Bacterial extracellular vesicles are membranous ultrastructures released from the cell surface. They play important roles in the interaction between the host and the bacteria. In this work, we show how extracellular vesicles produced by four differen...
Severe malarial anemia (SMA, Hb < 6.0 g/dL) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission zones. This study explored the entire expressed human transcriptome in whole blood from 66 Kenyan...
The incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are steadily increasing worldwide, partially due to the increased incidence of immunocompromised conditions, such as the post-transplantation state. The importance of prope...
Endemic to West Africa and South America, mammalian arenaviruses can cross the species barrier from their natural rodent hosts to humans, resulting in illnesses ranging from mild flu-like syndromes to severe and fatal haemorrhagic zoonoses. The incre...
Several parasites have evolved to survive in the human intestinal tract and over 1 billion people around the world, specifically in developing countries, are infected with enteric helminths. Trichuris trichiura is one of the world’s most common intes...
Chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) represents the most severe form of viral hepatitis due to rapid disease progression towards liver cancer, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can only infect individuals who are infected...
Exosomes are membrane-bound structures released by cells into the external environment that carry a significant amount of important cargo, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, and lipids. They play a crucial role in intercellular communication. Parasites have...
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics. Although various types of vaccines are available, IAVs still circulate among human populations, possibly due to their ability to circumvent host immune responses....
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitously prevalent. HCMV infection is typically asymptomatic and controlled by the immune system in healthy individuals, yet HCMV can be severely pathogenic for the fetus during pregnancy and in immunocompromised p...
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains the most-researched etiological factor for gastric inflammation and malignancies. Its evolution towards gastric complications is dependent upon host immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize surface...
Influenza viruses cause infectious respiratory disease characterized by fever, myalgia, and congestion, ranging in severity from mild to life-threating. Although enormous efforts have aimed to prevent and treat influenza infections, seasonal and pand...
25 February 2025
Hookworm infections affect 500–700 million people worldwide and can lead to chronic conditions, such as malnutrition and anemia. The challenge of managing these infections is heightened by the absence of effective vaccines and the potential for...
23 November 2023
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading nosocomial infection, posing a substantial public health challenge within the United States and globally. CDI typically occurs in hospitalized elderly patients who have been administered antibioti...
Clostridioides difficile, a nosocomial pathogen, is an emerging gut pathobiont causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C. difficile infection involves gut colonization and disruption of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to the induction of inflamma...
SUMOylation is a highly dynamic ubiquitin-like post-translational modification that is essential for cells to respond to and resolve various genotoxic and proteotoxic stresses. Virus infections also constitute a considerable stress scenario for cells...
During the last few decades, mucormycosis has emerged as one of the most common fungal infections, following candidiasis and aspergillosis. The fungal order responsible for causing mucormycosis is the Mucorales. The main hallmarks of this infection i...
Influenza is a major respiratory viral disease caused by infections from the influenza A virus (IAV) that persists across various seasonal outbreaks globally each year. Host immune response is a key factor determining disease severity of influenza in...
Mastomys natalensis is the natural host of various arenaviruses, including the human-pathogenic Lassa virus. Homologous arenaviruses, defined here as those having M. natalensis as a natural host, can establish long-lasting infection in M. natalensis,...
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that critically depend on their hosts to initiate infection, complete replication cycles, and generate new progeny virions. To achieve these goals, viruses have evolved numerous elegant strategies to subve...
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a major cause of infections of the urinary tract, the bloodstream, and other non-intestinal sites in humans. ExPEC often resists the bactericidal action of human immune defenses including complem...
Vaccine formulations are a successful strategy against pathogen transmission because vaccine candidates induce effective and long-lasting memory immune responses (B and CD4+ T cells) at systemic and mucosal sites. Extracellular vesicles of lipoprotei...
Epigenetic regulation has emerged as a fundamental mechanism governing immune function in poultry by integrating genetic, environmental, nutritional, and microbial signals without altering the DNA sequence. Recent advances in epigenomics have reveale...
The human host immune responses to parasitic infections are complex. They can be categorized into four immunological pathways mounted against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is...
The soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae causes devastating vascular wilt disease in numerous crops, including cotton. In this study, we reveal that VdSOX1, a highly conserved sarcosine oxidase gene, is significantly upregulated during hos...
This paper introduces a novel fractional-order model using the Caputo derivative operator to investigate the virus dynamics of adaptive immune responses. Two infection routes, namely cell-to-cell and virus-to-cell transmissions, are incorporated into...
The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a devastating invasive pest that threatens global tomato production, while entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) represent promising biocontrol agents. Because a detailed understanding of the molecular...
Infection of a host cell by an invading viral pathogen triggers a multifaceted antiviral response. One of the most potent defense mechanisms host cells possess is the interferon (IFN) system, which initiates a targeted, coordinated attack against var...
Numerous viruses that propagate through the respiratory tract may be initially engulfed by macrophages (Mφs) within the alveoli, where they complete their first replication cycle and subsequently infect the adjacent epithelial cells. This process...
Pseudorabies, caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an acute fatal disease, which can infect rodents, mammals, and other livestock and wild animals across species. Recently, the emergence of PRV virulent isolates indicates a high risk of a varia...
Influenza D viruses (IDV) are known to co-circulate with viral and bacterial pathogens in cattle and other ruminants. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding host responses to IDV infection and whether IDV infection affects host susceptibilit...
Host–virus relationships regulate every phase of viral infection and critically influence course of illness and the effectiveness of treatment. Viruses utilize host receptors, intracellular trafficking routes, metabolic programs, and immunologi...
The cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni is an important agricultural pest worldwide and is frequently used as a model organism for assessing entomopathogenic fungi virulence, though few studies have measured the host response repertoire to fungal biocontr...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment by enhancing antitumor immune responses; however, clinical outcomes remain highly variable across patients and tumor types. While tumor-intrinsic factors such as PD-L1 expressio...
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can infect a broad range of animal hosts, including humans. In humans, IAV causes seasonal annual epidemics and occasional pandemics, representing a serious public health and economic problem, which is most effectively preve...
Bovine herpesviruses comprise a diverse group of pathogens with distinct tissue tropisms, epidemiological patterns, and clinical relevance. Bovine alphaherpesviruses 1 and 5 (BoAHV-1, BoAHV-5) are the best characterized, given their association with...
Filarial parasites are long-lived organisms that cause extreme morbidity due to pathological manifestations, including lymphedema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Understanding the hosts’ immune responses to filarial parasites is crucial to devel...
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a protein degradation machinery that is crucial for cellular homeostasis in eukaryotes. Therefore, it is not surprising that the UPS coordinates almost all host cellular processes, including host–pathoge...
The current pandemic has highlighted the ever-increasing risk of human to human spread of zoonotic pathogens. A number of medically-relevant zoonotic pathogens are negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs). NSVs are derived from different virus families. Ex...
Disease is a complex outcome that can occur as a result of pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated damage or both. This has led to the revolutionary concept of the damage response framework (DRF) that defines microbial virulence as a function of host...
Zoonotic Campylobacter, including C. jejuni and C. coli, are among the most prevalent agents of food-borne enteritis worldwide. The immunopathological sequelae of campylobacteriosis are caused by Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4)-dependent host immune resp...
The highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates typically result in severe systemic pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas avirulent or low-virulence NDV strains can cause subclinical disease wit...
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination remains essential, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of obesity. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated whether body mass index (B...
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a widespread vaginal infection primarily caused by Candida albicans. VVC affects up to 75% of women of childbearing age once in their life, and up to 9% of women in different populations experience more than three ep...
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, presenting a major threat to the public health. The currently recommended long term treatment regimen with multiple antibiotics is associ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV re...
From infancy through to old age, the microbiome plays an important role in modulating the host-immune system. As we age, our immune system and our gut microbiota change significantly in composition and function, which is linked to an increased vulner...
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan found worldwide that is capable of infecting nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Its parasitic success lies in its capacity to create chronic infections while avoiding immune detection, a...
Mucormycosis, triggered by fungi of the order Mucorales, represents a potentially fatal invasive mycosis, with death rates over 50% despite intensive therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic brought a sharp increase in cases, especially in individuals with dia...
Bacteria evolved many strategies to survive and persist within host cells. Secretion of bacterial effectors enables bacteria not only to enter the host cell but also to manipulate host gene expression to circumvent clearance by the host immune respon...
An inflammatory response is essential for combating invading pathogens. Several effector components, as well as immune cell populations, are involved in mounting an immune response, thereby destroying pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, vir...
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