Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

14 pages, 3720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Characteristics and Trends of Zoonotic Diseases in China from 2015 to 2022

by Yunfei Zhang, Mengjie Geng, Yue Shi, Baijun Jin, Qian Xiong, Sheng Zhou, Jiangmei Liu, Biao Kan, Maigeng Zhou, Tian Qin and Canjun Zheng

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060159 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trends of zoonotic diseases in China from 2015 to 2022, providing evidence for zoonotic disease prevention and control strategies. Individual case data for nationally reported zoonotic diseases from the Chinese Disease Prevention and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and incidence trends of zoonotic diseases in China from 2015 to 2022, providing evidence for zoonotic disease prevention and control strategies. Individual case data for nationally reported zoonotic diseases from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System were collected. Descriptive epidemiology and statistical methods were employed to analyze trends along with changes in their spatial, temporal, and demographic distributions. From 2015 to 2022, the annual incidence rates of leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, echinococcosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and schistosomiasis showed a fluctuating downward trend. The incidence rates of anthrax and leptospirosis remained relatively stable. The incidence of brucellosis declined from 2015 to 2018 but subsequently increased through 2022. Western provinces, such as Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, remain high-incidence areas for multiple zoonotic diseases, with farmers being the population at the highest risk. These findings indicate it is essential to strengthen cross-sectoral cooperation and develop region- and population-specific prevention and control strategies based on the ‘One Health’ concept, particularly in areas with high incidence rates and among high-risk populations. Full article

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12 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Assays on Cutaneous Swabs as an Effective, Non-Invasive Diagnostic Technique for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Results from a Retrospective Study Conducted in Italy

by Anna Barbiero, Andrea Aiello, Nunziata Ciccone, Simona Pollini, Francesca Malentacchi, Maria Grazia Colao, Gian Maria Rossolini, Costanza Fiorelli, Daniela Massi, Alberto Antonelli, Sara Cuffari, Trentina Di Muccio, Alessandro Bartoloni, Michele Spinicci and Lorenzo Zammarchi

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060158 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: The case confirmation of CL relies on the direct demonstration of the parasite in clinical specimens from skin tissues. Despite most research efforts focusing on biopsy samples as the preferred diagnostic specimen for the detection of Leishmania spp., the use of non-invasive [...] Read more.

Background: The case confirmation of CL relies on the direct demonstration of the parasite in clinical specimens from skin tissues. Despite most research efforts focusing on biopsy samples as the preferred diagnostic specimen for the detection of Leishmania spp., the use of non-invasive sampling, such as cutaneous swabs, combined with the use of molecular assays, has shown promising results. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study aimed at comparing the performance of different invasive and non-invasive diagnostic techniques, employed for the diagnosis of CL, in an Italian tertiary care center. Results: We observed 29 cases of CL between 2008 and June 2024. Considering the demonstration of Leishmania spp. on culture, biopsy PCR, histology, or smear microscopy as the reference diagnostic test for CL, molecular assays on cutaneous swabs showed a sensitivity of 100% (95% C.I. 73.5–100). Overall, PCR performed on swab specimens allowed for the detection of three cases that biopsy histology (in two cases) and microscopic examination of cutaneous smear (in three cases) would have failed to identify. Conclusion: Non-invasive swab sampling, combined with molecular analysis, can be a valuable tool for a more accessible and patient-friendly diagnostic approach for CL. Should our preliminary results be confirmed, this test could become the first-line diagnostic tool for CL, reserving biopsy as a second-level test or for cases in which the differential diagnosis includes malignancy or other concerning diseases. Further studies aimed at defining the efficiency of this diagnostic method and providing standardized diagnostic protocols would be needed to provide stronger evidence supporting its recommendation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: Global and Local Burden, Surveillance, and Response Strategies)

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27 pages, 1879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Syndemic Synergy of HPV, HIV, and HSV-2 for Oncogenic HPV Replication in Female Sex Workers

by Jonathan Muwonga Tukisadila, Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa, Serge Tonen-Wolyec, Hugues Loemba, Jeremie Muwonga and Laurent Belec

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060157 - 7 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). This study evaluated possible association between HR-HPV, HIV, and HSV-2 among FSWs in the Democratic [...] Read more.

Background: Female sex workers (FSWs) in sub-Saharan Africa bear a disproportionate burden of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). This study evaluated possible association between HR-HPV, HIV, and HSV-2 among FSWs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 FSWs (mean age, 28.1 years) recruited via respondent-driven sampling. Genital self-sampling using the V-Veil UP2™ device was performed, followed by HPV genotyping and quantification by multiplex PCR, and HSV-2 DNA detection by PCR. Results: Among 415 participants, HR-HPV prevalence was 36.9%, with HPV-52 (14.9%), HPV-58 (10.1%), and HPV-16 (6.5%) as leading genotypes. Overall, 89% of HR-HPV-positive women harbored genotypes covered by Gardasil-9^®. Co-infection with HIV and HSV-2 significantly increased HPV prevalence, genotype diversity, and viral load. Notably, HSV-2 positivity was the sole independent predictor of elevated replication of HR-HPV (p < 0.001), vaccine HR-HPV (p < 0.001), and non-vaccine HR-HPV (p < 0.021). Conclusions: FSWs exhibit a high burden of HR-HPV, shaped by co-infections with HIV and HSV-2. HSV-2 independently drives HR-HPV replication, highlighting its role in HPV persistence and cervical cancer risk. Integrated HSV-2 detection and Gardasil-9^® vaccination should be prioritized in cervical cancer elimination strategies targeting high-risk populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing, Prevention and Care Interventions, 2nd Edition)

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8 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Baylisascaris procyonis (Chromadorea Ascarididae): Case Study of the Little-Known Human Health Threat That Is Literally in Your Backyard

by Scott E. Henke

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060156 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Baylisascariasis is a debilitating and potentially lethal zoonotic disease caused by a nematode parasite that has a worldwide distribution. Baylisascaris spp. are carried by a variety of mammalian definitive hosts, and their larvae can infect a large diversity of paratenic hosts including birds [...] Read more.

Baylisascariasis is a debilitating and potentially lethal zoonotic disease caused by a nematode parasite that has a worldwide distribution. Baylisascaris spp. are carried by a variety of mammalian definitive hosts, and their larvae can infect a large diversity of paratenic hosts including birds and mammals, and even humans. Herein, the potential exposure risk of this zoonotic parasite is demonstrated through the study of a suburban American community with a population of Baylisascaris procyonis—infected raccoons (Procyon lotor) as a case study for any location with Baylisascaris spp., definitive hosts, and proximity to humans. Soil from 100 properties within neighborhoods of southern Corpus Christi, TX, USA, was surveyed to determine if viable B. procyonis eggs were present. In total, 27% of the residential properties were contaminated. Positive soil samples, on average, contained 31,287 B. procyonis eggs/gram of soil; of these samples, 92% of the B. procyonis eggs had motile larvae. Sites with contaminated soils appeared random within residential properties; frequency of contaminated sites was similar between known raccoon defecation sites and random sites. Suggestions for the reduction in risks of exposure to this potentially debilitating parasite are offered to residents of Baylisascaris-contaminated properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Risk Assessment of Parasitic Disease)

16 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Current Overview of Environmental Disinfection and Decolonization of C. auris: A Systematic Review from 2020 to 2025

by María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Paola Betancourt-Cisneros, Erick Martínez-Herrera, Paola Berenice Zarate-Segura, Carlos Alberto Castro-Fuentes and Eduardo García-Salazar

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060155 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Candida auris possesses distinctive features that facilitate its persistence and transmission in healthcare settings, causing outbreaks of infection that are difficult to treat. So, emphasis has been placed on implementing measures for controlling, eliminating, and preventing fungal transmission, such as environmental disinfection and [...] Read more.

Candida auris possesses distinctive features that facilitate its persistence and transmission in healthcare settings, causing outbreaks of infection that are difficult to treat. So, emphasis has been placed on implementing measures for controlling, eliminating, and preventing fungal transmission, such as environmental disinfection and patient decolonization. This review aimed to understand and analyze the agents for environmental disinfection and patient decolonization reported in the last 5 years. The PubMed database was reviewed, using the terms “Candida auris”, “disinfection”, and “decolonization”. Only original papers, published between 2020–2025, in English or Spanish, that included relevant information on the topic, were selected. After the selection process, 52 articles were chosen to analyze the agents for environmental disinfection and decolonization of C. auris. Natural and synthetic disinfectants and ultraviolet radiation were reported for the environmental disinfection, with variable efficacy, depending on factors such as concentration and exposure time. Natural and synthetic antiseptics were also reported for decolonization, with varying efficacy. For example, 2% chlorhexidine shows a 0.5 log reduction, while at concentrations >10% it is >4 log. However, most have only been tested in animal models. Based on the review, Far-UV-C radiation (222 nm) is safe and appropriate to mitigate (up to 1 log reduction) the spread of C. auris in the hospital setting. However, it is important to consider that the cost and limited availability of the device present a barrier to its implementation. Patient decolonization is still challenging nowadays due to the absence of agents with proven high efficacy in humans. Full article

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10 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Blood and Biochemical Indicator-Based Prognostic Model Predicting Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Retrospective Study

by Beibei Qiu, Zhengyuan Xu, Yanqiu Huang and Ruifen Miao

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060154 - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Abnormal blood and biochemical indicators could increase the risk of infectious diseases. However, the association between blood together with biochemical indicators and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has not been well confirmed. Materials and Methods: Our aim was to assess the [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Abnormal blood and biochemical indicators could increase the risk of infectious diseases. However, the association between blood together with biochemical indicators and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has not been well confirmed. Materials and Methods: Our aim was to assess the role of blood and biochemical indicators in the risk of LTBI. We enrolled 965 freshmen who were originating from tuberculosis key areas of a college in Nanjing. We used logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and nomograms to evaluate the association between blood and biochemical indicators and LTBI. In addition, calibration curves were performed to evaluate the quality of the model. Results: Among these 965 participants, 311 were diagnosed as LTBI according to TST. Multivariate models showed that the population with an eosinophils percentage around <0.5% (OR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.39–5.74, p = 0.004) and 0.5–5% (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.07–7.23, p = 0.036) were positively associated with LTBI. Elevated uric acid levels (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02, p = 0.047) were significantly associated with LTBI. In addition, participants with a history of tuberculosis exposure (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 1.39–7.66) and a history of tuberculosis (OR: 10.92, 95% CI: 1.24–96.08) were also positively correlated with LTBI. Conclusions: Eosinophils percentage and uric acid are associated with LTBIs. Participants who have tuberculosis exposure history and tuberculosis history are the critical target population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches for Mycobacterial Diseases)

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15 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening and Diagnosis Access for Neglected and Tropical Parasitic Diseases in Italy: A National Survey

by Agnese Comelli, Ester Oliva, Francesco Bernieri, Lorenzo Zammarchi, Libera Clemente, Luciana Petrullo, Guido Calleri, Fabrizio Bruschi and Annibale Raglio

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060153 - 29 May 2025

Abstract

Background: The availability of laboratory tests to screen and diagnose migrants and travellers for neglected and tropical parasitic diseases significantly impacts individual and public health. Italian scientific societies for parasitology, tropical diseases, and global health developed a survey to assess number and geographical [...] Read more.

Background: The availability of laboratory tests to screen and diagnose migrants and travellers for neglected and tropical parasitic diseases significantly impacts individual and public health. Italian scientific societies for parasitology, tropical diseases, and global health developed a survey to assess number and geographical localisation of laboratories able to carry out adequate diagnostics. Methods: An open-ended and multiple-choice questionnaire was constructed and sent to 752 members working in Italian microbiology laboratories via scientific societies’ mailing lists. Data concerning malaria, cystic echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and Chagas disease were included. Results: Members from 96 laboratories replied. At least one laboratory responded from 18 out of 20 Italian regions. Serological tests for Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Echinococcus spp., and Leishmania spp. are performed in <50% of responding laboratories. Only 56.6% of labs provide all three recommended tests for malaria diagnosis in the emergency room. Direct identification methods availability varies for Schistosoma eggs (75–95.8%), S. stercoralis larvae (53.1%), trypomastigotes (59.4%), and Leishmania amastigotes (53.1%). Geographical differences (mainly northern versus southern regions) were evident. Conclusions: The survey underlines the need to improve diagnosis for neglected and tropical diseases, to define a network of reference laboratories for testing less prevalent diseases, and to share information, education, and training for both clinicians and microbiologists/parasitologists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Diagnosis in Neglected Tropical Diseases)

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16 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Diagnostic Techniques for Influenza Virus Infection: A Comprehensive Review

by Qi Qian, Guohao Fan, Wei Yang, Chenguang Shen, Yang Yang, Yingxia Liu and Weiwei Xiao

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060152 - 28 May 2025

Abstract

Influenza poses a significant global health burden due to its high transmissibility, antigenic variability, and substantial morbidity. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has further complicated influenza dynamics, highlighting the need for rapid, accurate, and accessible diagnostics. This review comprehensively [...] Read more.

Influenza poses a significant global health burden due to its high transmissibility, antigenic variability, and substantial morbidity. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has further complicated influenza dynamics, highlighting the need for rapid, accurate, and accessible diagnostics. This review comprehensively summarized the advancements in influenza virus (IFV) detection, from conventional methods like viral culture and serology to modern molecular techniques, including CRISPR-based systems, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and biosensors. We analyze the sensitivity, specificity, and applicability of these methods and emphasize their roles in clinical and public health settings. While traditional techniques remain valuable for strain characterization, novel technologies like CRISPR and portable biosensors offer rapid, low-resource solutions. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the development of integrated diagnostic strategies for seasonal IFV epidemics and future pandemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology of Viral Infections)

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19 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review

by Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li and Peng Huang

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060151 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile vector-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) and transmitted through the bite of infected chigger mite larvae. Transmission involves complex ecological interactions among vectors, hosts, and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence indicates complex interactions [...] Read more.

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile vector-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) and transmitted through the bite of infected chigger mite larvae. Transmission involves complex ecological interactions among vectors, hosts, and environmental factors. Accumulating evidence indicates complex interactions between the scrub typhus incidence and multilevel environmental determinants, encompassing meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine duration, and atmospheric pressure), geographical conditions (e.g., topography, elevation, and landcover), and socioeconomic factors (e.g., economic level, cultural practices, residential conditions, and human behaviors). However, significant discrepancies persist among studies regarding the effect sizes and temporal associations, and the precise mechanisms remain incompletely elucidated. This review synthesizes the evidence on environment–disease relationships, clarifies the methodological inconsistencies, analyzes the potential sources of heterogeneity, and highlights the critical knowledge gaps to inform targeted prevention and control strategies and guide future research priorities. Full article

20 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessReview

One Health Landscape in Tennessee: Current Status, Challenges, and Priorities

by Walid Q. Alali, Jane Yackley, Katie Garman, Debra L. Miller, Ashley Morgan, Wesley Crabtree, Sonia Mongold, Dan Grove, Emily Leonard and Mary-Margaret A. Fill

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060150 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Tennessee’s ecological diversity, spanning forests, farmland, and urban areas, provides an ideal foundation for applying the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health. This review examines Tennessee’s current One Health landscape, highlighting active initiatives, ongoing challenges, and future directions. Key [...] Read more.

Tennessee’s ecological diversity, spanning forests, farmland, and urban areas, provides an ideal foundation for applying the One Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health. This review examines Tennessee’s current One Health landscape, highlighting active initiatives, ongoing challenges, and future directions. Key efforts involve workforce development, disease surveillance, outbreak response, environmental conservation, and public education, led by a coalition of state agencies, universities, and the Tennessee One Health Committee. These programs promote cross-sector collaboration to address issues such as zoonotic diseases, climate change, land use shifts, and environmental contaminants. Notably, climate-driven changes, including rising temperatures and altered species distributions, pose increasing threats to health and ecological stability. Tennessee has responded with targeted monitoring programs and climate partnerships. Education is also a priority, with the growing integration of One Health into K–12 and higher education to build a transdisciplinary workforce. However, the state faces barriers, including limited funding for the One Health workforce, undefined workforce roles, and informal inter-agency data sharing. Despite these obstacles, Tennessee’s successful responses to outbreaks like avian influenza and rabies demonstrate the power of coordinated action. To strengthen its One Health strategy, the state must expand funding, formalize roles, improve data systems, and enhance biodiversity and climate resilience efforts positioning itself as a national leader in interdisciplinary collaborative solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Emerging Zoonotic Diseases with a One Health Approach)

19 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the 1918/19 Pandemic Influenza and Respiratory Tuberculosis Interaction in Malta: Operationalizing a Syndemic During a Crisis Event

by Lianne Tripp, Larry A. Sawchuk and Charles J. Farrugia

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060149 - 24 May 2025

Abstract

Studies have indicated that there was a disease interaction of pandemic influenza with respiratory tuberculosis (TB) in Malta, which could explain the heightened mortality recorded in young adults. We revisit the 1918/19 influenza and TB syndemic potential on the island of Malta. Borrowing [...] Read more.

Studies have indicated that there was a disease interaction of pandemic influenza with respiratory tuberculosis (TB) in Malta, which could explain the heightened mortality recorded in young adults. We revisit the 1918/19 influenza and TB syndemic potential on the island of Malta. Borrowing from crisis studies that explore the harvesting effect, we used the method of assessing changes in pre-pandemic, pandemic, fallow, and post-pandemic mortality/life expectancy to reveal the syndemic experience. Pre-pandemic (1914–1917) life expectancy at birth was significantly higher, at 37.91 years, than during the pandemic (1918), when life expectancy dropped to 33.26 years (Z = 10.56, p < 0.0001). Post-pandemic (1919) life expectancy rose to 43.49 years, which was an even longer life expectancy than pre-pandemic (Z = 17.61, p < 0.0001). There were significant changes in TB mortality death rates during the four periods in those of reproductive age. Augmenting our framework for studies of syndemics involving short-term events, we proposed the identification of contributing, driving, and limiting factors. Underlying living conditions contributed to the syndemic. The exacerbation of housing conditions, the economy associated with the First World War, and meteorological measures—temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall—were driving factors. The early implementation of mitigation strategies, such as restrictions on mass gatherings, were limiting factors of the syndemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Update on Syndemics)

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7 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Unmasking Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Perinatal HIV Transmission—A Case Report

by Daniel Ivanov, Dimitar Strashimirov, Rusina Grozdeva, Evgeni Penchev, Elena Georgieva and Nina Yancheva

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060148 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a recognised complication following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in HIV-infected infants. We report the case of a 19-month-old child with undiagnosed perinatally acquired HIV due to maternal nondisclosure. The child developed ipsilateral axillary lymphadenitis [...] Read more.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a recognised complication following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in HIV-infected infants. We report the case of a 19-month-old child with undiagnosed perinatally acquired HIV due to maternal nondisclosure. The child developed ipsilateral axillary lymphadenitis at the BCG vaccination site shortly after starting ART. The clinical features and temporal association with ART supported a diagnosis of BCG-IRIS. The child was successfully managed with conservative pharmacological treatment alone—rifampicin, isoniazid, and macrolide therapy—without surgical incision or corticosteroids. Progressive improvement of the lesion was observed, and complete clinical resolution occurred over the following months, alongside immune recovery. This case underscores the importance of recognising BCG-IRIS, even in settings where HIV diagnosis may be delayed, and supports the feasibility of conservative management in paediatric patients, potentially avoiding surgical intervention in settings of localised disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing and Antiretroviral Therapy)

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11 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Aedes aegypti Larval Habitats in Nouakchott, Mauritania

by Mohamed Haidy Massa, Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott, Osman Abdillahi Guedi, Sébastien Briolant and Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060147 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Aedes aegypti, the main urban vector of dengue fever, represents a growing public health problem in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. Identifying the factors influencing the distribution and productivity of its breeding sites is essential for the development of effective control strategies. [...] Read more.

Aedes aegypti, the main urban vector of dengue fever, represents a growing public health problem in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. Identifying the factors influencing the distribution and productivity of its breeding sites is essential for the development of effective control strategies. From May 2023 to April 2024, physico-chemical characteristics were recorded and mosquito larvae were collected, using a standard dipping method, from 60 water collections each month during the dry season and twice a month during the rainy season, totaling 294 observations. The larval positivity of water collections and larval abundance of breeding sites over the time were modeled using a random-effect logistic regression model and a negative binomial regression model, respectively. The depth, distance from habitat, type of water collection and exposure to sunlight were statistically significant and independently associated with water collection positivity for Ae. aegypti larvae (aOR = 5.18, 95%CI [1.66–16.18], p-value = 0.005; aOR = 0.00, 95%CI [0.00–0.02], p-value < 0.001; aOR = 252.88, 95%CI [4.05–15,786.84], p-value = 0.009 and aOR = 0.04, 95%CI [0.01–0.26], p-value < 0.001, respectively). Aedes aegypti larval habitats were mainly artificial (90%), temporary (n = 217 observations), close to dwellings (n = 114) and shaded (n = 96). Plastic water tanks (n = 17, 48.6%), wells (n = 6, 17.1%) and barrels (n = 4, 11.4%) were the most common breeding sites. Larval abundance was negatively associated with containers of increasing pH and surface area (aOR = 0.50, 95%CI [0.33–0.75] p-value = 0.001 and aOR = 0.48, 95%CI [0.27–0.87], p-value = 0.016, respectively). As Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are multi-resistant to adult insecticides and dengue has become endemo-epidemic since 2014, vector control should give the priority to the physical removal or treatment of shaded, peridomestic containers—particularly plastic water tanks and barrels—and consider the use of biological larvicides to target breeding sites with low pH and small surface areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Intervention Strategies Used to Control Mosquito Populations and Reduce Disease Transmission)

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18 pages, 1875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden in Colombia of COVID-19 in Adults and the Associated Clinical Characteristics: A Retrospective Database Analysis

by Jair Arciniegas, Juan Manuel Reyes, Jhon Bolaños-López, Julia Regazzini Spinardi, Jingyan Yang, Farzaneh Maleki, Farley Johanna Gonzalez, Carlos Jose Bello, Ana Catalina Herrera-Díaz, Omar Escobar, Andrea Rubio, Monica Garcia, Luz Eugenia Pérez Jaramillo, Jorge La Rotta, Moe H. Kyaw and Carlos Fernando Mendoza

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(6), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10060146 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

Studies on the burden of COVID-19 cases in Colombia have focused on specific populations and short timeframes. A retrospective observational study was conducted on adult patients aged 18 diagnosed with COVID-19 who received inpatient and/or outpatient medical care at a large health maintenance [...] Read more.

Studies on the burden of COVID-19 cases in Colombia have focused on specific populations and short timeframes. A retrospective observational study was conducted on adult patients aged 18 diagnosed with COVID-19 who received inpatient and/or outpatient medical care at a large health maintenance organization, to evaluate the burden of COVID-19 cases in Colombia (from March 2020 to January 2023) and associations with demographic and clinical characteristics. COVID-19 cases were identified with ICD-10 codes and confirmed by a laboratory test. The statistical analysis focused on descriptors of the frequency of events. A multivariate regression model was used to identify factors associated with severe conditions and death. Of the 953,661 cases detected, most cases (~79%) were mild or moderate (handled as outpatients). There were 20.1% (N = 191,260) severe cases and 0.9% (N = 8841) critical cases. Most COVID patients were unvaccinated (94.6%) and had, on average, one comorbidity. Hypertension (19.1%), immunocompromised condition (23.8%), mental health conditions (15%), obesity (10.8%), and cancer (11.2%) were the common prevalent comorbidities. The presence of comorbidity increased the risk of severe or critical COVID-19. COVID-19 cases were associated with the lack of vaccination and comorbidities. Effective vaccination strategies are needed to reduce the burden of COVID-19 in Colombia and, considering budgetary constraints, it is advisable to prioritize the elderly or populations with underlying conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Pandemic Challenges: Endemic COVID-19, Vaccine Hesitancy, and Viral Resurgence)

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9 pages, 1318 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Case Report and Literature Review of Prostatic Tuberculosis Masquerading as Prostate Cancer: A Diagnostic Challenge in a Tuberculosis-Endemic Region

by Yonathan William, Marto Sugiono, Patricia Diana Prasetiyo, Adelbertus Erico and Gilbert Sterling Octavius

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050145 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

A male in his 60s presented with a four-month history of dysuria and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). He had a history of elevated PSA and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), previously treated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Multiparametric MRI (MP-MRI) revealed [...] Read more.

A male in his 60s presented with a four-month history of dysuria and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). He had a history of elevated PSA and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), previously treated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Multiparametric MRI (MP-MRI) revealed a PI-RADS 5 lesion, raising suspicion of malignancy. However, histopathological analysis from MRI fusion-targeted biopsies confirmed tuberculous prostatitis. The patient was treated with antituberculosis drugs, resulting in symptomatic improvement and a significant PSA decline. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing tuberculous prostatitis from prostate cancer, particularly in tuberculosis-endemic regions. Our literature review reveals that patients with tuberculous prostatitis undergoing MRI are at least 50 years old, originate from endemic areas, and exhibit PI-RADS scores ranging from 2 to 5, indicating inter-rater variability. Histopathological confirmation remains essential in cases with ambiguous imaging and clinical findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches for Mycobacterial Diseases)

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1 pages, 142 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Tuan, D.A. Leveraging Climate Data for Dengue Forecasting in Ba Ria Vung Tau Province, Vietnam: An Advanced Machine Learning Approach. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 250

by Dang Anh Tuan

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050144 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Following the initial publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Environmental Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases)

7 pages, 707 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Strongyloides Infection Presenting as E. coli Meningitis Post-Transplant

by Anusha Belani, Chaitanya Mishra, Daniela Mihova, Todd Gleeson and Anita Nahar

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050143 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Strongyloidiasis is a common intestinal infection that may persist in humans for decades without symptoms or can present as a potentially fatal, broadly disseminated infection in an immunocompromised host. This report describes a rare case of concomitant strongyloidiasis and E. coli meningitis that [...] Read more.

Strongyloidiasis is a common intestinal infection that may persist in humans for decades without symptoms or can present as a potentially fatal, broadly disseminated infection in an immunocompromised host. This report describes a rare case of concomitant strongyloidiasis and E. coli meningitis that was successfully recognized and treated in a patient 20 years post-renal transplantation. Full article

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31 pages, 4011 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress and Prospects of Triazoles in Advanced Therapies for Parasitic Diseases

by Jaime A. Isern, Renzo Carlucci, Guillermo R. Labadie and Exequiel O. J. Porta

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050142 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Parasitic diseases represent a severe global burden, with current treatments often limited by toxicity, drug resistance, and suboptimal efficacy in chronic infections. This review examines the emerging role of triazole-based compounds, originally developed as antifungals, in advanced antiparasitic therapy. Their unique structural properties, [...] Read more.

Parasitic diseases represent a severe global burden, with current treatments often limited by toxicity, drug resistance, and suboptimal efficacy in chronic infections. This review examines the emerging role of triazole-based compounds, originally developed as antifungals, in advanced antiparasitic therapy. Their unique structural properties, particularly those of 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazole isomers, facilitate diverse binding interactions and favorable pharmacokinetics. By leveraging innovative synthetic approaches, such as click chemistry (copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition) and structure-based design, researchers have repurposed and optimized triazole scaffolds to target essential parasite pathways, including sterol biosynthesis via CYP51 and other novel enzymatic routes. Preclinical studies in models of Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and helminth infections demonstrate that derivatives like posaconazole, ravuconazole, and DSM265 exhibit potent in vitro and in vivo activity, although their primarily static effects have limited their success as monotherapies in chronic cases. Combination strategies and hybrid molecules have demonstrated the potential to enhance efficacy and mitigate drug resistance. Despite challenges in achieving complete parasite clearance and managing potential toxicity, interdisciplinary efforts across medicinal chemistry, parasitology, and clinical research highlight the significant potential of triazoles as components of next-generation, patient-friendly antiparasitic regimens. These findings support the further optimization and clinical evaluation of triazole-based agents to improve treatments for neglected parasitic diseases. Full article

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11 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence, Conversion and Reversion of Tuberculosis Infection Among Healthcare Workers of Tertiary Care Centres in Puducherry, India: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Sadhana Subramanian, Palanivel Chinnakali, Senbagavalli Prakashbabu, Guha Nandhini Visvanadane, Manju Rajaram, Vijay Viswanathan, Sonali Sarkar and Charles Robert Horsburgh

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050141 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Healthcare workers (HCWs) face an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) due to occupational exposure. This study aimed to estimate the point prevalence of TB infection (TBI) from the initial test performed, while the reversion and conversion were done by subsequent testing at one [...] Read more.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) face an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) due to occupational exposure. This study aimed to estimate the point prevalence of TB infection (TBI) from the initial test performed, while the reversion and conversion were done by subsequent testing at one year among HCWs in Puducherry, India. A prospective cohort study was conducted among a sample of proportionately chosen HCWs based on their occupational strata of a tertiary hospital in 2022. TBI was assessed using IGRA (4th generation QuantiFeron—TB gold plus kits) after TB symptom screening. The IGRA test was repeated at the end of one year. Reversion was defined as a positive IGRA test at the baseline and had values < 0.2 IU/L in TB1 or TB2 tubes during follow-up. Conversion was defined as a negative IGRA result at the baseline and had values of >0.7 IU/L in TB1 or TB2 tubes during follow-up. Of the 400 HCWs included, the mean (SD) age was 37 (7) years. Median (IQR) work experience was 15.7 (10–21) years. TBI was seen in 150 HCWs (37.7%, 95% CI: 33.0–42.7), and one had active TB. A total of 128/150 HCWs with TBI at baseline were followed up, and 15 had TBI reversion (11.7 per 100 person-years; 95% CI: 6.7–18.5). Thirteen HCWs (5.6 per 100 person-years; 95% CI: 3.3–9.8) had TBI conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Tuberculosis Prevention and Control)

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Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease

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