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Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2025 | Viewed by 5134

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
Interests: biochemistry; pharmacology; genetics; molecular biology; sports medicine; exercise physiology; antidoping

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Molecular biology has its place at the point of connection between biochemistry and genetics, seeking to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying vital cellular functions. More specifically, the study of molecular mechanisms, as directed toward the underlying mechanisms behind athletic performance, has seen advances made in the development and refinement of omics technologies. Multi-Omics, a combination of the fields of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, and epigenomics—together with recently improved analyses of big data, artificial intelligence, and bioinformatics—is opening the door to extraordinary possibilities for better understanding the cellular functions and molecular mechanisms of exercise in professional and amateur athletes of all ages.

This combination of omics data may aid efforts in identifying biochemical biomarkers and/or genes related to athletic performance, fatigue, nutrition, energetics, overtraining, stress, inflammation, cardiorespiratory function, sensitivity to injuries, and more. Subsequently, this can bring about predictions of gene expression and molecular characteristics of athletic performance, broaden the understanding of the mechanisms of biochemistry and the physiology of exercise, and potentially open avenues for understanding connections between numerous gene expressions and their effects on molecules involved in nutrition, metabolism and energetics, immune response, inflammation, stress, and hormonal control related to sport and exercise.

As a result, the emerging field of metagenomics raises the possibility of studying relationships that are not limited to already established connections between the gut and brain or the gut and muscles, moving beyond these fields instead.

We therefore invite authors to submit original research papers and review articles with a focus on application for practitioners in the field of athletic performance and health improvement. In particular, we encourage both scientists and practitioners to provide their contributions to this Special Issue.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the connections between gene expression and their effect on molecules involved in the following areas:

  • Nutrition;
  • Metabolism and energetics;
  • Immune response;
  • Inflammation;
  • Stress;
  • Hormonal control related to sport and exercise;
  • Prevention and injury reduction in sports.

Dr. Zoran Nikolovski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • molecular biology
  • biochemistry and exercise
  • athletic performance
  • multi-omic

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

25 pages, 3526 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Sport Horses: Potential Biomarkers and Modulators of Exercise Adaptation and Therapeutics
by Dominika Milczek-Haduch, Magdalena Żmigrodzka and Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094359 (registering DOI) - 3 May 2025
Abstract
Significant systemic metabolic benefits result from even a single exercise session by activating multiple metabolic and signaling pathways within the organism. Among these mechanisms, extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role by delivering their molecular cargo to neighboring or distant cells, thereby influencing [...] Read more.
Significant systemic metabolic benefits result from even a single exercise session by activating multiple metabolic and signaling pathways within the organism. Among these mechanisms, extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a critical role by delivering their molecular cargo to neighboring or distant cells, thereby influencing cellular metabolism and function. As research progresses, EVs represent an exciting frontier in exercise science and fitness adaptation processes. There is increasing interest in understanding the physiology of EVs as signaling particles and their use as minimally invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the early detection of oxidative stress-related abnormalities. They also show potential to be used in monitoring exercise progress, injury prevention, or recovery, and may provide insights for personalized training programs. This review examines the current understanding of the role of physical activity in generating exercise-responsive EVs. It highlights the potential applications of EVs in exercise science and personalized fitness optimization, not only for human athletes but also for exercising animals such as horses. On the other hand, it also presents potential difficulties that researchers currently working on this topic may encounter due to technical limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise)
23 pages, 3305 KiB  
Review
CSE/H2S Signaling Pathways in Enhancing Muscle Function and Insulin Sensitivity During Exercise
by Miaomiao Xu, Xiaoguang Liu, Danting Hu, Zhaowei Li and Liming Lu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041741 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 816
Abstract
Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health, enhancing muscle function, and improving insulin sensitivity, thereby preventing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of the cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling pathway as a [...] Read more.
Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health, enhancing muscle function, and improving insulin sensitivity, thereby preventing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of the cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling pathway as a pivotal regulator in the molecular and physiological adaptations induced by exercise. This review comprehensively examines the biosynthesis and metabolism of H2S, its distribution in different muscle tissues, and the mechanisms by which CSE/H2S influences muscle contraction, repair, and protein synthesis. Additionally, it explores how CSE/H2S modulates insulin signaling pathways, glucose uptake, and lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity. The potential of H2S donors as exercise supplements is also discussed, highlighting their ability to improve exercise performance and metabolic health. Current research advancements, including the application of multi-omics approaches, are reviewed to provide a deeper understanding of the complex molecular networks involved. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in CSE/H2S research are addressed, emphasizing the need for further mechanistic studies and clinical applications. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of targeting the CSE/H2S pathway to optimize the benefits of exercise and improve metabolic health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise)
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18 pages, 332 KiB  
Review
Nutritional Strategies for Enhancing Performance and Training Adaptation in Weightlifters
by Dong-Joo Hwang and Hong-Jun Yang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(1), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010240 - 30 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
Weightlifting demands explosive power and neuromuscular coordination in brief, repeated intervals. These physiological demands underscore the critical role of nutrition, not only in optimizing performance during competitions but also in supporting athletes’ rigorous training adaptations and ensuring effective recovery between sessions. As weightlifters [...] Read more.
Weightlifting demands explosive power and neuromuscular coordination in brief, repeated intervals. These physiological demands underscore the critical role of nutrition, not only in optimizing performance during competitions but also in supporting athletes’ rigorous training adaptations and ensuring effective recovery between sessions. As weightlifters strive to enhance their performance, well-structured nutritional strategies are indispensable. In this comprehensive review, we explored how weightlifters can optimize their performance through targeted nutritional strategies, including carbohydrate intake for glycogen replenishment and proteins for muscle growth and recovery. Additionally, the roles of key supplements, such as creatine, beta-alanine, and branch-chained amino acids in enhancing strength, delaying fatigue, and supporting muscle repair were discussed. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to gather studies on nutritional strategies for weightlifting performance and training adaptation. The review focused on English-language articles relevant to weightlifters, including studies on powerlifting, while excluding those involving non-human subjects. Weightlifting requires explosive power, and proper nutrition is vital for performance and recovery, emphasizing the role of carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake. Nutrient timing and personalized strategies, informed by genetic and metabolomic analyses, enhance recovery and performance, while supplements like creatine, caffeine, and beta-alanine can significantly improve results when used correctly. Sustainable nutritional strategies are essential for enhancing weightlifter performance, emphasizing a balanced approach over extreme diets or excessive supplements. Further research is needed to refine these strategies based on individual athlete characteristics, ensuring consistent top-level performance throughout competitive seasons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Exercise)
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