Journal Description
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal of tropical medicine and infectious disease published monthly online by MDPI. It is the official journal of the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine (ACTM) and its Joint Faculties of Travel Medicine and Expedition and Wilderness Medicine.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, Informit, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Tropical Medicine) / CiteScore - Q2 (Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.8 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.0 (2023)
Latest Articles
Awareness, Intention to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, and Factors Associated with Awareness among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Republic of Korea
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(8), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080170 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
This study assessed pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, knowledge, and attitudes in a sample of 1389 men who have sex with men (MSM). Using a self-report survey, we measured PrEP knowledge mean scores, attitudes toward PrEP, and awareness rates to identify the key influences
[...] Read more.
This study assessed pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, knowledge, and attitudes in a sample of 1389 men who have sex with men (MSM). Using a self-report survey, we measured PrEP knowledge mean scores, attitudes toward PrEP, and awareness rates to identify the key influences on PrEP uptake. PrEP awareness among participants was 66.3%, with 33.7% having never heard of PrEP. Approximately 4.5% had previous experience with PrEP but were not current users, while only 2.7% reported that they were currently taking it. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant predictors of PrEP awareness were educational attainment, marital status, prior HIV testing knowledge, and attitudes toward PrEP. Several demographic factors were not significant predictors of intention to use PrEP; however, using the internet to meet partners, number of partners, HIV testing, positive attitudes, and reduced perceived barriers played a critical role in shaping PrEP use intentions. These findings highlight the critical role of targeted educational strategies and tailored public health messaging in enhancing the awareness and intention to use PrEP among MSM.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing, Prevention and Care Interventions)
Open AccessArticle
Human Defensin 5 Inhibits Plasmodium yoelii Development in Anopheles stephensi by Promoting Innate Immune Response
by
Tingting Liu, Jing Wang, Xin Li, Shasha Yu, Dan Zheng, Zhilong Liu, Xuesen Yang and Ying Wang
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(8), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080169 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Malaria poses a serious threat to human health. Existing vector-based interventions have shortcomings, such as environmental pollution, strong resistance to chemical insecticides, and the slow effects of biological insecticides. Therefore, the need to develop novel strategies for controlling malaria, such as reducing mosquito
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Malaria poses a serious threat to human health. Existing vector-based interventions have shortcomings, such as environmental pollution, strong resistance to chemical insecticides, and the slow effects of biological insecticides. Therefore, the need to develop novel strategies for controlling malaria, such as reducing mosquito vector competence, is escalating. Human defensin 5 (HD5) has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. To determine its effect on Plasmodium development in mosquitoes, HD5 was injected into Anopheles stephensi at various time points. The infection density of Plasmodium yoelii in An. stephensi was substantially reduced by HD5 treatment administered 24 h prior to infection or 6, 12, or 24 h post-infection (hpi). We found that HD5 treatment upregulated the expression of the innate immune effectors TEP1, MyD88, and Rel1 at 24 and 72 hpi. Furthermore, the RNA interference of MyD88, a key upstream molecule in the Toll signaling pathway, decreased the HD5-induced resistance of mosquitoes against Plasmodium infection. These results suggest that HD5 microinjection inhibits the development of malaria parasites in An. stephensi by activating the Toll signaling pathway.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Detection and Treatment of Malaria)
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Open AccessArticle
Molecular Characterization of Leptospira Species among Patients with Acute Undifferentiated Febrile Illness from the Municipality of Villeta, Colombia
by
Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos, J. Manuel Matiz-González, Juliana Gil-Mora, Heidy-C. Martínez Díaz, Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez, Claudia Cuervo, Peter C. Melby, Patricia V. Aguilar, Miguel M. Cabada, Juan David Rodas and Marylin Hidalgo
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(8), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080168 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Leptospira is a bacterial genus that includes several pathogenic species related to leptospirosis. In Colombia, leptospirosis is a mandatorily reported disease, widely distributed across the country. In the Villeta municipality, leptospirosis has been identified as an important cause of febrile illness; however, to
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Leptospira is a bacterial genus that includes several pathogenic species related to leptospirosis. In Colombia, leptospirosis is a mandatorily reported disease, widely distributed across the country. In the Villeta municipality, leptospirosis has been identified as an important cause of febrile illness; however, to date, no studies have been performed to identify the circulating species. A genus-specific qualitative qPCR was performed on DNA extracted from febrile patients’ acute-phase whole-blood samples targeting a fragment of the rrs gene. Positive qPCR samples were further amplified for the adk, icdA, LipL32, LipL41, rrs, and secY genes through conventional PCR for sequencing. All high-quality obtained sequences were further assessed through concatenated phylogenetic analysis. A total of 25% (14/56) of febrile patients’ acute blood samples were positive for Leptospira spp. High-quality sequences were obtained for only five genes, and analysis through concatenated phylogeny identified that all sequences clustered within the P1/pathogenic clade; some of them formed a robustly supported clade with Leptospira santarosai, and others were closely related with other Leptospira species but exhibited considerable genetic divergence. We describe the presence of pathogenic Leptospira species among febrile patients from the Villeta municipality and identify L. santarosai and other Leptospira species as causative agents of leptospirosis in the region.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
Using a Knowledge and Awareness Survey to Engage and Inform a Community-Based Tuberculosis Intervention among Nomads in Adamawa State, Nigeria
by
Stephen John, Suraj Abdulkarim, Thandi Katlholo, Caoimhe Smyth, Hunpiya Basason, Md. Toufiq Rahman and Jacob Creswell
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(8), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080167 - 23 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: Nomadic populations are frequently isolated and vulnerable to diseases including tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to limited access to health-related information and services, poverty, and social exclusion. We designed and implemented community-driven and -based outreach for TB and HIV
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Background: Nomadic populations are frequently isolated and vulnerable to diseases including tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to limited access to health-related information and services, poverty, and social exclusion. We designed and implemented community-driven and -based outreach for TB and HIV based on the results of a TB knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) survey in Adamawa, Nigeria. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on KAP among nomads using an adapted WHO survey. A TB and HIV community-level active case-finding intervention among nomadic populations was planned and delivered based on the KAP survey results. Results: Among 81 respondents, 26 (32.1%) knew what caused TB. More than 60% reported no health facilities in their community. Radio and healthcare workers were primary sources of information on health. Using community input, we developed and broadcasted radio jingles to sensitize people to TB services. Outreach initiatives led to the verbal screening of 61,891 individuals and 306 were diagnosed with TB. Additionally, 4489 people underwent HIV testing, and 69 were HIV-positive, all of whom were linked to treatment. Conclusions: The results of KAP surveys can inform the design of evidence-based TB and HIV community-driven and -based case-finding interventions in rural Nigeria among nomadic populations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Screening and Preventive Treatment for Tuberculosis)
Open AccessReview
An Update on the Entomology, Virology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Status of West Nile and Dengue Viruses in Europe (2018–2023)
by
Federica Frasca, Leonardo Sorrentino, Matteo Fracella, Alessandra D’Auria, Eleonora Coratti, Luca Maddaloni, Ginevra Bugani, Massimo Gentile, Alessandra Pierangeli, Gabriella d’Ettorre and Carolina Scagnolari
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070166 - 20 Jul 2024
Abstract
In recent decades, increases in temperature and tropical rainfall have facilitated the spread of mosquito species into temperate zones. Mosquitoes are vectors for many viruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV), and pose a serious threat to public health. This
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In recent decades, increases in temperature and tropical rainfall have facilitated the spread of mosquito species into temperate zones. Mosquitoes are vectors for many viruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV), and pose a serious threat to public health. This review covers most of the current knowledge on the mosquito species associated with the transmission of WNV and DENV and their geographical distribution and discusses the main vertebrate hosts involved in the cycles of WNV or DENV. It also describes virological and pathogenic aspects of WNV or DENV infection, including emerging concepts linking WNV and DENV to the reproductive system. Furthermore, it provides an epidemiological analysis of the human cases of WNV and DENV reported in Europe, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023, with a particular focus on Italy. The first autochthonous cases of DENV infection, with the most likely vector being Aedes albopictus, have been observed in several European countries in recent years, with a high incidence in Italy in 2023. The lack of treatments and effective vaccines is a serious challenge. Currently, the primary strategy to prevent the spread of WNV and DENV infections in humans remains to limit the spread of mosquitoes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
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Open AccessBrief Report
Impact on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Exposed to Honey-Impregnated Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) Cards
by
Amandine Guidez, Albin Fontaine, Arnaud Cannet, Isabelle Dusfour, Romain Girod and Sébastien Briolant
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070165 - 20 Jul 2024
Abstract
Programs to control viruses transmitted by mosquitoes requires the implementation of surveillance tools. Over the past decade, Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) cards, which preserve nucleic acids, have emerged as an innovating surveillance system for collecting arboviruses expectorated during mosquito sugar feeding.
[...] Read more.
Programs to control viruses transmitted by mosquitoes requires the implementation of surveillance tools. Over the past decade, Flinders Technology Associates (FTA®) cards, which preserve nucleic acids, have emerged as an innovating surveillance system for collecting arboviruses expectorated during mosquito sugar feeding. In this study, we evaluate the survival rates of two strain of Aedes aegypti (New Orleans (NO) and Cayenne (CAY)) in the laboratory after exposing to either honey-impregnated FTA® cards or untreated filter paper (UFP) card. Experimental exposure of mosquitoes to FTA® cards during sugar feeding significantly negatively impacted their survival, as compared to untreated filter paper. The median survival time was 2 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 1 day, 3 days) for mosquitoes exposed to FTA cards from strain NO and 3 days (95% CI 2 days, 3 days) for mosquitoes exposed to FTA cards from strain CAY. Mosquitoes exposed to UFP did not survive until the end of the experiment (4 days for strain NO and 7 days for strain CAY). Although this finding does not preclude the use of FTA® cards in surveillance, it is crucial to consider and incorporate this factor into study designs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Intervention Strategies Used to Control Mosquito Populations and Reduce Disease Transmission)
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Open AccessEditorial
One Health, One Future: A Unified Approach to a Balanced Ecosystem
by
Santanu Sasidharan and Claire J. Standley
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070164 - 20 Jul 2024
Abstract
In the past few decades, disease spillovers between humans and wildlife have increased in both frequency and severity [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in One Health)
Open AccessArticle
The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia
by
Bolor Bold, Christian Schindler, Uranshagai Narankhuu, Agiimaa Shagj, Erdenebileg Bavuujav, Sonin Sodov, Tsogbadrakh Nyamdorj and Jakob Zinsstag
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070163 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management. This study aimed to provide a more accurate estimate of CE in Mongolia
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management. This study aimed to provide a more accurate estimate of CE in Mongolia by comparing data from surgical (reported) and diagnosed (unreported) cases and assessing the challenges faced by rural doctors in disease management and surveillance. We collected data on surgical cases hospitalized between 2006 and 2016 and newly diagnosed CE cases in 2016 from eight provinces. Using a quasi-Poisson regression model, we extrapolated the collected data to estimate the number of diagnosed cases for the entire country. Additionally, forty health professionals from all 21 provinces rated local clinical management for CE through a questionnaire. The results reveal that surgical cases (2.2 per year) represent only one-eighth of diagnosed cases (15.9 per year). The laboratory facilities, disease reporting, and cyst classification usage scored below 2. These results highlight the significant underreporting of CE in Mongolia and urge human and animal health experts, along with policymakers, to invest in combating CE, particularly in remote provincial areas. This study also emphasizes the need for standard clinical management involving cyst classification according to the WHO-IWGE and seamless integration of CE reporting and monitoring mechanisms, which can significantly contribute to the national and global burden estimation of CE.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Echinococcosis: From Parasite–Host Interaction to Rapid Detection)
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Open AccessArticle
Can Support Groups Improve Treatment Adherence and Reduce Sexual Risk Behavior among Young People Living with HIV? Results from a Cohort Study in South Africa
by
Tonya R. Thurman, Brian Luckett, Babalwa Zani, Johanna Nice and Tory M. Taylor
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070162 - 19 Jul 2024
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa experience poorer HIV outcomes than adults, including lower ART adherence and virologic suppression. They also have high rates of unprotected sex, increasing the risk of adverse sexual health outcomes and onward transmission.
[...] Read more.
Adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa experience poorer HIV outcomes than adults, including lower ART adherence and virologic suppression. They also have high rates of unprotected sex, increasing the risk of adverse sexual health outcomes and onward transmission. This one-arm, pre–post study investigates a structured 14-session support group aiming to boost treatment adherence and sexual protective behavior for AYLHIV in South Africa. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were performed on self-reported pre- and post-intervention survey data collected approximately 7.5 months apart from a cohort of 548 AYLHIV. Participants were significantly more likely to report at least 95% adherence at follow-up and rate their health as “good;” they also demonstrated greater treatment knowledge and had fewer absences from school overall and due to illness. Among sexually active AYLHIV, contraception use at last sex increased significantly, while condom use did not. Effects were small, and greater programmatic emphasis on adherence and multifaceted service packages is likely necessary to promote viral suppression. Nonetheless, the intervention addresses an important gap in service provision for AYLHIV in South Africa. Findings denote the potential for incorporating care and treatment components into sexual and reproductive health interventions tailored for AYLHIV.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Living with HIV: Support, Care, and Treatment for Vulnerable Populations)
Open AccessArticle
Rabies Realities: Navigating Barriers to Rabies Control in Rural Zambia—A Case Study of Manyinga and Mwansabombwe Districts
by
Muma Chipo Misapa, Eugene C. Bwalya, Ladslav Moonga, Josiah Zimba, Emmanuel S. Kabwali, Mwenya Silombe, Edgar Chilanzi Mulwanda, Christopher Mulenga, Martin C. Simuunza, Hirofumi Sawa, Bernard Hang’ombe and Walter Muleya
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070161 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Rabies persists as a longstanding issue in Zambia, despite being preventable. The current control measures, including dog vaccination, population control, and movement restriction, guided by ‘The Control of Dogs Act Chapter 247 of the Laws of Zambia’, have not yielded the desired impact
[...] Read more.
Rabies persists as a longstanding issue in Zambia, despite being preventable. The current control measures, including dog vaccination, population control, and movement restriction, guided by ‘The Control of Dogs Act Chapter 247 of the Laws of Zambia’, have not yielded the desired impact in many areas of the country including Manyinga and Mwansabombwe districts. These two districts continue to report low dog vaccination rates, unrestricted dog movements, and escalating cases of animal and human rabies, along with dog bites. Aligned with global aspirations to achieve zero human rabies cases by 2030, this study scrutinizes the determinants and obstacles hampering the execution of rabies control initiatives in Manyinga and Mwansabombwe. Spanning approximately 11 months, this cross-sectional study gathered pre- and post-vaccination data from 301 households in Manyinga and 100 households in Mwansabombwe. Questionnaires probed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to rabies prevention and control. A transect survey, key informant interviews, and assessment of rabies vaccination and dog bite records complemented the data collection. Findings revealed that 88.0% of respondents from both districts possessed knowledge about rabies, confirming affected species and transmission. Moreover, 76.8% in Manyinga and 88.6% in Mwansabombwe were acquainted with rabies prevention and control methods. Concerning dog owners, 89.0% were aware of rabies, 66.0% understood its prevention and control, and the majority identified bites as the primary mode of transmission. Despite the high level of knowledge recorded during the survey, the implementation of preventive measures was low, which was attributed to low levels of law enforcement by the local government authority, inadequate staffing in the veterinary department, unwillingness to pay for dog vaccinations, and unavailability of rabies vaccine at the veterinary office in both districts. Vaccination coverage stood at 64.0% in Manyinga and 21.0% in Mwansabombwe. Notably, education and occupation exhibited a positive significant association with rabies knowledge. In terms of dog bite cases, Manyinga recorded 538 dog bite cases from 2017 to June 2022, while Mwansabombwe recorded 81 dog bite and 23 jackal bite cases from 2021 to June 2022. The study underscores critical knowledge gaps in rural areas and emphasizes the imperative for enhanced public education and awareness programs, improved rabies surveillance, free mass vaccination campaigns, and community engagement to augment vaccination coverage and knowledge about rabies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives)
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Open AccessEditorial
Recent Advances in Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Toxoplasmosis
by
Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela and Thais Ferreira Feitosa
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070160 - 18 Jul 2024
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, affects nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans, domestic animals, and both terrestrial and marine wildlife [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Toxoplasmosis)
Open AccessArticle
Effectiveness of Three Sampling Approaches for Optimizing Mapping and Preventive Chemotherapy against Schistosoma mansoni in the Western Part of Côte d’Ivoire
by
Jean-Baptiste K. Sékré, Mamadou Ouattara, Nana R. Diakité, Fidèle K. Bassa, Rufin K. Assaré, Jules N. Kouadio, Gaoussou Coulibaly, Agodio Loukouri, Mathieu N. Orsot, Jürg Utzinger and Eliézer K. N’Goran
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070159 - 14 Jul 2024
Abstract
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The elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030 is one of the main goals put forth in the World Health Organization’s roadmap for neglected tropical diseases. This study aimed to compare different sampling approaches to guide mapping and preventive chemotherapy.
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The elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030 is one of the main goals put forth in the World Health Organization’s roadmap for neglected tropical diseases. This study aimed to compare different sampling approaches to guide mapping and preventive chemotherapy. A cross-sectional parasitological survey was conducted from August to September 2022 in the health districts of Biankouma, Ouaninou, and Touba in the western part of Côte d’Ivoire. The prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection were assessed in children aged 5–14 years using three sampling approaches. The first approach involved a random selection of 50% of the villages in the health districts. The second approach involved a random selection of half of the villages selected in approach 1, thus constituting 25% of the villages in the health district. The third approach consisted of randomly selecting 15 villages from villages selected by approach 2 in each health district. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni was 23.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.9–27.6%), 21.6% (95% CI: 17.1–26.8%), and 18.3% (95% CI: 11.9–27.1%) with the first, second, and third approach, respectively. The respective geometric mean S. mansoni infection intensity was 117.9 eggs per gram of stool (EPG) (95% CI: 109.3–127.3 EPG), 104.6 EPG (95% CI: 93.8–116.6 EPG), and 94.6 EPG (95% CI 79.5–112.7 EPG). We conclude that, although randomly sampling up to 50% of villages in a health district provides more precise population-based prevalence and intensity measures of S. mansoni, randomly selecting only 15 villages in a district characterized by low heterogeneity provides reasonable estimates and is less costly.
Full article
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Open AccessArticle
The Comprehensive Management of Patients with Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis; A Perspective from Antifungal Treatment to Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Descriptive Cohort Study
by
Angélica Julián Castrejón, Rosa Marene Hernández Martínez, Diana Rivero Méndez, Israel Nayensei Gil Velázquez, Juan Heriberto Rodríguez Piña, Juan Manuel Salgado Camacho, Nicolás Teyes Calva, Sayuri I. Espíndola Chavarría, Patricia A. Meza-Meneses and Carlos Alberto Castro-Fuentes
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070158 - 12 Jul 2024
Abstract
Surgical intervention is a key element in the management of patients diagnosed with mucormycosis. A retrospective cohort study was carried out, in which patients with a proven diagnosis of mucormycosis were evaluated over a period of 10 years, according to the MSGERC criteria.
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Surgical intervention is a key element in the management of patients diagnosed with mucormycosis. A retrospective cohort study was carried out, in which patients with a proven diagnosis of mucormycosis were evaluated over a period of 10 years, according to the MSGERC criteria. A descriptive analysis of the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, imaging, and microbiology studies, as well as medical and surgical treatment and the type of prosthesis was carried out. A total of 22 cases were identified, of which 54.5% (n = 12) of the population were men. Furthermore, 77.2% (n = 17) of the population had diabetes mellitus. The main antifungal treatment implemented was liposomal amphotericin B (77.2%, n = 17). The most affected structures in our patients were the paranasal sinuses (n = 18; 81%), followed by the maxilla and orbit (n = 15; 68%), nose (n = 12; 54%), central nervous system (n = 11; 50%), and skin and soft tissues (n = 2; <1%). Of the total population, 59.09% (n = 13) of patients underwent maxillofacial surgery, of which 61.53% (n = 8) required some type of prosthetic rehabilitation. Orbital exenteration and maxillectomy were the most frequent surgeries, accounting for 69.23% (n = 9), while skull base drainage was performed in four patients (30.76%). Of the total number of patients (n = 22), eight died (36.36%). Appropriate surgical management according to the affected structures, considering not only increasing the patient’s survival, but also considering the aesthetic and functional consequences, will require subsequent rehabilitation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Trichiasis Case Finding to Attain the Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem
by
Joy Shu’aibu, Grace Ajege, Caleb Mpyet, Michael Dejene, Sunday Isiyaku, Abubakar Tafida, Michaela Kelly, Innocent Emereuwa and Paul Courtright
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070157 - 11 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: As national trachoma programmes increase efforts to reduce the burden of trachomatous trichiasis (TT), TT case finding and referral are critical public health programme components. Our research aimed to explore the most effective and efficient approaches to finding, referring, and managing TT
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Background: As national trachoma programmes increase efforts to reduce the burden of trachomatous trichiasis (TT), TT case finding and referral are critical public health programme components. Our research aimed to explore the most effective and efficient approaches to finding, referring, and managing TT cases. Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study, utilizing both routine programme data and primary data collection. This study compared four different approaches to finding TT cases across three different local government areas (LGAs) in Kano State, Nigeria. Each of the study LGAs was divided into four sub-units to accommodate the four different approaches. Results: The number of outreach attendees was 4795 across the four case finding approaches, and this varied hugely, with the smallest number and proportion (403, 0.26%) in settings only employing house-to-house case finding and the largest number and proportion (1901, 0.99%) when town criers were used. That said, the proportion of TT cases among people presenting at outreach was highest (32.5%) when house-to-house case finding was used and lowest (10.3%) when town criers were used. More female TT patients were found (53–70%) and had surgery (79–85%) compared to male cases, across all approaches. The average project expenditure for finding one TT case was similar for approaches that included house-to-house case finding (USD 5.4–6.3), while it was 3.5 times higher (USD 21.5 per TT case found) when town criers were used. Discussion: This study found that the house-to-house TT case finding approaches were the most efficient method with the highest yield of TT cases. Including other eye condition and/or vision testing yielded similar results but required more personnel and cost.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trachoma and Its Management)
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Mass Drug Administration Coverage for Lymphatic Filariasis in the Lukonga Health Zone in 2022
by
Patrick N. Ntumba and Pierre Z. Akilimali
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070156 - 11 Jul 2024
Abstract
(1) Background and rationale: To validate the reported therapeutic coverage, a lymphatic filariasis post-mass drug administration (MDA) campaign survey was conducted in the Lukonga health zone from 10 June to 15 July 2023. (2) Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study
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(1) Background and rationale: To validate the reported therapeutic coverage, a lymphatic filariasis post-mass drug administration (MDA) campaign survey was conducted in the Lukonga health zone from 10 June to 15 July 2023. (2) Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted at the community level in 30 villages in the Lukonga health zone from 10 June to 15 July 2023. The study population included all individuals from the visited communities. The study variables included age, sex, drug use (ivermectin + albendazole), adverse events, and adherence to MDA guidelines for supervised drug use. Questionnaires were administered on Android phones using the SurveyCTO platform. Stata version 17 was used for data analysis. (3) Results: Of the 1092 respondents, 54.8% were female and one-third were between the ages of 5 and 14. Two-thirds of the households surveyed, or 64%, had more than six people living in them, and 1031 individuals, or 94%, reported being present during the community mass drug distribution. Notably, 678 individuals, or 66%, reported taking the drugs offered, and 66.4% of those who took the drugs reported doing so in the presence of drug distributors. Thus, the survey coverage was 65.7% [95% CI: 62.9–68.7]. The results of this study show that the survey coverage was above the 65% threshold recommended by the WHO but below the 82.3% reported by the Lukonga health zone. The main reason for non-compliance was a fear of ivermectin-related side effects (47%). Supervised or directly observed treatment was not adhered to (66.4%). (4) Discussion and conclusions: Key challenges to further increase treatment coverage include assessing data quality, building capacity, motivating drug distributors, improving data reporting tools, proper recording by drug distributors, and accurate reporting on non-residents who take the drugs during the MDA. In addition, harmonization of the numerator for calculating drug coverage in the health zone is critical. It is imperative to provide the public with explicit information regarding the objective of drug distribution and the probable adverse effects.
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(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
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Open AccessOpinion
Persons Living with HIV as a Vulnerable Group: An Argument to Ensure Treatment, Care, and Support
by
Michelle Brotherton
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070155 - 11 Jul 2024
Abstract
Generally, human rights documents are to be applied universally. However, certain groups are identified for special treatment due to vulnerabilities faced; these are often referred to as vulnerable groups or populations. While human rights literature and public health literature make a case for
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Generally, human rights documents are to be applied universally. However, certain groups are identified for special treatment due to vulnerabilities faced; these are often referred to as vulnerable groups or populations. While human rights literature and public health literature make a case for particular sensitivity regarding vulnerable populations living with HIV, there is perhaps a case to be made for people living with HIV to be recognised as a vulnerable group in and of itself. It is often other vulnerabilities, such as poverty, disability, or discrimination, that render persons living with HIV legally vulnerable. But what happens if these other vulnerabilities are not present? Persons living with HIV could benefit from being recognised as a vulnerable group, in that it could prioritise their health rights and promote their access to healthcare and services. This article considers how identifying persons living with HIV as a vulnerable group could impact their treatment, care, and support. By looking at examples of countries where people living with HIV have been identified as vulnerable, and at how vulnerable groups are defined, an argument is made that it could be beneficial to persons living with HIV to be identified as a vulnerable group in terms of accessing treatment, care, and support.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Living with HIV: Support, Care, and Treatment for Vulnerable Populations)
Open AccessArticle
Investigating the Determinants of Mortality before CD4 Count Recovery in a Cohort of Patients Initiated on Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa Using a Fine and Gray Competing Risks Model
by
Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Jesca Mercy Batidzirai, Retius Chifurira and Knowledge Chinhamu
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070154 - 10 Jul 2024
Abstract
CD4 count recovery is the main goal for an HIV patient who initiated ART. Early ART initiation in HIV patients can help restore immune function more effectively, even when they have reached an advanced stage. Some patients may respond positively to ART and
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CD4 count recovery is the main goal for an HIV patient who initiated ART. Early ART initiation in HIV patients can help restore immune function more effectively, even when they have reached an advanced stage. Some patients may respond positively to ART and attain CD4 count recovery. Meanwhile, other patients failing to recover their CD4 count due to non-adherence, treatment resistance and virological failure might lead to HIV-related complications and death. The purpose of this study was to find the determinants of death in patients who failed to recover their CD4 count after initiating antiretroviral therapy. The data used in this study was obtained from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where 2528 HIV-infected patients with a baseline CD4 count of <200 cells/mm3 were initiated on ART. We used a Fine–Gray sub-distribution hazard and cumulative incidence function to estimate potential confounding factors of death, where CD4 count recovery was a competing event for failure due to death. Patients who had no tuberculosis were 1.33 times at risk of dying before attaining CD4 count recovery [aSHR 1.33; 95% CI (0.96–1.85)] compared to those who had tuberculosis. Rural patients had a higher risk of not recovering and leading to death [aSHR 1.97; 95% CI (1.57–2.47)] than those from urban areas. The patient’s tuberculosis status, viral load, regimen, baseline CD4 count, and location were significant contributors to death before CD4 count recovery. Intervention programs targeting HIV testing in rural areas for early ART initiation and promoting treatment adherence are recommended.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious Disease Prevention and Control: A One Health Approach)
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Open AccessArticle
Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Xinjiang, China, during 2004–2021
by
Jiangshan Zhao, Yue Zhang, Haiting Zhang, Shuo Wang, Haibo He, Guangzhong Shi, Wumaier Maimaitijiang, Yanyan Hou, Ling Zhang, Jianhai Yin, Yi Wang and Jianping Cao
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070153 - 9 Jul 2024
Abstract
The spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mostly under control; however, several cases have been reported in recent decades in Xinjiang, China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological status and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of VL in
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The spread of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a serious global zoonotic parasitic disease, is mostly under control; however, several cases have been reported in recent decades in Xinjiang, China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological status and spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of VL in Xinjiang, China, between 2004 and 2021 to provide a basis for the development and implementation of surveillance and response measures. Data on VL incidence during 2004–2021 were collected from the National Diseases Reporting Information System of China. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis, identification of local indicators of spatial association, and spatial–temporal clustering analysis were conducted to identify the distribution and high-risk areas. A total of 2034 VL cases were reported, with a mean annual incidence of 0.50 per 100,000. There was a general decreasing trend in the incidence of VL during our study period. The majority of the cases were reported from October to February of the following year, and fewer cases were reported from April to July. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the incidence of VL was spatially clustered within a few counties. Significant differences were observed during the study period (Moran’s I = 0.74, Z = 4.900, p < 0.05). The male-to-female ratio was 1.37:1, and most patients were in the age group 0–3 years. Cases were primarily distributed in seven regions and two autonomous prefectures, and Kashgar reported the highest number of cases (1688, 82.98%). Spatial analysis revealed that the aggregation of VL was predominantly observed in southwest Xinjiang. This was in alignment with the high-risk areas identified by spatiotemporal clustering analysis. The H-H clustering region was primarily observed in Gashi, Atushi, Shufu, Injisha, Kashgar, Yepuhu, and Bachu. These findings indicate that integrated control measures must be taken in different endemic areas to strengthen the VL control program in Xinjiang, China.
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(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)
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Open AccessArticle
16S rDNA Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in Preterm Infants with Suspected Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis
by
Sergio Agudelo-Pérez, A. Melissa Moreno, Juliana Martínez-Garro, Jorge Salazar, Ruth Lopez, Mateo Perdigón and Ronald Peláez
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070152 - 6 Jul 2024
Abstract
Background: The high prevalence of suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis among preterm infants leads to immediate antibiotic administration upon admission. Notably, most blood cultures for suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis do not yield a causative pathogen. This study aimed to assess polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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Background: The high prevalence of suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis among preterm infants leads to immediate antibiotic administration upon admission. Notably, most blood cultures for suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis do not yield a causative pathogen. This study aimed to assess polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the variable region V4 of the 16S ribosomal gene (16S rDNA) and Sanger sequencing for bacterial identification in preterm infants with suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis. Methods: Therefore, this prospective study was conducted. Preterm infants with suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis were included in this study. The three groups were formed based on the risk of infection and clinical sepsis. Blood samples were collected upon admission to the neonatal unit for culture and molecular analysis. PCR amplification and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rDNA were performed. Results: Twenty-eight patients were included in this study. Blood cultures were negative in 100% of the patients. Amplification and sequencing of the V4 region identified bacterial genera in 19 patients across distinct groups. The predominant taxonomically identified genus was Pseudomonas. Conclusions: Amplifying the 16S rDNA variable region through PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing in preterm neonates with suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis can enhance the identification of microbial species that cause infection, especially in negative cultures.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Infections and Antimicrobial Use in Neonates and Infants)
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Open AccessArticle
Detection and Serological Evidence of European Bat Lyssavirus 1 in Belgian Bats between 2016 and 2018
by
Inne Nauwelaers, Claudia Van den Eynde, Sanne Terryn, Bob Vandendriessche, Wout Willems, Daan Dekeukeleire and Steven Van Gucht
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(7), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9070151 - 5 Jul 2024
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are neurotropic viruses capable of inducing fatal encephalitis. While rabies virus has been successfully eradicated in Belgium, the prevalence of other lyssaviruses remains uncertain. In this study, we conducted a survey on live animals and passive surveillance to investigate the presence of
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Lyssaviruses are neurotropic viruses capable of inducing fatal encephalitis. While rabies virus has been successfully eradicated in Belgium, the prevalence of other lyssaviruses remains uncertain. In this study, we conducted a survey on live animals and passive surveillance to investigate the presence of lyssaviruses in Belgium. In 2018, a total of 113 saliva samples and 87 blood samples were collected from bats. Saliva was subjected to RT-qPCR to identify lyssavirus infections. Additionally, an adapted lyssavirus neutralisation assay was set up for the detection of antibodies neutralising EBLV-1 in blood samples. Furthermore, we examined 124 brain tissue samples obtained from deceased bats during passive surveillance between 2016 and 2018. All saliva samples tested negative for lyssaviruses. Analysis of the blood samples uncovered the presence of lyssavirus-neutralising antibodies in five bat species and 32% of samples with a wide range depending on bat species, suggesting past exposure to a lyssavirus. Notably, EBLV-1 was detected in brain tissue samples from two Eptesicus serotinus specimens collected in 2016 near Bertrix and 2017 near Étalle, confirming for the first time the presence of EBLV-1 in Belgium and raising awareness of the potential risks associated with this species of bats as reservoirs of the virus.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment and Risk Assessment of Rabies)
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