Physics

Relativistic interaction of ultra-intense laser pulses with cluster targets is of particular interest for high-energy-density physics, compact X-ray source development, and laboratory astrophysics. Understanding the dynamics of such plasmas requires precise control of their parameters, in particular temperature, on subpicosecond timescales. In this study, X-ray spectral methods were used to diagnose the laser plasma of krypton cluster targets, created at laser pulse intensities of the order of 10²⁰–10²¹ W/cm². The use of a time-dependent detailed radiation-collisional kinetic model made it possible to describe the results of the observed X-ray spectra in the femtosecond laser plasma of a cluster target. We present a method for diagnosing the non-stationary plasma of high-atomic-number (krypton) clusters using resonance spectral lines 1s²2s²2p⁵3s ¹P₁–1s²2s²2p^{6 1}S₀ and 1s²2s²2p⁵3s ³P₁–1s²2s²2p^{6 1}S₀ of the Ne-like Kr XXVII ion, allowing one to determine the plasma temperature at the moment of “plasma channel” formation. In the experiment, this temperature was shown to be 55 ± 5 eV. The same spectroscopic approach can be extended to other cluster species (for example, Ar, Xe) for non-stationary plasma diagnostics in the relativistic regime. Full article

The role of Chapman’s hydrostatic solar wind model (based on a hydrostatic force balance condition) in Parker’s hydrodynamic solar wind theory is investigated by invoking the de Laval nozzle analogy for the production of flow acceleration in the latter model. The action of solar gravity in Parker’s hydrodynamic solar wind model is shown to be geometrically equivalent to a renormalization of the actual wind channel area and the renormalization factor is exactly Chapman’s hydrostatic radial density profile, which is totally predicated on the hydrostatic force balance condition. This result appears to be traceable to the encapsulation of the solar gravity effects in Parker’s hydrodynamic solar wind model by Chapman’s hydrostatic corona model, even beyond the coronal base. Furthermore, this result is shown to be robust by considering both isothermal gas and polytropic gas models as well as an n-dimensional ($n=$ 1, 2, or 3) underlying space for the solar wind. Full article

The dynamic critical exponent z describes the divergence of correlation times near a continuous phase transition. Obtaining accurate estimates of z from noisy time series is complex, especially when computational resources are limited. We compare machine learning approaches for estimating z in the three-dimensional Ising model. Data are generated from Monte Carlo simulations on a standard laptop computer, requiring 15 to 20 min of runtime. Twelve time-series features are extracted from the simulation output. We compare linear regression, simple scaling, and ensemble methods. Linear regression achieves a root mean square error of 0.0164 on the validation set with a coefficient of determination $R^2=0.974$. The integrated autocorrelation time $log\tau$ shows a near-perfect correlation with z (the correlation value $r=0.992$), consistent with the system linear size scaling relation $\tau \sim L^z$. Autocorrelation features at three lags considered show correlations with z between 0.72 and 0.87. Standardised coefficient analysis indicates that the standard deviation of successive differences and the standard deviation of magnetisation are the dominant predictors in the standardised model, with coefficients of $-0.246$ and $0.239$, respectively. Accurate exponent estimation is possible with minimal computational resources, and fluctuation-based features capture critical slowing down effectively. Full article

Quantum mechanics is among the most successful physical theories, yet its formulation and empirical testing rely on classical structures. Following Lev Landau and Niels Bohr, this reliance is not merely pragmatic: quantum observables acquire empirical meaning only relative to classical reference frames, and, in practice, quantization starts from classical models. At the same time, the two domains display forms of mutual irreducibility: intrinsically quantum features (that is, spin and exchange statistics) have no counterpart in the phase-space ontology of classical point-particle mechanics, while classical trajectory chaos does not arise straightforwardly from unitary quantum evolution in closed systems. A hierarchy is commonly established between classical and quantum theories, namely, a claim of ontological and explanatory priority according to which quantum mechanics is fundamental and classical mechanics is only a limiting case. This claim is less secure than is often assumed; therefore, the traditional hierarchy deserves to be examined. In this paper, we argue that a quantum–classical framework provides an effective and structurally faithful representation of empirically accessible physical systems in regimes where quantum and classical degrees of freedom coexist within a single, consistent effective dynamical description. To give this point of view a firm theoretical basis, we discuss the quasi-Lie formal structure underlying quantum–classical hybrid dynamics, with applications ranging from gravity and condensed matter to open, driven systems in biology and complex media. Full article

The general problem of describing quantum states not only by wave functions and density operators but also by probability distribution functions is discussed in this paper. The qubit-state density-matrix elements expressed in terms of probability distributions are connected with the irreducible representation of group $SU\left(2\right)$. The transform of the probability distributions corresponding to the unitary transform of the qubit state of the spin-$1/2$ system is obtained and expressed in terms of matrix elements of the group $SU\left(2\right)$. The possibility to extend the introduced formalism to other quantum states is suggested. For qubit systems, the notion of density operators algebra and the relation with the probability representation of quantum states are discussed. The Schrödinger equation for qubit states is obtained as an equation for probabilities. Full article

A significant amount of mechanical and thermal energy is lost when typing on a laptop keyboard. To address this, hybrid energy harvesters must increase the generated power density and mitigate energy fluctuation issues. This paper explores the potential enhancement of energy harvesting by combining thermoelectric and piezoelectric effects within a multilayered structure integrated into a laptop keyboard button. Through numerical simulation, the study assesses how these two behaviors can synergistically increase the power density generated by the hybrid device. The focus is on optimizing energy efficiency by harnessing the heat losses from integrated circuits and the mechanical stresses due to the act of typing. The point is to refine the design of such a system to maximize the conversion of ambient energy into electricity. The findings indicate that the hybrid structure combining both piezoelectric and thermoelectric effects, effectively captures energy from a laptop keyboard, producing a substantial amount of electricity. This investigation shows that the generator can produce up to 2.07 mW of power using PU-40%PZT as piezoelectric material and an additional 71.93 μW through the PEDOT: PSS as thermoelectric material from a single keystroke when pressed and heated. This study underscores the potential for improving energy-harvesting efficiency in laptop keyboards, contributing to more sustainable and energy-efficient electronic devices. Full article

It has been known for about hundred years that the universe is expanding, but an impressive discovery came at the end of 20th century, when it was found that the universe is expanding with acceleration. Since then, many models have been developed in cosmology to explain this phenomenon. One of the possible elucidations is that the theory of gravity must be modified at the classical level. However, many such models have already been excluded by gravitational wave experiments. Therefore, one must put a more critical question: could accelerated expansion of the universe be a phenomenon of quantum gravity? Here, we review the basic models of how one explains the origin of dark energy or the cosmological constant in metastring theory, discrete approaches to quantum gravity, group field theory, non-commutative geometry, causal dynamical triangulation, asymptotic safety, and models based on holography and entropic gravity. At the end of a newly formed approach to the quantization of gravity, we mention the ring paradigm, which may, after application to cosmology, naturally model the late-time accelerated expansion epoch in the universe. What is most remarkable, though, is that the final formulation of this theory may ultimately solve the old problem of the cosmological constant. Full article

A formal thermodynamic mapping is established between the attractive Fermi–Hubbard model and the repulsive Bose–Hubbard model at finite temperature and at imaginary chemical potential $\mu =i\theta$. By utilizing a large N-expansion, it is shown that the partition functions of the two models are related by a plain shift $\theta \to \theta +\pi$. This condition maps the BCS–BEC crossover of attractive fermions to a Bose–Fermi crossover (fermion-like occupation) of repulsive bosons. A central feature of this correspondence is the thermal kernel $g(\beta E,\varphi )$ (with $\beta$ the inverse absolute temperature, E the energy scale, and $\varphi$ the phase angle), whose analytic continuation $g_B(\beta E,\varphi )=g_F(\beta E,\varphi +\pi )$ governs the bosonic (B) and fermionic (F) sectors. Interestingly, the particular angles $\varphi =2\pi /3$ and $4\pi /3$ for fermions correspond to $\varphi =\pi /3$ and $5\pi /3$ for bosons, marking the boundaries of an universal thermal window. It is further argued that the present mechanism shows how an emergent, fermionization-like phenomenon can occur at finite interaction strength through a thermodynamic effect induced by the imaginary chemical potential. It is emphasized that this does not imply a transmutation of quantum statistics at the operator level, but rather a thermodynamic exclusion-like behavior driven by the imaginary chemical potential, unlike the Tonks–Girardeau limit, where fermionization arises from an infinite repulsive interaction and anyonic or Floquet-engineered systems where transmutation emerges from modified statistics or dynamics. Effectively, the phase $\varphi$ is a statistical parameter; by twisting the thermal phase, it generates fermion-like behavior without hard-core constraints or infinite repulsion through purely thermodynamic mechanisms. The gap equation and number equation for the bosonic model are derived, highlighting the role of the imaginary chemical potential as a statistical regulator. The results obtained here provide a unified framework for understanding crossovers in interacting lattice systems. Full article

Deep gas emissions in volcanic and tectonic environments are commonly interpreted as the surface expression of localized deep emitters. This representation is adequate for first-order description, but it is not physically complete. Deep degassing is more appropriately represented as a coupled source–storage–pathway system in which volatile generation, compressible accumulation, phase change, hydraulic communication, and permeability evolution are dynamically linked. Starting from phase-wise mass conservation in deformable porous–fractured media, reduced equations for gas migration, pore-pressure diffusion, and thermo-poro-mechanical coupling are derived, showing how the distinction between gas-mass transport and pressure propagation provides a unified framework for volcanic and tectonic degassing. Deep pressure gradients are shown to arise from the competition between volatile supply and pathway leakance, while episodic discharge can occur when permeability evolves under effective stress, sealing, and failure. A minimal analytical source–storage–pathway model is further derived, yielding explicit criteria for valve onset, source charging and discharge times, and the distinction between pressure-led and mass-led responses. The framework is then applied to the published Campi Flegrei carbon dioxide (${\mathrm{CO}}_2$) diffuse total output record, providing a real-data illustration of slow storage loading and rapid transient discharge. The analysis considers magmatic exsolution, hydrothermal mediation, metamorphic devolatilization, advective–diffusive near-surface filtering, and the inverse problem through which surface fluxes and gas compositions are used to infer deep source properties. The formulation links magmatic degassing, hydrothermal pressurization, tectonic fluid ascent, and fault-valve behavior within a common continuum-physics perspective and identifies the constitutive assumptions that most strongly control interpretation. Full article

Possible violations of the no-signaling constraint in Weinberg-type nonlinear extensions motivate the question of whether entanglement could, under suitable conditions, become a resource for operational signaling. A minimal binary model is introduced in which, in each run, a sender selects a binary input bit and a receiver locally records a binary output bit. Signaling is defined operationally as a dependence of the local output statistics on the remote input and is summarized by a single channel parameter that can be estimated from data. An estimator and a corrected confidence interval are then introduced to assess this dependence quantitatively, while transmission reliability is expressed through the minimum decision error. On this basis, a conservative criterion is formulated, using an upper bound on the error and a threshold fixed in advance, to characterize a near-identity channel regime. Minimal reporting requirements are also proposed to document the conditions under which artifacts and classical leakage may reasonably be excluded. Full article

This study investigates the modulation of coercivity and magnetodielectric coupling in heat-treated, nickel-substituted lanthanum ferrite. LaFe_0.7Ni_0.3O₃ samples were synthesized by high-energy ball milling and sintered at temperatures between 1073 and 1473 K. Chemical composition, crystalline structural evolution, surface morphology, magnetic, dielectric, and electrical properties, as well as magnetodielectric coupling, were analyzed. The XPS spectra revealed the presence of adsorbed oxygen, associated with the high oxygen affinity of the material. This behavior is interpreted as a charge-compensation mechanism, related both to the formation of oxygen vacancies and to the partial oxidation of Fe³⁺ to Fe⁴⁺. XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed a single-phase orthorhombic Pnma structure, and structural simulations revealed progressive octahedral distortions with increasing temperature, affecting the octahedral tilting and electronic bandwidth. Magnetic characterization revealed that thermal processing modifies the magnetic behavior, inducing weak ferromagnetism and a significant increase in coercivity, correlating with progressive densification, greater domain stability, and reduced microstrain. Impedance measurements revealed magnetodielectric coupling, the Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization mechanism, and reduced dielectric losses. These findings demonstrate that the coercivity and magnetodielectric response in cationic nickel-substituted lanthanum ferrite can be tuned through thermal processing. A semi-empirical magnetocrystalline anisotropy model is proposed to explain the coercivity evolution and associated multiferroic behaviors, thus contributing to the study of functional ferrites as sustainable alternatives to rare-earth magnetic materials with potential in sensors and memory devices. Full article

Quantum bianisotropy and chirality are fundamental concepts in light–matter interaction that describe how materials with broken symmetries respond to electromagnetic fields at the level of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics. In quantum bianisotropy, magnetoelectric (ME) energy plays a critical role in mediating and enhancing light–matter interactions. This concept is essential for bridging the gap between classical electromagnetics (where bianisotropy often involves field non-locality) and quantum mechanics in metamaterials. The precise manipulation of a quantum emitter’s properties at a subwavelength scale is due to near fields, which effectively function as a tunable environment. In this paper, it is shown that the ME near field, interpreted as a structure combining the effect of bianisotropy/chirality with a quantum atmosphere, is a non-Maxwellian field with space–time symmetry breaking. Quantum ME fields arise from the dynamic modulation and topological coupling of magnetization and electric polarization within ME meta-atoms—specific subwavelength structural elements with magnetic and dielectric subsystems in magnetic insulators, which are assumed to have quantum properties. Full article

We investigatewhether a finite local information capacity of spacetime can account for the gravitational phenomena commonly attributed to cold dark matter. Starting from a covariant effective-field-theory description, we modelcoarse-grained entropy deposition as a dynamical scalar field $S\left(x\right)$ whose stress–energy tensor contributes to structure formation. The macroscopic action contains a single dimensionless coupling λ multiplying the canonical kinetic term, ensuring ghost-free dynamics and conservation of the associated stress–energy tensor. In a slow-roll regime, defined by a covariant source term $\Gamma \equiv \ddot{S}+3H\dot{S}=0$, where H is the Hubble parameter and overdot denotes derivative with respect to cosmic time, and $|\ddot{S}|\ll H|\dot{S}|$, the entropy sector behaves as pressureless dust at background and in linear order. Implemented in a modified Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System (CLASS) Boltzmann solver, the entropy component fits Planck satellite 2018 cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements, and the Pantheon + Type Ia supernova sample for $0.5\lesssim \lambda \lesssim 2$, while preserving the linear growth factor to within 0.2% over Euclid space telescope scales. To regulate ultraviolet contributions, we introduce a holographically motivated prescription in which gravitationally active entropy deposition is confined to causal two-surfaces, yielding a $\rho \propto r^{-2}$ halo envelope with a finite-density core determined by local entropy saturation. Fixing the flux scale $\mathcal{A}$ from astrophysical entropy budgets reproduces Milky-Way-mass halos without introducing fine-tuned length scales. Pilot N-body simulations that evolve the entropy field on a staggered grid reproduce the halo mass function down to ${10}^{10.5}{M}_{\odot }$, mitigate the cusp–core and missing-satellite tensions, and remain consistent with cluster lensing constraints. On linear scales, the model predicts percent-level, scale-dependent deviations in the lensing convergence and matter power spectra, testable by Euclid space telescope, the Roman Space Telescope High Latitude Survey, and the CMB-S4 experiment. Full article

We construct the strong energy conditions (SECs) for both massive and massless stringy extended objects in the higher dimensional cosmology (HDC) with cosmological constant $\Lambda$. Exploiting these conditions, we find the equation of state (EoS) parameters $w\ge -(D-4)/D$ for both the massive and massless stringy extended objects in D $(D\ge 5)$ dimensional cosmology. The stringy SECs impose a universal constraint on w that remains valid across both radiation- and matter-dominated eras. We elucidate the relations between the EoS parameter in the HDC with cosmological constant and that of Hawking–Penrose limit for the massive and massless point particles in the four dimensions. We evaluate the EoS parameters in terms of the contributions from the point particle property, cosmological constant, and extended object degrees of freedom, respectively. We also investigate the weak energy condition for the massive and massless stringy extended objects in the HDC, and those for the massive and massless point particles in the four dimensions, respectively. Full article

We develop a leading-order continuum framework for thin-film hydrodynamics on inclined solid substrates, integrating capillarity, intermolecular forces, gravitational symmetry breaking, confined transport, and stochastic wetting into a single formulation. Starting from lubrication theory with capillary curvature and disjoining-pressure interactions, we obtain a lubrication-scale thin-film equation that incorporates inclination-driven advection, nanoscale stabilization, and humidity-controlled source–sink fluxes. A dimensionless analysis shows that, within the long-wave lubrication approximation, inclination induces a coordinated leading-order coupling among the Bond (Bo), Péclet (Pe), and Damköhler (Da) numbers. This coupling defines a characteristic inclination-angle-dependent scaling trajectory Γ(θ) in the (Bo, Pe, Da) space: material parameters set the system’s position along this curve, while the geometric constraint organizes the ordering of hydrodynamic, transport, and confinement regimes. We further derive leading-order crossover criteria associated with transport transitions (Pe ≃ 1) and reactive-confinement loss (Da ≃ 1), providing explicit regime boundaries that can be evaluated for representative parameter ranges. A representative parameterization of an ultrathin atmospheric electrolyte film is then used to make these crossovers explicit, yielding illustrative inclination thresholds that depend on the chosen parameter set. Coupling the deterministic structure to a minimal stochastic closure captures intermittent wet–dry dynamics under environmental forcing. In this closure, inclination selectively accelerates the drying pathway through the drainage time (and thus drying rate λ_dry), while rewetting remains primarily humidity-controlled, to leading order, providing a scaling-based description of wet-state persistence and time-of-wetness versus θ. The resulting framework provides a continuum-scale physical description of confined films under geometric asymmetry, relevant to wetting, interfacial drainage, confined transport, and thin-film systems in which symmetry breaking and coupled interfacial–transport processes coexist. Full article

This study investigates the thermodynamic consequences of substitutional doping in bilayer graphene using a minimal tight-binding model in which doping is encoded as a reduction in the intralayer hopping amplitude $\alpha$ in one sheet. The interlayer coupling $\Delta$ fixes the low-energy window, while $0<\alpha <1$ introduces spectral asymmetry without generating new energy scales. The results show that decreasing $\alpha$ redistributes the density of states toward the Fermi level, producing an enhancement of the low-energy density of states within the hybridized inner branches. As a consequence, the total electronic entropy vanishes in the limit of zero temperature ($T\to 0$) and increases smoothly with temperature for all $\alpha$, consistent with the third law of thermodynamics. Layer-resolved analysis reveals that the doped sheet acquires a larger electronic entropy than the pristine one for $0<\alpha <1$, giving rise to a finite entropic polarization. The maximum polarization follows a linear scaling, demonstrating that the entropy imbalance is continuously controlled by the hopping asymmetry and does not involve critical behavior. These results establish a direct connection between doping-induced spectral redistribution and thermodynamic layer polarization in bilayer graphene. Full article

This paper examines whether a compact electron–proton configuration (“small hydrogen”) with a characteristic radius of a few femtometers is excluded by basic relativistic kinematics and simple stationarity constraints. Motivated by earlier discussions of formally deep relativistic energy scales in Dirac-based treatments, a phenomenological, virial-inspired energy-balance framework that incorporates relativistic kinetic energy, finite-size regularization of the central field, and order-of-magnitude spin–magnetic and spin–orbit contributions is developed in this paper. Within this framework, self-consistent characteristic scales associated is obtained with a hypothetical compact configuration without invoking Dirac or quantum-electrodynamics (QED) bound-state eigenvalues. The resulting scales—namely, a central energy scale of about 260 keV and a characteristic spin-dependent scale of order ΔE_spin ≈ 100 ± 20 keV—define concrete experimental and observational energy ranges of interest. The present study does not establish the existence, formation probability, lifetime, or dynamical stability of such states. Rather, it shows that relativistic kinematics, finite-size effects, and virial-inspired stationarity constraints do not, by themselves, rule out compact stationary electron–proton configurations within the assumptions of the model. If such states were realized in nature and possessed radiative or interaction channels, those states may have implications for astrophysics, fusion concepts, and dark-matter phenomenology. Full article

We present a study of the mean transverse momentum $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ of identified strange hadrons (${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}^0,\Lambda ,\overline{\Lambda },{\Xi }^{-},{\overline{\Xi }}^{+},\varphi ,{\Omega }^{-},{\overline{\Omega }}^{+}$) produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC-BES energies (the nucleon–nucleon center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{N}}}=7.7 \mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},11.5 \mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},19.6 \mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V},27 \mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ and $39 \mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$). The mean transverse momentum is obtained from transverse momentum spectra of the strange hadrons as measured by the STAR experiment and its dependence on the number of participants $N_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}$ is studied. For RHIC-BES energies, experimental data indicate a centrality dependence of $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$, with an increase towards central collisions. This dependency is described using a power-law function to fit the data. The power-law exponent $\alpha$ is used to characterize the degree of flattening of $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ with respect to $N_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}$ and its dependency on the collision energy and particle mass is studied. Special emphasis is placed on $\varphi$-meson that has a smaller interaction cross-section, thus reflecting the properties of the early stages of the system’s evolution. The $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ of $\varphi$-mesons produced in Au+Au collisions at RHIC-BES energies are compared with the results obtained in Au+Au collisions at higher RHIC energies and in Pb+Pb collisions at SPS and LHC energies. A distinct energy dependence of $\varphi ⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ values is identified. Furthermore, data indicate, when comparing peripheral and central heavy-ion collisions, that $\varphi$-meson $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ increases with system size, following two distinct trends. The results are compared with the predictions of the default and string-melting versions of the AMPT generator. We observe that the string-melting AMPT version describes the strange meson $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$, but underpredicts the strange baryon $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ centrality dependence. The default AMPT overpredicts the ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$ and $\varphi$ meson $⟨p_{\mathrm{T}}⟩$ centrality dependence, while the strange baryon data are in general better described by this version of the model. The exponent $\alpha$ obtained from AMPT-simulated results does not describe the measurements satisfactorily. Full article

As a foundation for numerical solvers in computational electromagnetics, particularly for multiphysics and electromagnetic compatibility applications, Jefimenko’s equations offer a generalized solution to Maxwell’s equations, enabling the direct computation of electromagnetic fields from time-dependent source distributions without the boundary-condition artifacts inherent to grid-based methods. However, the numerical integration of these equations is computationally intensive, typically scaling as $\mathcal{O}\left(N_{\mathrm{s}}{N}_{\mathrm{o}}\right)$ for $N_{\mathrm{s}}$ source points and $N_{\mathrm{o}}$ observation points. In this paper, we present JefiFast, a highly optimized graphics processing unit (GPU) implementation that significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art JefiGPU algorithm. We identify that previous implementations are strictly memory-bound due to inefficient global memory transactions and a lack of data reuse. JefiFast addresses these bottlenecks through four key optimizations: (i) a packed memory layout (PML) using an array-of-structures approach to ensure coalesced memory access for source densities and their derivatives; (ii) geometry-aware shared memory tiling strategies that maximize L2 (level-2) cache hit rates and on-chip data reuse; (iii) pre-computation of time derivatives to minimize redundant arithmetic operations; and (iv) a robust observation domain decomposition strategy that enables linear scaling across multiple GPUs. Benchmarks demonstrate that JefiFast achieves speedups ranging from $4.08$ times (for ${30}^3$ grids on a single NVIDIA V100 graphic processor) to $84.51$ times (for ${50}^3$ grids on 4 NVIDIA V100 processors) compared to the baseline. Notably, for a ${50}^3$ grid on a single GPU, JefiFast reduces execution time from about 51 min to just about 2.6 min ($19.54$ times speedup). These performance advances make high-resolution relativistic heavy-ion collision simulations feasible in near real-time. Full article