Peripheral γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling is emerging as a context-dependent contributor to metabolic regulation. Long recognized as the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, GABA’s role as an importan...
Podocytes are essential for glomerular function by maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. As terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells, they are highly vulnerable to injury, which represents a central event in the develop...
Immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses, involving continuously circulating and tissue-resident T-lymphocytes, provide host defense against infectious agents and possible malignant transformation while avoiding autoimmune tissue damage. Act...
Glucose filtered in the glomerulus is actively reabsorbed by sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) and passively returned to the blood via glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Healthy PTEC rely primarily on fat...
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully underst...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, driven in large part by the complex interactions among metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and maladaptive cellular remodeling [...]
The maladaptive response of the central nervous system (CNS) following nerve injury is primarily linked to the activation of glial cells (reactive gliosis) that produce an inflammatory reaction and a wide cellular morpho-structural and functional/met...
All modern, high-yielding dairy cows experience a certain degree of reduced insulin sensitivity, negative energy balance, and systemic inflammation during the transition period. Maladaptation to these changes may result in excessive fat mobilization,...
Aging-related changes have been identified at virtually every level of the central auditory system. One of the most common findings across these nuclei is a loss of synaptic inhibition with aging, which has been proposed to be at the heart of several...
In the early postpartum period, dairy cows undergo significant adaptations in Ca and lipid metabolism, immune function, and inflammatory processes. Concurrent exposure to endotoxins from the uterus, gastrointestinal tract, or mammary gland increases...
To maintain well-being, all organisms require the ability to re-establish homeostasis in the presence of adverse physiological or psychological experiences. The regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis during stress is important in...
Trained immunity (TRIM) enhances innate immune responses through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming but may become maladaptive, contributing to chronic inflammation. In people living with HIV (PLWH), maladaptive TRIM has been proposed but remains...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by (mal)adaptive remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, which is associated with inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis, and neovascularization. Vascular remodeling in PAH is...
Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, can occur in both physiological (high altitude) and pathological conditions (respiratory diseases). In this narrative review, we introduce high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), C...
Adipose tissue is far more than a passive reservoir for surplus energy: it is an active metabolic and endocrine organ that senses nutrient availability and orchestrates systemic energy balance. When caloric intake chronically exceeds expenditure, adi...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and degenerative disease producing the most common type of dementia worldwide. The main pathogenetic hypothesis in recent decades has been the well-known amyloidogenic hypothesis based on the involvemen...
18 December 2022
Among different pathomechanisms involved in the development of heart failure, adverse metabolic myocardial remodeling closely related to ineffective energy production, constitutes the fundamental feature of the disease and translates into further pro...
Introduction: Over time and despite optimal medical management of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), the right ventricle (RV) function deteriorates from an adaptive to maladaptive phenotype, leading to RV failure (RVF). Although RV function i...
Physiological and pathological burdens that perturb endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved cytosol-to-nucleus signaling pathway that aims to reinstate the vital biosynthetic and secretory capacity...
Sleep-wake disorders are highly prevalent disorders, which can lead to negative effects on cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning, and can cause maladaptive metabolic changes. Recent studies support the notion that metabolic processes cor...
The polyamines spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic molecules. They are critical in the regulation of nucleic acid and protein structures, protein synthesis, protein and nucleic acid interactions, oxidative balance, and cell proli...
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a systemic, interdependent disorder arising from the convergence of metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular pathology. Anchored in the Developmental Origins of He...
Pain catastrophizing (PC) and hopelessness are increasingly recognized as central determinants of pain severity, disability, and treatment response in individuals with rheumatic and immune-mediated diseases. Traditionally conceptualized as secondary...
Endothelial dysfunction is a central feature of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and reflects the maladaptive integration of hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory cues within the vascular microenvironment. The endothelial Notch signaling pathway has e...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes damage to the renal epithelium, initiating a reparative process intended to restore renal function. Although effective repair can result in the complete recovery of kidney function, this process is frequently incomple...
Stress can reshape the epigenome through changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin accessibility, and non-coding RNA regulation. Much is known about how these changes arise during stress, yet their fate once the initiating stimulus...
Heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI) are interconnected syndromes with overlapping pathogenic pathways, including ischemia, neurohormonal activation, and maladaptive remodeling. Hypoxia-response genes, lipid-handling genes, and extracell...
Background: Hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HAP) is a severe disease driven by systemic lipid overload. While free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to mediate pancreatic lipotoxicity, the intracellular enzymatic mechanisms generating these toxic lipid...
Exercise adaptation depends on overload that is resolved by recovery, yet the same biology becomes maladaptive when immune, endocrine, metabolic, and muscle-centered stress signals fail to normalize. Exercise-induced maladaptation represents a system...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited myocardial disorder and a major cause of heart failure (HF) and sudden cardiac death. Although sarcomeric gene mutations initiate the disease, increasing evidence identifies oxidative str...
Cancer therapy-related acute kidney injury has become an increasingly common challenge as modern treatments prolong survival and increase exposure to potentially nephrotoxic therapies. Decisions regarding therapeutic rechallenge have relied on normal...
Obesity resulting from melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) dysfunction is characterized by combined metabolic dysregulation and maladaptive reward-related behaviors that limit the durability of existing therapies. The endocannabinoid system is a central r...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, encompassing a spectrum from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hep...
Pulmonary fibrosis is increasingly viewed as a lung-centered disease influenced by systemic metabolic and inflammatory context. Adipose tissue, through its endocrine, paracrine, and immunometabolic functions, may act as a systemic modifier rather tha...
Pregnancy involves a range of metabolic adaptations to supply adequate energy for fetal growth and development. Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as hyperglycemia with first onset during pregnancy. GDM is a recognized risk factor for both pregnan...
Circulating ketone bodies (KBs), particularly β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), have emerged as metabolites with dual roles as both oxidative fuels and metabolic signaling molecules. Beyond serving as an alternative energy substrate, β-HB regu...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and residual inflammatory risk persists despite optimal lipid and glucose control. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic reprogramming within immune cells constitutes...
Accurate assessment of high-altitude acclimatization is essential for identifying individuals at risk of maladaptation, yet current strategies relying on single-organ biomarkers or subjective symptom scores fail to capture the multi-organ physiologic...
Common pathophysiological mechanisms have emerged for different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. In particular, mechanisms of oxidative stress, immuno-inflammation, and altered metabolic pathways converge and cause neuronal and non-neuro...
The placenta is an endocrine fetal organ, which secretes a plethora of steroid- and proteo-hormones, metabolic proteins, growth factors, and cytokines in order to adapt maternal physiology to pregnancy. Central to the growth of the fetus is the suppl...
Lifestyle factors, particularly physical inactivity, are closely linked to the onset of numerous metabolic diseases. Adipose tissue (AT) has been extensively studied for various metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and immune system d...
CD36 is a multifunctional scavenger receptor involved in long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) uptake, binding of oxidized lipids, and interactions with extracellular matrix proteins such as thrombospondin-1. Through association with Src family kinases, integ...
Proper cardiac function depends on the coordinated expression of multiple gene networks related to fuel utilization and mitochondrial ATP production, heart contraction, and ion transport. Key transcriptional regulators that regulate these gene networ...
Congestion is a key clinical feature of heart failure (HF), contributing to hospitalizations, disease progression, and poor outcomes. While traditionally considered a hemodynamic issue, congestion is now recognized as a systemic process affecting mul...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In recent years, chronic neuroinf...
Anthropogenic noise pollution is increasingly acknowledged as a major threat to marine ecosystems, especially for sound-sensitive species, such as the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). While the effects of underwater noise on fish behavior...
The heart is a highly energy-demanding organ that depends on metabolic flexibility to adjust substrate utilization in response to changes in nutrient availability, endocrine signals, and energetic demands. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that diet...
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) represents a significant, often silently progressing, valvular heart disease with historically suboptimal management due to perceived high surgical risks. Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions (TTVI) offer a promisi...
Exercise adaptation and training maladaptation arise from overlapping metabolic, redox, inflammatory, endocrine, and tissue-remodeling processes, so the translational question is not whether biomarkers change but when, where, and for which decision t...
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common health problems worldwide; however, increased blood glucose alone cannot adequately explain its pathophysiology. Although high blood glucose is a defining feature, evidence increasingly proves that diabetes...
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