Critical infrastructure systems are evolving from isolated bespoke systems to those that use general-purpose computing hosts, IoT sensors, edge computing, wireless networks and artificial intelligence. Although this move improves sensing and control...
In this paper, the cyber-security of smart microgrids is thoroughly discussed. In smart grids, the cyber system and physical process are tightly coupled. Due to the cyber system’s vulnerabilities, any cyber incidents can have economic and physi...
The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools into mechanical devices in routine use within the aviation industry has heightened cyber-security concerns. The extent of the inherent vulnerabilities in the software tools that...
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 has transformed how individuals work and learn and how they can apply cyber-security requirements in their, mostly remote, environments. This transformation also affected the university student pop...
Due to the augmented engrossment of technology in security, everything moves towards a cohesive system. Smart cyber-lock technology is one of the eminent concepts with the potential to solve emerging safety and security issues. This work aims to esta...
Power systems are complex systems that have great importance to socio-economic development due to the fact that the entire world relies on the electric network power supply for day-to-day life. Therefore, for the stable operation of power systems, se...
Recently, there has been enormous development due to advancements in technology. Industries and enterprises are moving towards a digital system, and the oil and gas industries are no exception. There are several threats and risks in digital systems,...
The aim of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how risk and value factors affect the intention to use South Korean exploitable cyber-security communities based on the value-maximisation perspective of economics. According to the re...
The MITRE ATT&CK (Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge) Framework provides a rich and actionable repository of adversarial tactics, techniques, and procedures. Its innovative approach has been broadly welcomed by both vendors and...
Investments in security and cyber-insurance are two cyber-risk management strategies that can be employed together to optimize the overall security expense. In this paper, we provide a closed form for the optimal investment under a full set of insura...
Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in cyber security, enabling automation, threat detection, and adaptive learning. Their ability to process unstructured data and generate context-aware outputs supports both operational tasks...
The links between cybersecurity and civil protection in the last decades became strong due to the rapid increase in the use of Informatics Technologies (IT) worldwide and the need to increase citizens’ protection from various disasters and unce...
Universities hold and process vast amounts of financial, user, and research data, which makes them prime targets for cybercriminals. In addition to the usual external threat actors, universities face a unique insider threat from students, who—a...
The next-generation “Industrial Internet of Things” (IIoT) will support “Machine-to-Machine” (M2M) communications for smart Cyber-Physical-Systems and Industry 4.0, and require guaranteed cyber-security. This paper explores ha...
The paradigm of Internet of Things has now reached a maturity level where the pertinent research goal is the successful application of IoT technologies in systems of high technological readiness level. However, while basic aspects of IoT connectivity...
Cyber-security incidents show how difficult it is to make optimal strategic decisions in such a complex environment. Given that it is hard for researchers to observe organisations’ decision-making processes driving cyber-security strategy, we d...
Nowadays, more-and-more cyber-security training is emerging as an essential process for the lifelong personnel education in organizations, especially for those which operate critical infrastructures. This is due to security breaches on popular servic...
The progression of cyber-attacks on the cyber-physical system is analyzed by the Probabilistic, Learning Attacker, and Dynamic Defender (PLADD) model. Although our research does apply to all cyber-physical systems, we focus on power grid infrastructu...
Since cyber attacks are increasing and evolving rapidly, the need to enhance cyber-security defense is crucial. A cyber incident exercise model is a learning technique to provide knowledge about cyber security to enhance a security team’s incid...
This study aims to describe and assess the impact of critical infrastructure (CI) cybersecurity issues on the sustainable development of smart cities. This study highlights the integration of PayTech systems into the broader CI landscape, highlightin...
Multi-station integration is motivated by the requirements of distributed energies interconnection and improvements in the efficiency of energy systems. Due to the diversity of communication services and the complexity of data exchanges between in-of...
The pandemic has changed the citizens’ behavior, inducing them to avoid any real contact. This has given an incredible impulse to e-commerce; however, the complexity of the topic has not yet been adequately explored in the literature. To fill this ga...
“Security by design” is the term for shifting cybersecurity considerations from a system’s end users to its engineers. To reduce the end users’ workload for addressing security during the systems operation phase, security deci...
As a new area of technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a flagship and promising paradigm for innovating society. However, IoT-based critical infrastructures are an appealing target for cybercriminals. Such distinctive infrastructures are increa...
Developments in drones have opened new trends and opportunities in different fields, particularly in small drones. Drones provide interlocation services for navigation, and this interlink is provided by the Internet of Things (IoT). However, architec...
This article presents the design and implementation of a Virtual Cyber-Physical Testbed (VCPT) for transportation systems, featuring an automated level-crossing process. The proposed design improves network fidelity while keeping the platform lightwe...
This paper studies the effect of market structure on cybersecurity under alternative behavioral models of consumer risk preference. I show that consumer regret aversion can reverse the competitive effect on security provision. If consumers are expect...
Nowadays, as the cyber-threat landscape is evolving and digital assets are proliferating and becoming more and more interconnected with the internet and heterogeneous devices, it is fundamental to be able to obtain a sensible measure of the security...
The importance of looking into microgrid security is getting more crucial due to the cyber vulnerabilities introduced by digitalization and the increasing dependency on information and communication technology (ICT) systems. Especially with a current...
One aspect of the digital transformation process in the shipping industry, a process often referred to as Shipping 4.0, is the increased digitization of on board systems that goes along with increased automation in and autonomy of the vessel. This is...
The small-drone technology domain is the outcome of a breakthrough in technological advancement for drones. The Internet of Things (IoT) is used by drones to provide inter-location services for navigation. But, due to issues related to their architec...
This narrative review examines the evolving landscape of AI-based security in Cyber–Physical Systems 2.0 (CPS 2.0) within the context of AI-driven autonomous cybersecurity solutions for the Internet of Things (IoT). This article presents a narr...
The integration of IT, OT, and human factor elements in maritime assets is critical for their efficient and safe operation and performance. This integration defines cyber physical systems and involves a number of IT and OT components, systems, and fu...
The cyber security toolkit, CyberSecTK, is a simple Python library for preprocessing and feature extraction of cyber-security-related data. As the digital universe expands, more and more data need to be processed using automated approaches. In recent...
In the face of escalating cyber threats to critical infrastructures, achieving robust cyber resilience has become paramount. This paper proposes an endogenous security-oriented framework for cyber resilience assessment, specifically tailored for crit...
The growing integration of cyber, physical, and operational security functions has created a need for assessment approaches that evaluate security convergence as an organisational capability rather than as a set of isolated controls. This article pro...
With the widespread deployment of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), their inherent vulnerabilities have increasingly exposed them to sophisticated cybersecurity threats. Although existing protective mechanisms can block attacks at runtime, th...
Communication networks in power systems are a major part of the smart grid paradigm. It enables and facilitates the automation of power grid operation as well as self-healing in contingencies. Such dependencies on communication networks, though, crea...
Cyber–physical systems (CPSs), which combine computer science, control systems, and physical elements, have become essential in modern industrial and societal contexts. However, their extensive integration presents increasing security challenge...
Despite “cyber” being in the name, cyber–physical systems possess unique characteristics that limit the applicability and suitability of traditional cybersecurity techniques and strategies. Furthermore, vulnerabilities to cyber&ndas...
Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is anticipated to revolutionize transport by integrating conventional public transport with on-demand and shared services. This innovation promises enhanced convenience, flexibility, and sustainability in urban mobility,...
To comply with electric power grid automation strategies, new cyber-security protocols and protection are required. What we now experience is a new type of protection against new disturbances namely cyber-attacks. In the same vein, the impact of dist...
The secure functioning of cyber-physical systems depends on the presence and amount of harmful (unwanted and malicious) information in its digital network content. The functioning of cyber-physical systems is carried out in non-stationary conditions...
The Post Office Horizon scandal represents one of the most severe miscarriages of justice in modern British legal history, rooted in the deployment of a defective IT system and the institutional suppression of evidence that exposed its unreliability....
The increasing number of cyber-attacks has become a serious threat to organizations, organizations that are not prepared to face cyber-attacks on their organizational resources will experience huge losses and reduce organizational performance. It is...
In this paper, insights are provided into how senior managers can establish a global cyber security model that raises cyber security awareness among staff in a partnership arrangement and ensures that cyber attacks are anticipated and dealt with in r...
Cloud computing provides the flexible architecture where data and resources are dispersed at various locations and are accessible from various industrial environments. Cloud computing has changed the using, storing, and sharing of resources such as d...
The focus of this review is the long and broad history of attacker–defender games as a foundation for the narrower and shorter history of cyber security. The purpose is to illustrate the role of game theory in cyber security and which areas hav...
Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), a specialized type of Cyber–Physical System, have shifted from isolated and obscured environments to ones exposed to diverse Information Technology (IT) security threats, which are now highly interconnected. T...
Critical infrastructures are an attractive target for attackers, mainly due to the catastrophic impact of these attacks on society. In addition, the cyber–physical nature of these infrastructures makes them more vulnerable to cyber–physic...
of 126