability and premature death. Continued control efforts and targeted interventions are essential to further reducing the burden of food-borne trematodiases in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)

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15 pages, 1597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Trend of Tuberculosis Case Notification Rates from 1995 to 2022 by Country Income and World Health Organization Region

by Kobto G. Koura and Anthony D. Harries

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120294 - 2 Dec 2024

Abstract

Over the past 27 years, three major global TB control strategies have been implemented, and it is important at this stage to evaluate their impact on tuberculosis (TB) case notification rates (CNRs). This study, therefore, analyzed TB CNR trends from 1995 to 2022 [...] Read more.

Over the past 27 years, three major global TB control strategies have been implemented, and it is important at this stage to evaluate their impact on tuberculosis (TB) case notification rates (CNRs). This study, therefore, analyzed TB CNR trends from 1995 to 2022 across 208 countries and islands, using data from the WHO Global TB Programme database. Countries were classified by income level and population size based on World Bank criteria. The analysis revealed significant disparities in TB CNRs across income groups: Low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries consistently reported higher CNRs compared to high-income countries. Regional analysis further demonstrated notable variations influenced by both economic and geographical factors. These findings reaffirm the strong link between TB and poverty, underscoring the need for a holistic approach to combat the disease. Efforts must extend beyond enhancing health care access and delivery to addressing the social determinants that drive TB transmission and progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tuberculosis Control in Africa and Asia)

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8 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study of Urinary Schistosomiasis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

by Dominic Targema Abaver

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120293 - 30 Nov 2024

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. More than 700 million people worldwide are estimated to be susceptible to infection. In sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis is the second most widespread neglected tropical disease after malaria. This retrospective investigation evaluated [...] Read more.

Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. More than 700 million people worldwide are estimated to be susceptible to infection. In sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis is the second most widespread neglected tropical disease after malaria. This retrospective investigation evaluated the incidence and impacts of schistosomiasis on communities across three major districts of the Eastern Cape province in South Africa using a cross-sectional retrospective observational analysis of secondary data from patients with microscopically confirmed schistosomiasis between 2019 and 2020. This study focused upon both rural and semi-urban areas, including Bizana, Butterworth, Centane, Elliotdale, Flagstaff, Idutywa, Lusikisiki, Libode, Mqanduli, Port St. Johns, Willowvale, and Mthatha. Data were obtained from three districts—Alfred Nzo, Amatole, and OR Tambo—covering both rural and semi-urban regions. This study included patients of all ages who submitted urine samples for schistosomiasis testing in the specified districts. A simple random sampling method was used to select 337 clinical records from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) of Mthatha. Hospital records from the NHLS Microbiology Department of Mthatha were analyzed. St Barnabas Laboratory had the highest frequency of cases (34.1%), followed by Greenville Depot (17.8%) and Willowvale Laboratory (11.3%). Most cases were in the 10–19 age group (63.4%), followed by those under 10 years of age (24.9%). Male patients constituted 76.4% of the cases, while female patients accounted for 23.6%. Viable ova were observed in 98.2% of the samples. This study highlights a significant prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Eastern Cape province, with a higher incidence in rural areas and among males aged 10–19. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and continuous monitoring to control and prevent schistosomiasis in this region. Full article

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20 pages, 329 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evolving Landscape of Sickle Cell Anemia Management in Africa: A Critical Review

by Hazel W. Musuka, Patrick Gad Iradukunda, Oscar Mano, Eric Saramba, Pierre Gashema, Enos Moyo and Tafadzwa Dzinamarira

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120292 - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent inherited blood disorder, particularly affecting populations in Africa. This review examined the disease’s burden, its diverse clinical presentations, and the challenges associated with its management in African settings. Africa bears a significant burden of SCD, with [...] Read more.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a prevalent inherited blood disorder, particularly affecting populations in Africa. This review examined the disease’s burden, its diverse clinical presentations, and the challenges associated with its management in African settings. Africa bears a significant burden of SCD, with prevalence varying across countries and age groups. Newborn screening programs have highlighted the high prevalence of SCD at birth, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and intervention. The clinical manifestations of SCD in Africa are multifaceted, encompassing acute complications like vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome, and stroke, as well as chronic complications such as organ damage and leg ulcers. Biological factors, including fetal hemoglobin levels, and demographic factors, like age and sex, influence disease severity and outcomes. The management of SCD in Africa faces numerous challenges. Limited access to resources, including diagnostic tools, medications, and trained healthcare professionals, hinders optimal care. The high cost of advanced therapies further restricts patient access. Cultural stigma and a lack of awareness create additional barriers to effective management. To address these challenges, early diagnosis through newborn screening programs and point-of-care testing is crucial. Comprehensive care models, including hydroxyurea therapy, pain management, and patient education, are essential for improving outcomes. Collaboration with international networks and leveraging local resources can enhance the sustainability of SCD programs. In conclusion, SCD significantly impacts African populations. Overcoming the challenges associated with its management requires addressing resource limitations, affordability issues, and cultural barriers. Early diagnosis, comprehensive care models, and ongoing research focused on affordability and accessibility are crucial for improving the lives of individuals living with SCD in Africa. Full article

11 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality Profile of Deaths Related to Infective Endocarditis in Brazil and Regions: A Population-Based Analysis of Death Records

by João Vitor Fazzio de Andrade Cordeiro, Letícia Martins Raposo and Paulo Henrique Godoy

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120291 - 29 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Studies of infective endocarditis (IE) are generally limited to institutions, underlining the need for more comprehensive epidemiological research. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the mortality profile of IE-related deaths and related causes in Brazil at the national level [...] Read more.

Background: Studies of infective endocarditis (IE) are generally limited to institutions, underlining the need for more comprehensive epidemiological research. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the mortality profile of IE-related deaths and related causes in Brazil at the national level and across regions. Method: We conducted a population-based study using data from the country’s mortality information system for the period 2000 to 2019. We identified IE-related deaths and related causes based on the ICD-10 codes. Cluster analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variables. Results: There were 52,055 IE-related deaths during the study period. Deaths occurred predominantly among men and people aged between 60 and 79 years. The Southeast accounted for the largest proportion of deaths. The most frequent ICD-10 chapter mentioned in relation to IE-related deaths was diseases of the circulatory system. We identified three distinctive profiles: 1—an age of 80 years and over and women, where the most frequent chapters were endocrine, circulatory and metabolic diseases and the South and Southeast accounted for the largest proportion of deaths; 2—an age between 30 and 79 years and men, where the most frequent chapters were infectious and genitourinary diseases and the South and Southeast accounted for the largest proportion of deaths; and 3—an age between 0 and 29 years without any difference between sexes, where the most frequent chapter was diseases of the respiratory system and the North, Northeast and Midwest accounted for the largest proportion of deaths. Conclusions: The findings of the cluster analysis revealed distinctive IE-related mortality profiles, indicating regional differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Highlights in Infective Endocarditis)

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9 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trend and Factors Associated with Medical–Surgical Complications in Patients Discharged from Leprosy Multidrug Therapy at the Specialized Regional Hospital in Macenta, Guinea, from 2012 to 2021

by Jean Hébélamou, Fassou Mathias Grovogui, Hawa Manet, Lavilé Povogui, Ismael Béavogui, Karifa Kourouma, Abdoulaye Sow and Alexandre Delamou

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120290 - 28 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study analyzed the trend and factors associated with medical–surgical complications in patients discharged from leprosy multidrug therapy at the Centre Hospitalier Régional Spécialisé (CHRS), in Macenta, Republic of Guinea. This was a retro 2012 (n = 54) and 2013 (n [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the trend and factors associated with medical–surgical complications in patients discharged from leprosy multidrug therapy at the Centre Hospitalier Régional Spécialisé (CHRS), in Macenta, Republic of Guinea. This was a retro 2012 (n = 54) and 2013 (n = 35) and then a slight decrease between 2014 (n = 34) and 2017 (n = 26). From 2019 (n = 18) to 2021 (n = 1), a significant d spective study using routine secondary data from 2012 to 2021. The most represented age group ranged from 25 to 59 years (73.8%), with a male predominance of 72.6%. Farmers represented 60.7% of the patients, 74.5% of the patients had plantar wounds, and 48.8% resided in the N’zerekore region. A trend analysis showed an overall significant decrease in the number of patients with complications between ecline was found. In the patients with leprosy reactions, there was a reduction in numbers from 48 in 2012 to 2 in 2014, with a predominance in men. There were significant associations between region, plantar perforation disease (p = 0.013), and physical disability (p = 0.029) and between year and leprosy reaction after the cure (p < 0.001). In summary, there was a high proportion of patients with plantar ulcers, which predominantly affected farmers, and a significant proportion with leprosy reactions and physical disabilities. Community awareness around leprosy and capacity building of the providers in terms of appropriate management may contribute to improving patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights on Neglected Tropical Diseases in West Africa)

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13 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intervention to Prevent Recurrent Intestinal Parasitic Infections in People Living with HIV in Selected Parts of Eastern Cape, South Africa

by Ifeoma Anozie, Mojisola Clara Hosu, Teke Apalata and Dominic T. Abaver

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120289 - 27 Nov 2024

Abstract

Interactions between parasites and hosts are not fully understood, though the dynamic pattern of infection and reinfection in humans varies with different demographic variables and behavioral changes. A community-based non-equivalent control group post-test-only design, an aspect of quasi-experimental design (QED), was carried out [...] Read more.

Interactions between parasites and hosts are not fully understood, though the dynamic pattern of infection and reinfection in humans varies with different demographic variables and behavioral changes. A community-based non-equivalent control group post-test-only design, an aspect of quasi-experimental design (QED), was carried out between March 2019 and February 2020. For the extraction of data from respondents, structural questionnaires were filled. Their CD4 count and viral load from the database of the National Health Laboratory Services, Mthatha were recorded. The method applied for the identification of intestinal parasites was a direct examination of the stool and the use of concentration methods. The post-test analysis showed that the intervention sites that received THEdS (Treatment, Health education, and Sanitation) bundle had a cure proportion of 60% and a re-infection proportion of 40%. The post-test results on control sites (treatment-only group) showed that the cure proportion was 51.4% and the re-infection proportion was 48.6%. The viral load significantly reduced from 377 to 44 copies/mL with a significant increment in CD4 count from 244 to 573 (cells µL) and (p-value) = 0.002. The combination of THEdS is an effective measure to reduce infection and reinfection of intestinal parasites. The THEdS bundle is a sustainable control and prevention method for the control of helminthes and protozoan associated with unsanitary environment and poor personal hygiene among immune-compromised individuals like HIV/AIDS patients. Full article

23 pages, 13342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Targeting DNA Gyrase A and Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase PknB: A Machine Learning-Assisted Drug-Repurposing Approach

by Dongwoo Lee, Md Ataul Islam, Sathishkumar Natarajan, Dawood Babu Dudekula, Hoyong Chung, Junhyung Park and Bermseok Oh

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120288 - 25 Nov 2024

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health challenge associated with considerable levels of illness and mortality worldwide. The development of innovative therapeutic strategies is crucial to combat the rise of drug-resistant TB strains. DNA Gyrase A (GyrA) and serine/threonine protein kinase (PknB) are promising [...] Read more.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health challenge associated with considerable levels of illness and mortality worldwide. The development of innovative therapeutic strategies is crucial to combat the rise of drug-resistant TB strains. DNA Gyrase A (GyrA) and serine/threonine protein kinase (PknB) are promising targets for new TB medications. This study employed techniques such as similarity searches, molecular docking analyses, machine learning (ML)-driven absolute binding-free energy calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to find potential drug candidates. By combining ligand- and structure-based methods with ML principles and MD simulations, a novel strategy was proposed for identifying small molecules. Drugs with structural similarities to existing TB therapies were assessed for their binding affinity to GyrA and PknB through various docking approaches and ML-based predictions. A detailed analysis identified six promising compounds for each target, such as DB00199, DB01220, DB06827, DB11753, DB14631, and DB14703 for GyrA; and DB00547, DB00615, DB06827, DB14644, DB11753, and DB14703 for PknB. Notably, DB11753 and DB14703 show significant potential for both targets. Furthermore, MD simulations’ statistical metrics confirm the drug–target complexes’ stability, with MM-GBSA analyses underscoring their strong binding affinity, indicating their promise for TB treatment even though they were not initially designed for this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches for Mycobacterial Diseases)

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24 pages, 3407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender and Intersecting Barriers and Facilitators to Access the HIV Cascade of Care in Manitoba, Canada, Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study

by Enrique Villacis-Alvarez, Cheryl Sobie, Katharina Maier, Margaret Lavallee, Chantal Daniels, Heather Pashe, Joel Baliddawa, Nikki Daniels, Rebecca Murdock, Robert Russell, Clara Dan, Freda Woodhouse, Susie Cusson, Lisa Patrick, Marj Schenkels, Michael Payne, Ken Kasper, Lauren J. MacKenzie, Laurie Ireland, Kimberly Templeton, Kathleen Deering, Margaret Haworth-Brockman, Yoav Keynan and Zulma Vanessa Rueda Show full author list Hide full author list

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120287 - 25 Nov 2024

Abstract

Marginalized groups in Manitoba, Canada, especially females and people who inject drugs, are overrepresented in new HIV diagnoses and disproportionately affected by HIV and structural disadvantages. Informed by syndemic theory, our aim was to understand people living with HIV’s (PLHIV) gendered and intersecting [...] Read more.

Marginalized groups in Manitoba, Canada, especially females and people who inject drugs, are overrepresented in new HIV diagnoses and disproportionately affected by HIV and structural disadvantages. Informed by syndemic theory, our aim was to understand people living with HIV’s (PLHIV) gendered and intersecting barriers and facilitators across the cascade of HIV care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was co-designed and co-led alongside people with lived experience and a research advisory committee. We employed semi-structured interviews with thirty-two participants and three questionnaires. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded, and descriptive statistics were performed on the first two questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis used thematic analysis and focused on identifying categories (individual, healthcare, and social/structural) related to the barriers and facilitators to HIV care. A total of 32 PLHIV completed this study and over 70% of females and 50% of males reported severe and moderate sexual abuse among other traumatic childhood experiences. Barriers to accessing or continuing in the cascade of HIV care included navigating the initial shock of receiving an HIV diagnosis, mental health challenges and inaccessible supports, substance use, violence (including intimate partner), internalized and enacted compounded stigma related to houselessness and substance use, discrimination by primary care service providers and social networks, lack of preventative and social supports, lack of accessible housing, and programmatic issues. COVID-19 increased mental health problems and disrupted relationships with HIV service providers and peers living with HIV. Facilitators to HIV care included stopping substance use, caring service providers particularly during HIV diagnosis, welcoming healthcare environments, social opportunities and integrated supports, and supportive social networks. Women, men, and non-binary PLHIV experience interconnected factors complicating their experiences with HIV care. Interventions should consider holistic, person-centered, and trauma-informed care options to address the barriers found in this research and appropriately serve PLHIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Syndemics)

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