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29 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Approach to Optimizing Selection and Placement of Water Pipeline Condition Monitoring Technologies

by Diego Calderon and Mohammad Najafi

Eng 2025, 6(5), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050097 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 343

Abstract

The gradual deterioration of underground water infrastructure requires constant condition monitoring to prevent catastrophic failures, reduce leaks, and avoid costly unexpected repairs. However, given the large scale and tight budgets of water utilities, it is essential to implement strategies for optimal selection and [...] Read more.

The gradual deterioration of underground water infrastructure requires constant condition monitoring to prevent catastrophic failures, reduce leaks, and avoid costly unexpected repairs. However, given the large scale and tight budgets of water utilities, it is essential to implement strategies for optimal selection and deployment of monitoring technologies. This article introduces a unified framework and methods for optimally selecting condition monitoring technologies while locating their deployment at the most vulnerable pipe segments. The approach is underpinned by an R-E-R-A-V (Redundant, Established, Reliable, Accurate, and Viable) principle and asset management concepts. The proposed method is supported by a thorough review of assessment and monitoring technologies, as well as common sensor placement approaches. The approach selects optimal technology using a combination of technology readiness levels and SFAHP (Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process). Optimal placement is achieved with a k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) model tuned with minimal topological and physical pipeline system features. Feature engineering is performed with OPTICS (Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure) by evaluating the pipe segment vulnerability to failure-prone areas. Both the optimal technology selection and placement methods are integrated through a proposed algorithm. The optimal placement of monitoring technology is demonstrated through a modified benchmark network (Net3). The results reveal an accurate model with robust performance and a harmonic mean of precision and recall of approximately 65%. The model effectively identifies pipe segments requiring monitoring to prevent failures over a period of 11 years. The benefits and areas of future exploratory research are explained to encourage improvements and additional applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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26 pages, 4688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Best to Use Forest Wood for Energy: Perspectives from Energy Efficiency and Environmental Considerations

by John J. Fitzpatrick, Jack Carroll, Strahinja Macura and Neil Murphy

Eng 2025, 6(5), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050095 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 245

Abstract

This paper examines how best to use forest wood for energy application, considering that it is a limited natural resource. Eight systems are considered, including wood stoves, steam systems (boiler, power plant, and combined heat and power (CHP)), and gasification combined systems (gas [...] Read more.

This paper examines how best to use forest wood for energy application, considering that it is a limited natural resource. Eight systems are considered, including wood stoves, steam systems (boiler, power plant, and combined heat and power (CHP)), and gasification combined systems (gas turbine and combined cycle power plant, CHP, and Fischer–Tropsch). The methodology uses energy analysis and modelling and environmental/sustainability considerations to compare the energy systems. In terms of energy conversion efficiency, steam boilers and high-efficiency wood stoves for heating applications provide the highest efficiencies (~80 to 90%) and should be considered. Steam CHP systems provide lower overall energy conversion efficiencies (~75 to 80%) but do provide some electrical energy, and thus should be considered. The use of wood for the production of electricity on its own should not be considered due to low efficiencies (~20 to 30%). Particulate emissions hinder the application of high-efficiency stoves, especially in urban areas, whereas for industrial-scale steam boilers and CHP systems, particle separators can negate this problem. Gasification/Fischer–Tropsch systems have a lower energy efficiency (~30 to 50%); however, a sustainability argument could be made for liquid fuels that have few sustainable alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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18 pages, 7105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Digital Twin, IoT and LoRa in SCARA Robots for Decentralized Automation with Wireless Sensor Networks

by William Aparecido Celestino Lopes, Adilson Cunha Rusteiko, Cleiton Rodrigues Mendes, Nicolas Vinicius Cruz Honório and Marcelo Tsuguio Okano

Eng 2025, 6(5), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050090 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

The integration of Digital Twin (DT), Internet of Things (IoT), and Long Range Wireless (LoRa) technology in industrial automation increases efficiency, flexibility, and real-time monitoring. This study proposes a decentralized automation architecture for SCARA robots, leveraging wireless sensor networks to improve scalability, reduce [...] Read more.

The integration of Digital Twin (DT), Internet of Things (IoT), and Long Range Wireless (LoRa) technology in industrial automation increases efficiency, flexibility, and real-time monitoring. This study proposes a decentralized automation architecture for SCARA robots, leveraging wireless sensor networks to improve scalability, reduce the number of infrastructure components, and optimizing data-driven decision-making. Experimental validation demonstrated a 74.9% reduction in cycle time, decreasing from 55.42 s to 13.91 s across all test scenarios. The system achieved a 98.6% packet delivery success rate, ensuring reliable communication, while latency remained between 1 and 2 s, maintaining synchronization between the real robot and its digital twin. The main contributions include the following: (i) a decentralized control framework for SCARA robots, (ii) an evaluation of LoRa-based wireless communication, and (iii) experimental validation of feasibility. The results confirm the effectiveness of the system in stable real-time data transmission and precise robotic movements, offering a cost-effective alternative to conventional structures. Despite the advantages, challenges such as data security, interoperability, and real-time synchronization require further research. This study provides insights into the practical implementation of DT, IoT, and LoRa in industrial robotics, paving the way for advancements in smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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24 pages, 580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vulnerability and Risk Management to Ensure the Occupational Safety of Underground Mines

by Fîță Nicolae Daniel, Păsculescu Dragoș, Obretenova Mila Ilieva, Popescu Florin Gabriel, Lazăr Teodora, Cruceru Emanuel Alin, Lazăr Dan Cristian, Slușariuc Gabriela, Safta Gheorghe Eugen and Șchiopu Adrian Mihai

Eng 2025, 6(5), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050088 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Ensuring occupational safety in underground mines is a fundamental priority due to the major risks associated with this unfriendly work environment. This involves employing a set of technical, organizational, and educational measures to reduce the hazards for workers and minimize the risks of [...] Read more.

Ensuring occupational safety in underground mines is a fundamental priority due to the major risks associated with this unfriendly work environment. This involves employing a set of technical, organizational, and educational measures to reduce the hazards for workers and minimize the risks of accidents and occupational diseases due to electrical and mechanical causes. Old and precarious coal extraction methods, in conjunction with obsolete infrastructure and electrical and mechanical installations, lead to high accident risk, endangering the lives of underground workers when at work. Precarious working conditions and working materials alongside the carelessness of decision makers make underground mine-based work a major cause of accidents and professional illnesses. In this paper, the authors identify, estimate, prioritize, and evaluate the vulnerabilities within underground mines and discuss the actions and resources necessary to mitigate, stop, and/or eliminate these vulnerabilities, as well as a mitigation strategy for stopping and/or eliminating them to achieve increased occupational safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

17 pages, 6257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Impact of LED Light on Growing Carrot Taproots: A Novel Hydroponic Cultivation System

by Masaru Sakamoto, Ayuhiko Funaki, Fumiya Sakagami, Taichi Kaida and Takahiro Suzuki

Eng 2025, 6(5), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050087 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Root crops typically develop and enlarge their storage organs in the soil, where they are naturally shielded from light exposure. This characteristic influences their physiological development and presents challenges for hydroponic cultivation, as taproot enlargement is often inhibited when submerged in water. To [...] Read more.

Root crops typically develop and enlarge their storage organs in the soil, where they are naturally shielded from light exposure. This characteristic influences their physiological development and presents challenges for hydroponic cultivation, as taproot enlargement is often inhibited when submerged in water. To overcome this limitation, this study introduced a novel hydroponic system that prevents direct submersion in the nutrient solution. By isolating the taproots from both soil and nutrient solution, this system allows precise control of the root-zone light environment using LED irradiation. Carrot taproots were cultivated under blue, green, and red LED light from 42 days after sowing to assess their specific responses to different wavelengths. The results revealed distinct pigment accumulation patterns influenced by light quality. Blue light induced anthocyanin accumulation in the epidermis and outer cortex within 2 days of exposure and also stimulated chlorophyll synthesis in these outer tissues. In contrast, green and red light treatments promoted chlorophyll accumulation primarily in the stele, with red light having the most pronounced effect. These findings suggest that carrot taproots exhibit specific physiological responses to light exposure, demonstrating their ability to adjust pigment biosynthesis depending on the wavelength. By integrating controlled lighting environments into hydroponic systems, this study provides new insights into root development mechanisms and presents a novel strategy for optimizing root crop cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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24 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy-Based Decision Support for Strategic Management: Evaluating Electric Vehicle Attractiveness in the Digital Era

by Sónia Gouveia, Daniel H. de la Iglesia, José Luís Abrantes, Alfonso J. López Rivero and Eduardo Gouveia

Eng 2025, 6(5), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050086 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 290

Abstract

In an era marked by sustainability challenges and digital transformation, organizations face heightened uncertainty in strategic decision-making. This paper applies a conceptual tool, a fuzzy-based decision model, in the appraisal of the attractiveness of electric vehicle acquisition and navigates the multifaceted complexities of [...] Read more.

In an era marked by sustainability challenges and digital transformation, organizations face heightened uncertainty in strategic decision-making. This paper applies a conceptual tool, a fuzzy-based decision model, in the appraisal of the attractiveness of electric vehicle acquisition and navigates the multifaceted complexities of integrating economic, environmental, and infrastructural factors. A concise overview of fuzzy principles highlights their relevance to strategic management in uncertain contexts. The study uses a practical example to demonstrate how fuzzy set-based decision models assess EV attractiveness by synthesizing costs, environmental impact, vehicle depreciation, and energy independence variables. The findings reveal the fuzzy set-based decision model’s potential to enhance decision clarity and efficiency, offering managers a simple but robust framework for navigating complex trade-offs. Implications for sustainable strategic management and suggestions for future research on advanced decision support systems are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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42 pages, 55621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Development of a Multifunctional Stepladder: Usability, Sustainability, and Cost-Effectiveness

by Elwin Nesan Selvanesan, Poh Kiat Ng, Kia Wai Liew, Kah Wei Gan, Peng Lean Chong, Jian Ai Yeow and Yu Jin Ng

Eng 2025, 6(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6040079 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 567

Abstract

This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a multifunctional stepladder that integrates four functionalities: a stepladder, Pilates chair, wheelchair, and walking aid. Unlike existing research that focuses on single-function assistive devices, this study uniquely integrates a stepladder, wheelchair, walking aid, and [...] Read more.

This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a multifunctional stepladder that integrates four functionalities: a stepladder, Pilates chair, wheelchair, and walking aid. Unlike existing research that focuses on single-function assistive devices, this study uniquely integrates a stepladder, wheelchair, walking aid, and Pilates chair into one multifunctional device, offering a compact, space-saving solution that addresses multiple daily needs in a single design. Building upon previous research, which conceptualized a multifunctional stepladder by synthesizing ideas, features, and functions from patent literature, existing products, and scientific articles, this study focuses on the design and testing phases to refine and validate the concept. Using sustainable materials like mild steel and aluminium, the design was optimized through structural simulations, ensuring durability under loads of up to 100 kg. Usability tests revealed that the invention significantly reduced task completion times, saved five times the space compared to single-function products, and provided enhanced versatility. Cost analysis highlighted its affordability, with a retail price of MYR 1392—approximately 35% lower than the combined cost of its single-function counterparts. Participant feedback noted strengths such as eco-friendliness, practicality, and ergonomic design, alongside areas for improvement, including portability, armrests, and storage. Future work includes enhanced portability for stair navigation, outdoor usability tests, and integration of smart technologies. This multifunctional stepladder significantly contributes to caregivers by reducing the physical burden of managing multiple assistive devices, enhancing efficiency in daily caregiving tasks, and providing a safer, more convenient tool that supports both mobility and exercise for elderly users. This multifunctional stepladder also offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and user-centric solution, addressing usability gaps while supporting global sustainability and accessibility initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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29 pages, 8412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitivity Analysis of Soil Hydraulic Parameters for Improved Flow Predictions in an Atlantic Forest Watershed Using the MOHID-Land Platform

by Dhiego da Silva Sales, Jader Lugon Junior, David de Andrade Costa, Renata Silva Barreto Sales, Ramiro Joaquim Neves and Antonio José da Silva Neto

Eng 2025, 6(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6040065 - 27 Mar 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

Soil controls water distribution, which is crucial for accurate hydrological modeling. MOHID-Land is a physically based, spatially distributed model that uses van Genuchten–Mualem (VGM) functions to calculate water content in porous media. The hydraulic soil parameters of VGM are dependent on soil type [...] Read more.

Soil controls water distribution, which is crucial for accurate hydrological modeling. MOHID-Land is a physically based, spatially distributed model that uses van Genuchten–Mualem (VGM) functions to calculate water content in porous media. The hydraulic soil parameters of VGM are dependent on soil type and are typically estimated from experimental data; however, they are often obtained using pedotransfer functions, which carry significant uncertainty. As a result, calibration is frequently required to account for both the natural spatial variability of soil and uncertainties estimation. This study focuses on a representative Atlantic Forest watershed. It assesses the sensitivity of channel flow to VGM parameters using a mathematical approach based on residuals derivative, aimed at enhancing soil calibration efficiency for MOHID-Land. The model’s performance significantly improved following calibration, considering only five parameters. The NSE improved from 0.16 on the base simulation to 0.53 after calibration. A sensitivity analysis indicated the curve adjustment parameter (

n

) as the most sensitive parameter, followed by saturated water content (

θ_{s}

) considering the 10% variation. Additionally, a combined change in

θ_{s}

,

n

, residual water content (

θ_{r}

), curve adjustment parameter (

α

), and saturated conductivity (

K_{s a t}

) values by 10% significantly improves the model’s performance, by reducing channel flow peaks and increasing baseflow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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36 pages, 3674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Innovative Strategies and Economic Insights

by Rachael E. Josephs, Thomas Yap, Moones Alamooti, Toluwase Omojiba, Achouak Benarbia, Olusegun Tomomewo and Habib Ouadi

Eng 2025, 6(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6040061 - 22 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

The advent of small modular reactors (SMRs) represents a transformative leap in nuclear technology. With their smaller size, modular construction, and safety features, SMRs address challenges faced by traditional reactors. However, these technological advancements pose significant regulatory challenges that must be addressed to [...] Read more.

The advent of small modular reactors (SMRs) represents a transformative leap in nuclear technology. With their smaller size, modular construction, and safety features, SMRs address challenges faced by traditional reactors. However, these technological advancements pose significant regulatory challenges that must be addressed to ensure their safe and effective integration into the energy grid. This paper presents robust regulatory strategies essential for the deployment of SMRs. We also perform economic and sensitivity analysis on a notional SMR project to assess its feasibility, profitability, and long-term viability, pinpointing areas for cost optimization and determining the project’s resilience to market trends and technological changes. Key findings highlight market demand as the most influential factor, with public acceptance, regulatory clarity, economic viability, and government support playing critical roles. The sensitivity analysis shows that SMRs could account for 3% to 9% of the energy market by 2050, with a base case of 4.5%, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts among policymakers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies. Technological maturity suggests current designs are viable, with future R&D focusing on market appeal and safety. By synthesizing these insights, the paper aims to guide regulatory authorities in facilitating informed decision-making, policy formulation, and the adoption of SMRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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26 pages, 4618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Cloud Network Integrity and Fair Compensation Scheme Through Data Structures and Blockchain Enforcement

by Renato Racelis Maaliw III

Eng 2025, 6(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6030052 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 748

Abstract

The expansion of cloud-based storage has intensified concerns about integrity, security, and fair compensation for third-party auditors. Existing authentication methods often compromise privacy with high computational costs, punctuating the need for an efficient and transparent verification system. This study proposes a privacy-preserving authentication [...] Read more.

The expansion of cloud-based storage has intensified concerns about integrity, security, and fair compensation for third-party auditors. Existing authentication methods often compromise privacy with high computational costs, punctuating the need for an efficient and transparent verification system. This study proposes a privacy-preserving authentication framework that combines blockchain-driven smart contracts with an optimized ranked-based Merkle hash tree (RBMHT). Experimental results demonstrated that our approach lowers computational costs by 24.02% and reduces communication overhead by 86.22% compared to existing solutions. By minimizing redundant operations and limiting auditor–cloud interactions, the systems improve reliability and scalability. This makes it well-suited for applications where privacy and trust are critical. Beyond performance gains, the scheme constitutes self-executing smart contracts, preventing dishonest collusions. By bridging security, dependability, and fairness, our findings set a new standard for reliable cloud attestation for a more secure and transparent auditing system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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25 pages, 5650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency and Sustainability in Solar Photovoltaic Systems: A Review of Key Factors and Innovative Technologies

by Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera, Margarita G. Garcia-Barajas, Carlos D. Constantino-Robles, José M. Álvarez-Alvarado, Yoisdel Castillo-Alvarez and Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz

Eng 2025, 6(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6030050 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1968

Abstract

PSS (Photovoltaic Solar Systems) are a key technology in energy transition, and their efficiency depends on multiple interrelated factors. This study uses a systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology to identify four main categories affecting performance: technological, environmental, design and installation, and [...] Read more.

PSS (Photovoltaic Solar Systems) are a key technology in energy transition, and their efficiency depends on multiple interrelated factors. This study uses a systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology to identify four main categories affecting performance: technological, environmental, design and installation, and operational factors. Notably, technological advances in materials such as perovskites and emerging technologies like tandem and bifacial cells significantly enhance conversion efficiency, fostering optimism in the field. Environmental factors, including solar radiation, temperature, and contaminants, also substantially impact system performance. Design and installation play a crucial role, particularly in panel orientation, solar tracking systems, and the optimization of electrical configurations. Maintenance, material degradation, and advanced monitoring systems are essential for sustaining efficiency over time. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the field by reviewing 113 articles and analyzing three key areas—materials, application of sizing technologies, and optimization—from 2018 to 2025. The paper also explores emerging trends, such as the development of energy storage systems and the integration of smart grids, which hold promise for enhancing photovoltaic module (PM) performance. The findings highlight the importance of integrating technological innovation, design strategies, and effective operational management to maximize the potential of PM systems, providing a solid foundation for future research and applications across residential, industrial, and large-scale contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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9 pages, 2670 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Performance Monitoring of a Double-Slope Passive Solar-Powered Desalination System Using Arduino Programming

by Ganesh Radhakrishnan and Kadhavoor R. Karthikeyan

Eng 2025, 6(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6020039 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the promising renewable energies; it is clean, green, and accepted worldwide for targeting sustainable development through applications such as power generation, desalination, food preservation, etc. Solar-powered desalination has received more attention in recent times to meet the demand [...] Read more.

Solar energy is one of the promising renewable energies; it is clean, green, and accepted worldwide for targeting sustainable development through applications such as power generation, desalination, food preservation, etc. Solar-powered desalination has received more attention in recent times to meet the demand of pure water in the rural places of many countries where solar energy is abundant. In the present work, a double-slope passive solar desalination system was fabricated with readily available materials that can be installed and used in rural places, either for domestic purposes or in small-scale industries. The capacity of the desalination system fabricated to be filled with saline water is ~15 L. The performance of the desalination system is continuously monitored by recording the temperatures at various locations around the system, such as the outer surface of the glass, the inner surface of the glass, inside the basin, and outside the basin, through DHT11 sensors controlled by Arduino programming fed in the Arduino UNO board. The influence of solar radiation intensity and temperatures at various locations on the solar still on the thermal performance and production of desalination unit is analyzed by the data recorded by the Arduino program. A cumulative yield of fresh water of around 0.7–0.9 L is recorded every day, and the lowest yield of around 0.55 L was obtained on the third day of experimentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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Review

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18 pages, 3794 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vertiports: The Infrastructure Backbone of Advanced Air Mobility—A Review

by Paola Di Mascio, Giulia Del Serrone and Laura Moretti

Eng 2025, 6(5), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6050093 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Technological innovation toward electrification and digitalization is revolutionizing aviation, paving the way for new aeronautical paradigms and novel modes to transport goods and people in urban and regional environments. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) leverages vertical and digital mobility, driven by safe, quiet, sustainable, [...] Read more.

Technological innovation toward electrification and digitalization is revolutionizing aviation, paving the way for new aeronautical paradigms and novel modes to transport goods and people in urban and regional environments. Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) leverages vertical and digital mobility, driven by safe, quiet, sustainable, and cost-effective electric vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. A key enabler of this transformation is the development of vertiports—dedicated infrastructure designed for VTOL operations. Vertiports are pivotal in integrating AAM into multimodal transport networks, ensuring seamless connectivity with existing urban and regional transportation systems. Their design, placement, and operational framework are central to the success of AAM, influencing urban accessibility, safety, and public acceptance. These facilities should accommodate passenger and cargo operations, incorporating charging stations, takeoff and landing areas, and optimized traffic management systems. Public and private sectors are investing in vertiports, shaping the regulatory and technological landscape for widespread adoption. As cities prepare for the future of aerial mobility, vertiports will be the cornerstone of sustainable, efficient, and scalable air transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Insights in Engineering Research)

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