Cyber situational awareness has been proven to be of value in forming a comprehensive understanding of threats and vulnerabilities within organisations, as the degree of exposure is governed by the prevailing levels of cyber-hygiene and established p...
The evolution towards an Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) and 6G introduces unprecedented openness and intelligence in mobile networks, alongside significant security challenges. Current cyber-ranges (CRs) are not prepared to address the disaggregat...
To address the gaps in cyber range survey research, this entry develops and applies a structured classification taxonomy to support the comparison, evaluation, and design of cyber ranges. The entry will address the following question: What are the ob...
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for cybersecurity experts, and, according to predictions, this demand will continue to increase. Cyber Ranges can fill this gap by combining hands-on experience with educational courses, and conducting...
The paradigm of Internet of Things has now reached a maturity level where the pertinent research goal is the successful application of IoT technologies in systems of high technological readiness level. However, while basic aspects of IoT connectivity...
Digital technologies are facilitating our daily activities, and thus leading to the social transformation with the upcoming 5G communications and the Internet of Things. However, mainstream and sophisticated attacks are remaining a threat, both for i...
In light of the ever-increasing complexity of cyber–physical systems (CPSs) and information technology networking systems (ITNs), cyber ranges (CRs) have emerged as a promising solution by providing theoretical and practical cybersecurity knowl...
Nowadays, more-and-more cyber-security training is emerging as an essential process for the lifelong personnel education in organizations, especially for those which operate critical infrastructures. This is due to security breaches on popular servic...
The growing reliance on cyber deception as a defensive mechanism has revealed persistent limitations in existing deception infrastructures, particularly in their ability to scale, adapt, and provide continuous observability under realistic adversaria...
Complex cyberattacks on electric power networks traverse communication links, control objects and power-service processes, making it difficult to explain how network evidence propagates to operational impact. This paper proposes an explainable cyber...
It is essential to build a practical environment of the training/test site for cyber training and weapon system test evaluation. In a military environment, cyber training sites should be continuously developed according to the characteristics of the...
Cyber ranges have become essential platforms for realistic cybersecurity training, research, and development. Existing taxonomies often describe the functional aspects of cyber ranges—scenario design, team configurations, and evaluation metrics...
The use of IoT devices has increased rapidly in recent times. While the development of new devices is moving quickly, and as prices are being forced down, the costs of developing such devices also needs to be reduced. IoT devices are now trusted with...
In order to analyze the choice of the optimal strategy of cyber security attack and defense in the unmanned aerial vehicles’ (UAVs) cyber range, a game model-based UAV cyber range risk assessment method is constructed. Through the attack and de...
Prior experience from the authors has shown that a heavily theoretical approach for cybersecurity training has multiple shortcomings, mostly due to the demanding and diversified nature of the prerequisites, often involving concepts about operating sy...
Cyberattacks are rapidly evolving both in terms of techniques and frequency, from low-level attacks through to sophisticated Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). There is a need to consider how testbed environments such as cyber ranges can be readily...
With the advancement of IT technology, intelligent devices such as autonomous vehicles, unmanned equipment, and drones are rapidly evolving. Consequently, the proliferation of defense systems based on these technologies is increasing worldwide. In re...
The e-navigation concept was introduced by the IMO to enhance berth-to-berth navigation towards enhancing environmental protection, and safety and security at sea by leveraging technological advancements. Even though a number of e-navigation testbeds...
Cybercrime has become more pervasive and sophisticated over the years. Cyber ranges have emerged as a solution to keep pace with the rapid evolution of cybersecurity threats and attacks. Cyber ranges have evolved to virtual environments that allow va...
Security-testing platforms that rely on public clouds create tensions with data-protection requirements and digital-sovereignty objectives, yet existing cyber range (CR) architectures rarely address regulatory compliance by design. This paper propose...
Cyber Ranges (CRs) are complex socio-technical ecosystems, combining infrastructure resources, software services, learning mechanisms, and human-in-the-loop processes for cybersecurity training, education, and experimentation. However, their design a...
In the context of Industry 4.0, a growing use is being made of simulation-based decision-support tools commonly named Digital Twins. Digital Twins are replicas of the physical manufacturing assets, providing means for the monitoring and control of in...
Electrical substations increasingly depend on industrial control systems that communicate over legacy protocols, such as Modbus/TCP, which offer no authentication or integrity protection, and yet progress in machine-learning intrusion detection is co...
As cyberattacks become increasingly sophisticated with advancements in information and communication technology, the impact of cyberspace threats is growing in both civilian and defense sectors. The utilization of cyber capabilities in operations is...
The rapid evolution of 5G technology, while offering substantial benefits, concurrently presents complex cybersecurity challenges. Current cybersecurity systems often fall short in addressing challenges such as the lack of realism of the 5G network,...
Cyber-physical energy systems (CPES) describe a specialization of the cyber-physical system concept, in which energy systems are transformed into intelligent energy networks. These systems provide the basis for the realization of smart microgrids and...
Cybersecurity researchers and security analysts rely heavily on data to train and test network threat detection models, and to conduct post-breach forensic analyses. Comprehensive data-including network traces, host telemetry, and contextual informat...
Contemporary cyber threats increasingly employ multi-stage and behaviourally adaptive strategies that challenge static intrusion detection and non-adaptive deception mechanisms. Existing approaches typically treat threat detection, deception deployme...
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a fundamental component of modern Maritime Situational Awareness (MSA) systems, supporting navigation safety, vessel traffic management, and maritime surveillance. However, the absence of authentication, i...
This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of gamified platforms for cybersecurity education and training, with a particular focus on environments that incorporate attack–defence simulation. The review examines how the literature...
The rise of capture-the-flag (CTF) competitions and offensive security training requires the deployment of systems that are, by design, flawed. This creates a unique architectural paradox: how does one host a system intended to be compromised without...
This paper considers the main approaches to building algorithms for the decision support systems of information protection strategies against cyberattacks in the networks of automated process control systems (the so-called recommender systems). The a...
Conventional machine-learning-based defenses are unable to generalize well to novel chains of ATT&CK actions. Being inefficient with low telemetry budgets, they are also unable to provide causal explainability and auditing. We propose a knowledge...
Power industrial control systems (ICSs) have evolved into tightly coupled cyber-physical systems, which enlarges the attack surface and makes online vulnerability verification risky for critical infrastructure. Existing software-only simulators usual...
The Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly benefited several businesses, but because of the volume and complexity of IoT systems, there are also new security issues. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) guarantee both the security posture and defen...
Security authorization relies on a target security profile that is relatively stable, whereas threats, exposure, control health, and assessment evidence change continuously. We present a two-stage decision-support model that separates operational rem...
Capture the flag (CTF) challenges are broadly used for engaging trainees in the technical aspects of cybersecurity, maintaining hands-on lab exercises, and integrating gamification elements. However, deploying the appropriate digital environment for...
Anonymous communication networks such as the Invisible Internet Project (I2P) are essential for safeguarding privacy and ensuring freedom of expression, necessitating robust performance and security evaluation in controlled environments. Network test...
In the modern digital landscape, parental involvement in shaping children’s internet usage has gained unprecedented importance. This research delves into the evolving trends of parental mediation concerning children’s internet activities....
The integration of Digital Twin (DT), Internet of Things (IoT), and Long Range Wireless (LoRa) technology in industrial automation increases efficiency, flexibility, and real-time monitoring. This study proposes a decentralized automation architectur...
Testbeds are widely used in experiential learning, providing practical assessments and bridging classroom material with real-world applications. However, manually managing and provisioning student lab environments consumes significant preparation tim...
The increasing complexity of cybersecurity risks highlights the critical need for novel teaching techniques that provide students with the necessary skills and information. Traditional on-premises laboratory setups frequently lack the scalability, fl...
An administrator-assisted CLP-SEIRS-T+ framework is developed to model malware propagation and urban cyber-resilience in clustered temporal communication networks. The model extends CLP-SEIRS-T by integrating community structure, predicted links, asy...
The food supply chain is a critical part of modern societies. As with other facets of life, it is thoroughly digitalized, and uses network connections. Consequently, the cyber security of the supply chain becomes a major concern as new threats emerge...
In this paper, insights are provided into how senior managers can establish a global cyber security model that raises cyber security awareness among staff in a partnership arrangement and ensures that cyber attacks are anticipated and dealt with in r...
As future infrastructures increasingly rely on digital systems, their exposure to cyber threats has grown significantly. The complex and hyper-connected nature of these systems presents challenges for enhancing cyber resilience against adverse condit...
Neck lymph node (LN) recurrence in the irradiated field represents an important aspect of treatment failure after primary radiotherapy owing to the lack of a standard treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of Cyber...
With the emergence of global digital service providers, concerns about digital oligopolies have increased, with a wide range of potentially harmful effects being discussed. One of these relates to cyber security, where it has been argued that market...
Several critical infrastructures are integrating information technology into their operations, and as a result, the cyber attack surface extends over a broad range of these infrastructures. Cyber attacks have been a serious problem for industries sin...
Utilizing social media data is imperative in comprehending critical insights on the Russia–Ukraine cyber conflict due to their unparalleled capacity to provide real-time information dissemination, thereby enabling the timely tracking and analys...
of 8