Journal Description
Physics
Physics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal which presents latest researches on all aspects of physics. It publishes original research articles, review articles, communications with no restriction on the length of the papers. Physics is published quarterly online by MDPI.
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- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 28.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 12.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021).
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- Testimonials: See what our authors say about Physics.
Latest Articles
Enthusiasm and Skepticism: Two Pillars of Science—A Nonextensive Statistics Case
Physics 2022, 4(2), 609-632; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020041 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2022
Abstract
Science and its evolution are based on complex epistemological structures. Two of the pillars of such a construction definitively are enthusiasm and skepticism, both being ingredients without which solid knowledge is hardly achieved and certainly not guaranteed. Our friend and colleague Jean Willy
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Science and its evolution are based on complex epistemological structures. Two of the pillars of such a construction definitively are enthusiasm and skepticism, both being ingredients without which solid knowledge is hardly achieved and certainly not guaranteed. Our friend and colleague Jean Willy André Cleymans (1944–2021), with his open personality, high and longstanding interest for innovation, and recognized leadership in high-energy physics, constitutes a beautiful example of the former. Recently, Joseph I. Kapusta has generously and laboriously offered an interesting illustration of the latter pillar, in the very same field of physics, concerning the very same theoretical frame, namely, nonextensive statistical mechanics and the nonadditive q-entropies on which it is based. I present here a detailed analysis, point by point, of Kapusta’s 19 May 2021 talk and, placing the discussion in a sensibly wider and updated perspective, I refute his bold conclusion that indices q have no physical foundation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Jean Cleymans: A Life for Physics)
Open AccessArticle
QCD Phase Boundary and the Hadrochemical Horizon
Physics 2022, 4(2), 597-608; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020040 - 23 May 2022
Abstract
I review the physics of the phase boundary between hadronic matter and quark matter from several different points of view. These include thermodynamics, statistical physics, and chemical kinetics. In particular, the review focuses on the role of the chemical freeze-out line and its
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I review the physics of the phase boundary between hadronic matter and quark matter from several different points of view. These include thermodynamics, statistical physics, and chemical kinetics. In particular, the review focuses on the role of the chemical freeze-out line and its relation to the concept of valence-quark percolation. The review ends with some recollections of Jean Cleymans.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Jean Cleymans: A Life for Physics)
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Open AccessArticle
Color Transparency and Light-Front Holographic QCD
Physics 2022, 4(2), 590-596; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020039 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 1
Abstract
Color transparency, the reduction of initial-state or final-state interactions in coherent nuclear processes, is a natural prediction of QCD (quantum chromodynamics) provided that small-sized or point-like configurations (PLCs) are formed in high-momentum transfer, high-energy, semi-exclusive processes. I use the Frankfurt-Miller-Strikman criteria for the
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Color transparency, the reduction of initial-state or final-state interactions in coherent nuclear processes, is a natural prediction of QCD (quantum chromodynamics) provided that small-sized or point-like configurations (PLCs) are formed in high-momentum transfer, high-energy, semi-exclusive processes. I use the Frankfurt-Miller-Strikman criteria for the existence of PLCs to show that the wave functions of light-front holographic QCD, as currently formulated, do not contain a PLC.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)
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Open AccessArticle
The Status and Future of Color Transparency and Nuclear Filtering
Physics 2022, 4(2), 578-589; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020038 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 2
Abstract
Fourty years after its introduction, the phenomenon of color transparency remains a domain of controversial interpretations of experimental data. In this review, present evidence for or against color transparency manifestation in various exclusive hard scattering reactions is presented. The nuclear transparency experiments reveal
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Fourty years after its introduction, the phenomenon of color transparency remains a domain of controversial interpretations of experimental data. In this review, present evidence for or against color transparency manifestation in various exclusive hard scattering reactions is presented. The nuclear transparency experiments reveal whether short-distance processes dominate a scattering amplitude at some given kinematical point. We plead for a new round of nuclear transparency measurements in a variety of experimental set-ups, including near-forward exclusive reactions related to generalized parton distribution (GPD) physics and near-backward exclusive reactions related to transition distribution amplitudes (TDA) physics.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)
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Open AccessArticle
J-PARC Hadron Physics and Future Possibilities on Color Transparency
Physics 2022, 4(2), 565-577; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020037 - 17 May 2022
Abstract
The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a hadron-accelerator facility that aims to provide secondary beams of kaons, pions, neutrinos, muons, and others together with the primary proton beam for investigating a wide range of science projects. High-energy hadron physics can be
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The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a hadron-accelerator facility that aims to provide secondary beams of kaons, pions, neutrinos, muons, and others together with the primary proton beam for investigating a wide range of science projects. High-energy hadron physics can be studied by using high-momentum beams of unseparated hadrons, which are essentially pions, and also primary protons. In this report, possible experiments are explained on color transparency and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). These projects are complementary to lepton-scattering experiments at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), COMPASS/AMBER, and future electron-ion colliders. Thank to hadron-beam energies up to 30 GeV, J-PARC is a unique facility to investigate the transition region from the hadron degrees of freedom to the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. It is suitable for finding mechanisms of the olor transparency. Such color-transparency studies are also valuable for clarifying the factorization of hadron production processes in extracting the GPDs from actual measurements. These studies will lead to the understanding of basic high-energy hadron interactions in nuclear medium and to clarifications on the origins of hadron spins, masses, and internal pressure mechanisms.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)
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Open AccessReview
Ion Implantation into Nonconventional GaN Structures
Physics 2022, 4(2), 548-564; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020036 - 16 May 2022
Abstract
Despite more than two decades of intensive research, ion implantation in group III nitrides is still not established as a routine technique for doping and device processing. The main challenges to overcome are the complex defect accumulation processes, as well as the high
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Despite more than two decades of intensive research, ion implantation in group III nitrides is still not established as a routine technique for doping and device processing. The main challenges to overcome are the complex defect accumulation processes, as well as the high post-implant annealing temperatures necessary for efficient dopant activation. This review summarises the contents of a plenary talk, given at the Applied Nuclear Physics Conference, Prague, 2021, and focuses on recent results, obtained at Instituto Superior Técnico (Lisbon, Portugal), on ion implantation into non-conventional GaN structures, such as non-polar thin films and nanowires. Interestingly, the damage accumulation is strongly influenced by the surface orientation of the samples, as well as their dimensionality. In particular, basal stacking faults are the dominant implantation defects in c-plane GaN films, while dislocation loops predominate in a-plane samples. Ion implantation into GaN nanowires, on the other hand, causes a much smaller density of extended defects compared to thin films. Finally, recent breakthroughs concerning dopant activation are briefly reviewed, focussing on optical doping with europium and electrical doping with magnesium.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Applied Nuclear Physics Conference 2021)
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Open AccessReview
The Nuclear Shell Model towards the Drip Lines
Physics 2022, 4(2), 525-547; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020035 - 12 May 2022
Abstract
Applications of configuration-mixing methods for nuclei near the proton and neutron drip lines are discussed. A short review of magic numbers is presented. Prospects for advances in the regions of four new “outposts” are highlighted: O, Si, Ca and
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Applications of configuration-mixing methods for nuclei near the proton and neutron drip lines are discussed. A short review of magic numbers is presented. Prospects for advances in the regions of four new “outposts” are highlighted: O, Si, Ca and Ni. Topics include shell gaps, single-particle properties, islands of inversion, collectivity, neutron decay, neutron halos, two-proton decay, effective charge, and quenching in knockout reactions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Nuclear Shell Model 70 Years after Its Advent: Achievements and Prospects)
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Open AccessArticle
SIR-Solution for Slowly Time-Dependent Ratio between Recovery and Infection Rates
Physics 2022, 4(2), 504-524; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020034 - 09 May 2022
Abstract
The temporal evolution of pandemics described by the susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR)-compartment model is sensitively determined by the time dependence of the infection ( ) and recovery ( rates regulating the transitions from the susceptible to
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The temporal evolution of pandemics described by the susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR)-compartment model is sensitively determined by the time dependence of the infection ( ) and recovery ( rates regulating the transitions from the susceptible to the infected and from the infected to the recovered compartment, respectively. Here, approximated SIR solutions for different time dependencies of the infection and recovery rates are derived which are based on the adiabatic approximation assuming time-dependent ratios, , varying slowly in comparison with the typical time characteristics of the pandemic wave. For such slow variations, the available analytical approximations from the KSSIR-model, developed by us and valid for a stationary value of the ratio k, are used to insert a posteriori the adopted time-dependent ratio of the two rates. Instead of investigating endless different combinations of the time dependencies of the two rates and , a suitably parameterized reduced time, , dependence of the ratio is adopted. Together with the definition of the reduced time, this parameterized ratio allows us to cover a great variety of different time dependencies of the infection and recovery rates. The agreement between the solutions from the adiabatic approximation in its four different studied variants and the exact numerical solutions of the SIR-equations is tolerable providing confidence in the accuracy of the proposed adiabatic approximation.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Physics Methods in Coronavirus Pandemic Analysis)
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Open AccessArticle
Recent Achievements in NAA, PAA, XRF, IBA and AMS Applications for Cultural Heritage Investigations at Nuclear Physics Institute, Řež
by
, , , , , , and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 491-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020033 - 28 Apr 2022
Abstract
Five case studies are reported on the use of neutron and photon activation analysis (NAA and PAA, respectively), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, ion beam analysis (IBA), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the elemental characterization or dating of various objects of cultural heritage,
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Five case studies are reported on the use of neutron and photon activation analysis (NAA and PAA, respectively), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, ion beam analysis (IBA), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for the elemental characterization or dating of various objects of cultural heritage, such as building materials, pottery, metallic artefacts, ancient decorations, or the remains of historical personalities. The use of the individual techniques or their combination proved a useful, frequently indispensable tool for revealing the provenance of the artefacts, the method and time of their manufacturing, the elucidation of ancient human activities, or the verification of various hypotheses or legends related to the artefacts.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Applied Nuclear Physics Conference 2021)
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Open AccessArticle
Propagation of Cosmic Rays in Plasmoids of AGN Jets-Implications for Multimessenger Predictions
by
, , , , , and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 473-490; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020032 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 4
Abstract
After the successful detection of cosmic high-energy neutrinos, the field of multiwavelength photon studies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is entering an exciting new phase. The first hint of a possible neutrino signal from the blazar TXS 0506+056 leads to the anticipation that
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After the successful detection of cosmic high-energy neutrinos, the field of multiwavelength photon studies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is entering an exciting new phase. The first hint of a possible neutrino signal from the blazar TXS 0506+056 leads to the anticipation that AGN could soon be identified as point sources of high-energy neutrino radiation, representing another messenger signature besides the established photon signature. To understand the complex flaring behavior at multiwavelengths, a genuine theoretical understanding needs to be developed. These observations of the electromagnetic spectrum and neutrinos can only be interpreted fully when the charged, relativistic particles responsible for the different emissions are modeled properly. The description of the propagation of cosmic rays in a magnetized plasma is a complex question that can only be answered when analyzing the transport regimes of cosmic rays in a quantitative way. In this paper, therefore, a quantitative analysis of the propagation regimes of cosmic rays is presented in the approach that is most commonly used to model non-thermal emission signatures from blazars, i.e., the existence of a high-energy cosmic-ray population in a relativistic plasmoid traveling along the jet axis. It is shown that in the considered energy range of high-energy photon and neutrino emission, the transition between diffusive and ballistic propagation takes place, significantly influencing not only the spectral energy distribution, but also the lightcurve of blazar flares.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Reinhard Schlickeiser on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)
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Open AccessArticle
Ion Beam Analysis and 14C Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy to Identify Ancient and Recent Art Forgeries
by
Physics 2022, 4(2), 462-472; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020031 - 26 Apr 2022
Abstract
Forgeries exist in many fields. Money, goods, and works of art have been imitated for centuries to deceive and make a profit. In the field of Cultural Heritage, nuclear techniques can be used to study art forgeries. Ion beam analysis (IBA), as well
[...] Read more.
Forgeries exist in many fields. Money, goods, and works of art have been imitated for centuries to deceive and make a profit. In the field of Cultural Heritage, nuclear techniques can be used to study art forgeries. Ion beam analysis (IBA), as well as 14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), are now established techniques, and the purpose of this paper is to report on their capacity to provide information on ancient, as well as modern, forgeries. Two case studies are presented: the production of silver counterfeit coins in the 16th century and the detection of recent forgeries of 20th century paintings. For the counterfeit coins, two silvering processes were identified by IBA: mercury silvering (also called amalgam silvering or fire silvering) and pure silver plating. The discovery of 14 mercury silvered coins is an important finding since there are very few known examples from before the 17th century. In the detection of recent forgeries, among the five paintings examined, 14C dating showed that three of them are definitely fakes, one is most likely a fake, and one remains undetermined. These results were obtained by using the bomb peak calibration curve to date canvas and paint samples.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Applied Nuclear Physics Conference 2021)
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Open AccessArticle
u-Channel Color Transparency Observables
Physics 2022, 4(2), 451-461; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020030 - 22 Apr 2022
Cited by 1
Abstract
The paper proposes to study the onset of color transparency in hard exclusive reactions in the backward regime. Guided by the encouraging Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) results on backward and electroproduction data at moderate virtuality , which may be interpreted
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The paper proposes to study the onset of color transparency in hard exclusive reactions in the backward regime. Guided by the encouraging Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) results on backward and electroproduction data at moderate virtuality , which may be interpreted as the signal of an early scaling regime, where the scattering amplitude factorizes in a hard coefficient function convoluted with nucleon to meson transition distribution amplitudes, the study shows that investigations of these channels on nuclear targets opens a new opportunity to test the appearance of nuclear color transparency for a fast-moving nucleon.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)
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Open AccessArticle
Hadronization and Color Transparency
by
and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 440-450; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020029 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 1
Abstract
In this paper, the earlier studies by us on the production of hadrons in a nuclear environment are reviewed. A string-breaking model for the initial production of hadrons and a quantum-kinetic Giessen-Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) transport model are used to describe the final state interactions
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In this paper, the earlier studies by us on the production of hadrons in a nuclear environment are reviewed. A string-breaking model for the initial production of hadrons and a quantum-kinetic Giessen-Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) transport model are used to describe the final state interactions of the newly formed (pre)hadrons. The latter are determined both by the formation times and by the time-development of the hadron–hadron cross section. First, it is shown that only a linear time dependence is able to describe the available hadronizatin data. Then, the results are compared with detailed data from HERMES and Jefferson Laboratory (JLAB) experiments; a rather good agreement is reached for all reactions, studied without any tuning of parameters. Predictions of spectra for pions and kaons for JLAB experiments at 12 GeV are also repeated. Finally, the absence of color transparency (CT) effects in the recent experiment on proton transparencies in quasi-elastic (QE) scattering events on nuclei is discussed. We propose to look instead for CT effects on protons in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) events.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)
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Open AccessArticle
Relativity 4-ever?
by
and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 421-439; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020028 - 13 Apr 2022
Abstract
This essay is about superluminal motion. It is generally believed that special relativity prohibits movements faster than the speed of light. It is explained which motion is actually forbidden by special relativity and why. Tachyons are breafly discussed and it is explained that,
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This essay is about superluminal motion. It is generally believed that special relativity prohibits movements faster than the speed of light. It is explained which motion is actually forbidden by special relativity and why. Tachyons are breafly discussed and it is explained that, due to internal instability, tachyon fields cannot be used to transmit information faster than the speed of light. However, as John Stuart Bell remarked, “what is proved by the impossibility proofs is lack of imagination”. Inspired by the Frenkel–Kontorova model of crystal dislocations, we demonstrate the way to overcome the light speed barrier by introducing elvisebrions. Elvisebrions are defined as objects that can exist in the case when some hidden sectors, very weakly interacting with the visible sector, are either not Lorentz invariant, or Lorentz invariant but with different limiting velocities. In this case, elvisebrions can move in a superluminal manner without violating our existing physical models.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physics Education)
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An Innovative Real-Time Dosimeter for Radiation Hardness Assurance Tests
by
, , , , and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 409-420; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020027 - 07 Apr 2022
Abstract
The study of the effects of the radiation dose on devices and materials is a topic of high interest in several fields, including radiobiology, space missions, microelectronics, and high energy physics. In this paper, a new method, based on radiochromic film dosimetry, is
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The study of the effects of the radiation dose on devices and materials is a topic of high interest in several fields, including radiobiology, space missions, microelectronics, and high energy physics. In this paper, a new method, based on radiochromic film dosimetry, is proposed for real-time dose assessment in radiation hardness assurance tests. This method allows for correlating the radiation dose at which devices are exposed to the radiation effects (malfunctioning and/or breakdown). In previous studies, it has already been demonstrated that a system, based on optical fibers and a spectrometer, allows for the real-time dose assessment of radiochromic films. The current study not only validates our previous results, but shows that it is possible to apply the new method to an actual radiation environment for the real-time measurement of the dose delivered to a device in radiation hardness assurance tests. This new dosimeter can be used in different radiation environments for a wide dose range, from a few Gy to a few MGy. This high sensitivity can be reached by changing the radiochromic film type and/or the parameters used for the analysis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Applied Nuclear Physics Conference 2021)
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Simulating Three-Wave Interactions and the Resulting Particle Transport Coefficients in a Magnetic Loop
by
and
Physics 2022, 4(2), 394-408; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020026 - 31 Mar 2022
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of wave–wave interactions of the lowest order, i.e., three-wave interactions, on parallel-propagating Alfvén wave spectra on a closed magnetic field line are considered. The spectra are then used to evaluate the transport parameters of energetic particles in a
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In this paper, the effects of wave–wave interactions of the lowest order, i.e., three-wave interactions, on parallel-propagating Alfvén wave spectra on a closed magnetic field line are considered. The spectra are then used to evaluate the transport parameters of energetic particles in a coronal loop. The wave spectral density is the main variable investigated, and it is modelled using a diffusionless numerical scheme. A model, where high-frequency Alfvén waves are emitted from the two footpoints of the loop and interact with each other as they pass by, is considered. The wave spectrum evolution shows the erosion of wave energy starting from higher frequencies so that the wave mode emitted from the closer footpoint of the loop dominates the wave energy density. Consistent with the cross-helicity state of the waves, the bulk velocity of energetic protons is from the loop footpoints towards the loop apex. Protons can be turbulently trapped in the loop, and Fermi acceleration is possible near the loop apex, as long as the partial pressure of the particles does not exceed that of the resonant waves. The erosion of the Alfvén wave energy density should also lead to the heating of the loop.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Reinhard Schlickeiser on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)
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Open AccessArticle
Ion Beam Modification for Si Photonics
Physics 2022, 4(2), 383-393; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020025 - 22 Mar 2022
Abstract
Ion implantation has played a significant role in semiconductor device fabrication and is growing in significance in the fabrication of Si photonic devices. In this paper, recent progress in the growth and characterization of Si and Ge quantum dots (QDs) for photonic light-emitting
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Ion implantation has played a significant role in semiconductor device fabrication and is growing in significance in the fabrication of Si photonic devices. In this paper, recent progress in the growth and characterization of Si and Ge quantum dots (QDs) for photonic light-emitting devices is reviewed, with a focus on ion implantation as a synthetic tool. Light emissions from Si and Ge QDs are compared with emissions from other optically active centers, such as defects in silicon oxide and other thin film materials, as well as rare-earth light emitters. Detection of light in silicon photonics is performed via the integration of germanium and other elements into detector structures, which can also be achieved by ion implantation. Novel techniques to grow SiGe- and SiGeSn-on-Si structure are described along with their application as detectors for operation in the short-wave infrared range.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Applied Nuclear Physics Conference 2021)
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Open AccessReview
Trends in the Structure of Nuclei near 100Sn
Physics 2022, 4(1), 364-382; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4010024 - 21 Mar 2022
Abstract
Inevitable progress has been achieved in recent years regarding the available data on the structure of 100Sn and neighboring nuclei. Updated nuclear structure data in the region is presented using selected examples. State-of-the-art experimental techniques involving stable and radioactive beam facilities have
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Inevitable progress has been achieved in recent years regarding the available data on the structure of 100Sn and neighboring nuclei. Updated nuclear structure data in the region is presented using selected examples. State-of-the-art experimental techniques involving stable and radioactive beam facilities have enabled access to those exotic nuclei. The analysis of experimental data has established the shell structure and its evolution towards N = Z = 50 of the number of neutrons, N, and the atomic number, Z, seniority conservation and proton–neutron interaction in the g9/2 orbit, the super-allowed Gamow–Teller decay of 100Sn, masses and half-lives along the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process) path and super-allowed α decay beyond 100Sn. The status of theoretical approaches in shell model and mean-field investigations are discussed and their predictive power assessed. The calculated systematics of high-spin states for N = 50 isotopes including the 5− state and N = Z nuclei in the g9/2 orbit is presented for the first time.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Nuclear Shell Model 70 Years after Its Advent: Achievements and Prospects)
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(2 + 1)-Maxwell Equations in Split Quaternions
Physics 2022, 4(1), 329-363; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4010023 - 17 Mar 2022
Abstract
The properties of spinors and vectors in (2 + 2) space of split quaternions are studied. Quaternionic representation of rotations naturally separates two subgroups of the full group of symmetry of the norms of split quaternions,
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The properties of spinors and vectors in (2 + 2) space of split quaternions are studied. Quaternionic representation of rotations naturally separates two subgroups of the full group of symmetry of the norms of split quaternions, . One of them represents symmetries of three-dimensional Minkowski space-time. Then, the second subgroup, generated by the additional time-like coordinate from the basis of split quaternions, can be viewed as the internal symmetry of the model. It is shown that the analyticity condition, applying to the invariant construction of split quaternions, is equivalent to some system of differential equations for quaternionic spinors and vectors. Assuming that the derivatives by extra time-like coordinate generate triality (supersymmetric) rotations, the analyticity equation is reduced to the exact Dirac–Maxwell system in three-dimensional Minkowski space-time.
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(This article belongs to the Section Classical Physics)
Open AccessArticle
Jet Transport Coefficient at the Large Hadron Collider Energies in a Color String Percolation Approach
Physics 2022, 4(1), 315-328; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4010022 - 16 Mar 2022
Abstract
Within the color string percolation model (CSPM), jet transport coefficient, , is calculated for various multiplicity classes in proton-proton and centrality classes in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Large Hadron Collider energies for a better understanding of the matter formed in ultra-relativistic
[...] Read more.
Within the color string percolation model (CSPM), jet transport coefficient, , is calculated for various multiplicity classes in proton-proton and centrality classes in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Large Hadron Collider energies for a better understanding of the matter formed in ultra-relativistic collisions. is studied as a function of final state charged particle multiplicity (pseudorapidity density at midrapidity), initial state percolation temperature and energy density. The CSPM results are then compared with different theoretical calculations from the JET Collaboration those incorporate particle energy loss in the medium.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Jean Cleymans: A Life for Physics)
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