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511 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
3,790 Views
17 Pages

The Influence of Micro-Fractures on the Flow in Tight Oil Reservoirs Based on Pore-Network Models

  • Hai Sun,
  • Lian Duan,
  • Lei Liu,
  • Weipeng Fan and ,
  • Dongyan Fan,
  • Jun Yao,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Yongfei Yang and
  • Jianlin Zhao
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

28 October 2019

In this paper, the influence of micro-fractures on the flow of tight reservoirs is studied on the microscopic scale. Three-dimensional digital cores of fractured tight sandstone with varying fracture apertures, lengths, and dip angles are constructed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
7,547 Views
13 Pages

In the cathode side of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), a micro porous layer (MPL) added between the catalyst layer (CL) and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays an important role in water management. In this work, by using both quasi-static an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modeling Flow and Transport in Porous Media)
  • Article
  • Open Access
534 Views
27 Pages

9 June 2026

Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) represents a cost-effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) strategy for mature sandstone reservoirs. However, its success strongly depends on pore-scale transport and wettability mechanisms that conventional reservoir s...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation and Carbon Utilization and Storage—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,672 Views
20 Pages

29 October 2024

Entrapped air in porous media can significantly affect water flow but simulations of air entrapment are still challenging. We developed a pore-network model using quasi-static algorithms to simulate air entrapment during spontaneous wetting and subse...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydraulic and Water Resources Research (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
693 Views
28 Pages

21 April 2026

In porous ignimbrites, porosity defines the first-order control on elastic trend, but rocks with similar porosity can still behave differently because their pore networks are arranged differently. We analyzed 50 specimens from seven ignimbrite units...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock-Like Material Characterization and Engineering Properties, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access

Dynamic Prediction of Methane Diffusivity in Water-Bearing Coal Using a Pore-Network Model: Coupled Effects of Pressure and Water Saturation

  • Jiyuan Zhang,
  • Kaiwen Yang,
  • Xia Yan,
  • Qihong Feng and ,
  • Sen Wang and
  • Zhe Jia
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

9 November 2026

Methane diffusivity controls matrix-to-cleat gas transfer in coalbed methane reservoirs and varies with pore structure, pressure, and water saturation. A three-dimensional pore–throat network combines steady-state Fickian transport with invasio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
238 Views
34 Pages

Machine-Learning Probe of Nonlinear Pore-to-Pore Flow in Sphere Packings

  • Shu Gao,
  • Kejun Dong,
  • Liangwan Rong and
  • Ming Zhao

9 October 2026

Granular porous media are widely used in groundwater, filtration, drainage, and packed-treatment systems, where pressure loss is commonly represented by macroscopic correlations or reduced pore-network conductance models. These approaches provide use...

(This article belongs to the Section Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,303 Views
26 Pages

Effects of Enzymatically Induced Carbonate Precipitation on Capillary Pressure–Saturation Relations

  • Johannes Hommel,
  • Luca Gehring,
  • Felix Weinhardt,
  • Matthias Ruf and
  • Holger Steeb

21 September 2022

Leakage mitigation methods are an important part of reservoir engineering and subsurface fluid storage, in particular. In the context of multi-phase systems of subsurface storage, e.g., subsurface CO2 storage, a reduction in the intrinsic permeabilit...

(This article belongs to the Section Biomineralization and Biominerals)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,801 Views
28 Pages

13 April 2021

Several experimental studies have shown significant improvement in heavy oil recovery with polymers displaying different types of rheology, and the effect of rheology has been shown to be important. These experimental studies have been designed to in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Flooding and Rheology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
792 Views
31 Pages

Tight sandstone reservoir effectiveness is governed not by pore volume alone, but by the storage and flow contributions of different pore-throat scales, their structural complexity, and their three-dimensional connectivity. This study investigates ti...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs, 3rd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,480 Views
20 Pages

8 September 2020

Liquid banking in the near wellbore region can lessen significantly the production from gas reservoirs. As reservoir rocks commonly consist of liquid-wet porous media, they are prone to liquid trapping following well liquid invasion and/or condensate...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,513 Views
13 Pages

Transport Behavior of Methane Confined in Nanoscale Porous Media: Impact of Pore Evolution Characteristics

  • Shan Wu,
  • Sidong Fang,
  • Liang Ji,
  • Feng Wen and ,
  • Zheng Sun,
  • Shuhui Yan and
  • Yaohui Li
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

19 December 2022

As a key technical aspect contributing to shale gas development, nanoconfined methane flow behavior has received tremendous research interest, which remains challenging to understand clearly. The majority of previous contributions put emphasis on the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enhancing Unconventional Oil/Gas Recovery)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,453 Views
17 Pages

Estimation of 3D Permeability from Pore Network Models Constructed Using 2D Thin-Section Images in Sandstone Reservoirs

  • Chengfei Luo,
  • Huan Wan,
  • Jinding Chen,
  • Xiangsheng Huang and ,
  • Shuheng Cui,
  • Jungan Qin,
  • Zhuoyu Yan,
  • Dan Qiao and
  • Zhiqiang Shi
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

7 October 2023

Using thin-section images to estimate core permeability is an economical and less time-consuming method for reservoir evaluation, which is a goal that many petroleum developers aspire to achieve. Although three-dimensional (3D) pore volumes have been...

(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,295 Views
16 Pages

Study on Applicability of Ball-and-Stick Model in Reservoir Pore-Throat Network Simulation

  • Jinyou Dai,
  • Yangyang Shi,
  • Xizhen Lei,
  • Xiaofeng Zhou and ,
  • Zhiyang Pan,
  • Xiaoshu Shen and
  • Sha Pi
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

6 February 2025

At present, the ball-and-stick model is widely used to simulate the reservoir pore-throat network. However, due to the large span of reservoir pore-throats, there is still a lack of effective verification on whether the ball-stick model is fully appl...

(This article belongs to the Section AI-Enabled Process Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,141 Views
36 Pages

Modeling Microscale Foam Propagation in a Heterogeneous Grain-Based Pore Network with the Pore-Filling Event Network Method

  • Jun Yang,
  • Nu Lu,
  • Zeyu Lin,
  • Bo Zhang and ,
  • Yizhong Zhang,
  • Yanfeng He and
  • Jing Zhao
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

29 November 2023

Foam flooding is an efficient and promising technology of enhanced oil recovery that significantly improves sweep efficiency of immiscible displacement processes by providing favorable mobility control on displacing fluids. Although the advantages in...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight in Enhanced Oil Recovery Process Analysis and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,595 Views
15 Pages

10 September 2020

Spontaneous water imbibition plays an imperative role in the development of shale or tight oil reservoirs. Spontaneous water imbibition is helpful in the extraction of crude oil from the matrix, although it decreases the relative permeability of the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Unconventional Reservoirs 2020)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,967 Views
17 Pages

8 December 2021

A stochastic pore network modeling method with tailored structures is proposed to investigate the impacts of surface microchannels on the transport properties of porous fibrous media. Firstly, we simplify the original pore network extracted from the...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,452 Views
39 Pages

1 April 2019

This paper presents insights on flow in porous media from a model tool based on complex analysis methods (CAM) that is grid-less and therefore can visualize fluid flow through pores at high resolution. Elementary pore network models were constructed...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improved Reservoir Models and Production Forecasting Techniques for Multi-Stage Fractured Hydrocarbon Wells)
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
5,541 Views
14 Pages

5 February 2021

The understanding of the correlation between a pore-scale structure and its coupled diffusion transport property is crucial in the virtual design and performance optimization of porous fibrous material for various energy applications. Two most common...

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,259 Views
17 Pages

18 September 2025

Accurately simulating immiscible counter-current flow is crucial for applications from geological CO2 storage to shale gas production, yet it remains a major challenge for conventional pore network models (PNMs), which are unable to handle the numeri...

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydraulic Engineering and Modelling)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,485 Views
14 Pages

Characterization of Flow Parameters in Shale Nano-Porous Media Using Pore Network Model: A Field Example from Shale Oil Reservoir in Songliao Basin, China

  • Qingzhen Wang,
  • Zhihao Jia,
  • Linsong Cheng,
  • Binhui Li and ,
  • Pin Jia,
  • Yubo Lan,
  • Dapeng Dong and
  • Fangchun Qu
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

17 July 2023

The pore-throat radius of the shale oil reservoir is extremely small, and it is difficult to accurately obtain the absolute permeability and oil–water two-phase relative permeability of the actual oil reservoir through conventional core experim...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unconventional Oil and Gas Well Monitoring and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,608 Views
18 Pages

17 February 2022

An amount of oil remains in oil reservoirs even at the high water-cut stage of produced liquid from oil wells. To reveal the mechanism of displacement rates to affect the remaining oil in pore scales, a two-dimensional (2D) glass etching pore network...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,707 Views
33 Pages

22 November 2024

With the persistent rise in global energy demand, the efficient extraction of petroleum resources has become an urgent and critical issue. Polymer flooding technology, widely employed for enhancing crude oil recovery, still lacks an in-depth understa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stimuli-Responsive Polymers: Advances and Prospects)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,491 Views
17 Pages

Study on Flow in Fractured Porous Media Using Pore-Fracture Network Modeling

  • Haijiao Liu,
  • Xuhui Zhang,
  • Xiaobing Lu and
  • Qingjie Liu

1 December 2017

Microscopic flow in fractured porous media is a typical problem for the exploitation of tight reservoirs. The rapid-flow in the fractured porous-media is of great significance to efficient and continuous oil/gas exploitation. The fractures are expect...

(This article belongs to the Section I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,979 Views
4 Pages

31 December 2021

Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage in natural rocks is an important strategy for reducing and capturing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The amount of CO2 stored in a natural reservoir such as natural rocks is the major challenge for any economi...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
873 Views
14 Pages

Microscale Flow Mechanism of Gas Displacement in Heterogeneous Pore Structures

  • Shasha Feng,
  • Xinzhe Liu,
  • Keliu Wu and
  • Zhangxing (John) Chen

24 October 2025

As oilfield development enters the mid-to-late stages, conventional water flooding techniques face increasing challenges such as high water cut and limited improvement in recovery efficiency. Gas flooding has gradually become a critical method for en...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,146 Views
21 Pages

Fractional Flow Analysis of Foam Displacement in Tight Porous Media with Quasi-Static Pore Network Modeling and Core-Flooding Experiments

  • Jun Yang,
  • Iftekhar Ahmed Shakib,
  • Zeyu Lin,
  • Yunan Song and ,
  • Yanfeng He,
  • Bo Zhang and
  • Jing Zhao
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

24 October 2024

Fractional flow analysis is an efficient tool to evaluate the gas-trapping performance of foam in porous media. The pore-scale simulation study and the core-scale experimental work have been bridged via the fractional flow analysis to distinguish the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Marine and Deep Oil & Gas Development)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
5,969 Views
17 Pages

Steady-State Water Drainage by Oxygen in Anodic Porous Transport Layer of Electrolyzers: A 2D Pore Network Study

  • Haashir Altaf,
  • Nicole Vorhauer,
  • Evangelos Tsotsas and
  • Tanja Vidaković-Koch

21 March 2020

Recently, pore network modelling has been attracting attention in the investigation of electrolysis. This study focuses on a 2D pore network model with the purpose to study the drainage of water by oxygen in anodic porous transport layers (PTL). The...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrolysis Processes)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
6,833 Views
14 Pages

A Pore Network Approach to Study Throat Size Effect on the Permeability of Reconstructed Porous Media

  • Kai Xu,
  • Wei Wei,
  • Yin Chen,
  • Haitao Tian and ,
  • Sai Xu and
  • Jianchao Cai
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

3 January 2022

Permeability is usually considered to be related to porosity. However, rocks with the same porosity may have different permeabilities in some cases, because of the variations in pore and throat size and pore space connectivity. It is vitally importan...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Transport in Fractured Porous Media)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
5,105 Views
21 Pages

Computational Optimization of Porous Structures for Electrochemical Processes

  • Nicole Vorhauer-Huget,
  • Haashir Altaf,
  • Robert Dürr,
  • Evangelos Tsotsas and
  • Tanja Vidaković-Koch

23 September 2020

Porous structures are naturally involved in electrochemical processes. The specific architectures of the available porous materials, as well as their physical properties, crucially affect their applications, e.g., their use in fuel cells, batteries,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redesign Processes in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
6,591 Views
23 Pages

Pore Network Simulation of Gas-Liquid Distribution in Porous Transport Layers

  • Nicole Vorhauer,
  • Haashir Altaf,
  • Evangelos Tsotsas and
  • Tanja Vidakovic-Koch

23 August 2019

Pore network models are powerful tools to simulate invasion and transport processes in porous media. They are widely applied in the field of geology and the drying of porous media, and have recently also received attention in fuel cell applications....

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrolysis Processes)
  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,501 Views
17 Pages

Advances in Pore-Scale Simulation of Oil Reservoirs

  • Junwei Su,
  • Le Wang,
  • Zhaolin Gu,
  • Yunwei Zhang and
  • Chungang Chen

3 May 2018

At the high water cut stage, the residual oil in a reservoir becomes complex and dispersed. Moreover, it is challenging to achieve good predictions of the movement of oil and water in a reservoir according to the macroscopic models based on the stati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
266 Views
20 Pages

29 August 2026

Digital rock technology is essential for characterizing the petrophysical properties of tight reservoirs. However, conventional construction methods often yield models with insufficient pore connectivity due to low porosity and complex nanopore struc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Physics of Digital Porous Media)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
1,979 Views
18 Pages

14 June 2024

Coalbed methane represents a promising source of clean and efficient unconventional energy. The intricate network of micro–nano pores within coal serves as the primary adsorption space for gas, contributing to the complexity of gas migration ch...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Unconventional Natural Gas: Exploration and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
6,341 Views
13 Pages

25 January 2017

Extremely low permeability due to nano-scale pores is a distinctive feature of gas transport in a shale matrix. The permeability of shale depends on pore pressure, porosity, pore throat size and gas type. The pore network model is a practical way to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,580 Views
10 Pages

Microscale Evaluation of Tight Oil Mobility: Insights from Pore Network Simulation

  • Yongchao Wang,
  • Yanqing Xia,
  • Zihui Feng,
  • Hongmei Shao and ,
  • Junli Qiu,
  • Suping Ma,
  • Jiaqiang Zhang,
  • Haoyuan Jiang,
  • Jiyong Li and
  • Lingling Li
  • + 6 authors+ 1 author

28 July 2021

Pore network modeling based on digital rock is employed to evaluate the mobility of shale oil in Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin, China. Computerized tomography technology is adopted in this work to reconstruct the digital rock of shale core. T...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Petrophysics Characterization and Multiphase Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,016 Views
20 Pages

12 July 2025

Fluid dispersion directly influences the transport, mixing, and efficiency of hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs. Pore structure parameters, such as pore size, throat geometry, and connectivity, influence the complexity of flow pathways and...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Hydrogen Energy Production)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,133 Views
25 Pages

Use of Reconstructed Pore Networks for Determination of Effective Transport Parameters of Commercial Ti-Felt PTLs

  • Haashir Altaf,
  • Tamara Miličic,
  • Felix Faber,
  • Tanja Vidaković-Koch and ,
  • Evangelos Tsotsas and
  • Nicole Vorhauer-Huget
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

22 March 2025

The efficiency of an electrolyzer is significantly influenced by mass, heat, and charge transport within its porous transport layer (PTL). The infeasibility of measuring them in-situ makes it challenging to study their influence experimentally, leadi...

(This article belongs to the Section Particle Processes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,108 Views
25 Pages

Pore Structure Analysis of Growing Media Using X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography

  • Hadi Hamaaziz Muhammed,
  • Ruediger Anlauf,
  • Diemo Daum,
  • Mayka Schmitt Rahner and
  • Katrin Kuka

8 November 2025

This study investigated the representative elementary volume (REV) for visible porosity in horticultural growing media (peat, commercial mixture, treated wood fibre/peat, pure wood fibre) using x-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) with 2D and...

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
3,716 Views
17 Pages

29 November 2023

To investigate the void mesostructure in porous asphalt mixtures (PA), computed tomography (CT) and Avizo were utilized to scan and reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) void model of PA-16 specimens. The void mesostructure of the specimen was quant...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asphalt Mixtures and Pavements Design)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
692 Views
28 Pages

23 April 2026

Background: Nanoporous anodic alumina (NAA) has emerged as a promising platform for localized drug delivery in biomedical implants owing to its tunable nanoscale pore structure and biocompatibility. However, achieving the desired pore characteristics...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fabrication of Advanced Materials)
  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
5,823 Views
9 Pages

The Investigation of Permeability Calculation Using Digital Core Simulation Technology

  • Lei Zhang,
  • Wenlong Jing,
  • Yongfei Yang,
  • Hainan Yang and ,
  • Yaohao Guo,
  • Hai Sun,
  • Jianlin Zhao and
  • Jun Yao
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

26 August 2019

Digital core simulation technology, as an emerging numerical simulation method, has gradually come to play a significant role in the study of petrophysical properties. By using this numerical simulation method, the influence of micro factors on seepa...

(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
34 Citations
6,142 Views
15 Pages

17 September 2020

Carbon capture and storage is key for sustainable economic growth. CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are efficient practices to reduce emissions while increasing oil production. Although it has been successfully implemented in carbonate reservo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Carbon Capture, Storage and CO2 Mineralisation Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
452 Views
23 Pages

Defect-Aware Transport Descriptors for Electrospun PBI Membranes: A Resource-Efficient Structural Screening Approach for Clean-Technology Applications

  • Emmanuel De Gregorio,
  • Carlo De Luca,
  • Alessio Occhicone,
  • Claudio Ferone and ,
  • Valentina Naticchioni,
  • Oreste Tarallo and
  • Giuseppina Roviello
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

In heterogeneous fibrous networks, the void fraction measured by displacement porosimetry does not coincide with the fraction accessible to through-plane flow, and classical capillary-based permeability models, which take a single nominal porosity as...

(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Membrane Technology and Its Contribution to Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,066 Views
19 Pages

21 January 2025

The super-sized pore-throat network model can reflect both microscopic pore characteristics and macroscopic heterogeneity and is excellent in describing cross-scale flow fields. At present, there is no algorithm that can generate a micro pore-throat...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Production of Oil Reservoirs)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,064 Views
20 Pages

A Study to Investigate Fluid-Solid Interaction Effects on Fluid Flow in Micro Scales

  • Mingqiang Chen,
  • Linsong Cheng,
  • Renyi Cao and
  • Chaohui Lyu

22 August 2018

Due to micro-nanopores in tight formation, fluid-solid interaction effects on fluid flow in porous media cannot be ignored. In this paper, a novel model which can characterize micro-fluid flow in micro scales is proposed. This novel model has a more...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Transport Properties of Unconventional Reservoirs 2018)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,633 Views
25 Pages

A Non-Isothermal Pore Network Model of Primary Freeze Drying

  • Maximilian Thomik,
  • Felix Faber,
  • Sebastian Gruber,
  • Petra Foerst and ,
  • Evangelos Tsotsas and
  • Nicole Vorhauer-Huget
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

In this work, a non-isothermal pore network (PN) model with quasi-steady vapor transport and transient heat transfer is presented for the first time for the application of primary freeze drying. The pore-scale resolved model is physically based and a...

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Pharmacy and Formulation)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
27,253 Views
17 Pages

20 October 2020

Relating the macroscopic properties of porous media such as capillary pressure with saturation is an on-going problem in many fields, but examining their correlations with microstructural traits of the porous medium is a challenging task due to the h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
8,206 Views
18 Pages

1 September 2020

Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that regulate the water content and CO2 levels in leaves. Thus, they play an important role in plant growth and development. Currently, most of the common methods for the measurement of pore anatom...

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
428 Views
35 Pages

23 July 2026

Tight reservoirs exhibit complex pore structures and strong heterogeneity, which complicate reservoir characterization. Although spectral induced polarization (SIP) is sensitive to pore structure, existing polarization models are formulated at the po...

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications)

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