Host, Bacteria and Viruses: A Network of Intestinal Relationships

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Enteric viruses, especially rotavirus and norovirus, are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that host genetic factors that determine the histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in viral infections since the presence of HBGAs on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many norovirus and rotavirus genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGA synthesis have led to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. Secretor positive and Lewis positive individuals appear to be more susceptible to rotavirus and norovirus infections.

A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota influences enteric viral infection. The gut microbiota might enhance viral infection through virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota might restrict infection.

The present Topic is focused on publishing original and review articles that address these complex interactions between AGE-producing viruses, the host, and the gut microbiota. Papers should address one or several of the following aspects:

• The role of gut microbiota in viral infectivity using cell cultures, organoids, and animal models and in humans;
• Study of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota influence viral infectivity (e.g., bacterial–virus adhesion mechanisms, viral disruption/stabilization by bacterial metabolites, facilitation/impairment of viral interaction to host cells);
• The role of host glycosylation in enteric viral infectivity in cell culture, organoids, animal models, or humans;
• The role of the innate immune response in intestinal viral infectivity;
• The modulation of the innate immune response by gut microbiota in intestinal viral infectivity;
• The role of the adaptative immune response, cellular or humoral, in intestinal viral infectivity;
• The modulation of adaptative immune response by gut microbiota and its effect in intestinal viral infectivity.

Dr. Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
Dr. Vicente Monedero
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Biomedicines biomedicines	4.7	3.7	2013	15.4 Days	CHF 2600
Pathogens pathogens	3.7	5.1	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2700
Viruses viruses	4.7	7.1	2009	13.8 Days	CHF 2600
Microorganisms microorganisms	4.5	6.4	2013	15.1 Days	CHF 2700
Microbiology Research microbiolres	1.5	1.3	2010	16.6 Days	CHF 1600

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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All Biomedicines Pathogens Viruses Microorganisms Microbiology Research

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16 pages, 5298 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Viral Metagenomic Analysis of the Fecal Samples in Domestic Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

by Hongyan Wang, Zongjie Li, Chuanfeng Li, Yanfeng Ma, Qing Sun, Hailong Zhang, Guangbin Niu, Jianchao Wei, Huochun Yao and Zhiyong Ma

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030685 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2082

Abstract

Canine diarrhea is a common intestinal illness that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and canine diarrhea may induce morbidity and mortality of domestic dogs if treated improperly. Recently, viral metagenomics was applied to investigate the signatures of the enteric virome [...] Read more.

Canine diarrhea is a common intestinal illness that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites, and canine diarrhea may induce morbidity and mortality of domestic dogs if treated improperly. Recently, viral metagenomics was applied to investigate the signatures of the enteric virome in mammals. In this research, the characteristics of the gut virome in healthy dogs and dogs with diarrhea were analyzed and compared using viral metagenomics. The alpha diversity analysis indicated that the richness and diversity of the gut virome in the dogs with diarrhea were much higher than the healthy dogs, while the beta diversity analysis revealed that the gut virome of the two groups was quite different. At the family level, the predominant viruses in the canine gut virome were certified to be Microviridae, Parvoviridae, Siphoviridae, Inoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and others. At the genus level, the predominant viruses in the canine gut virome were certified to be Protoparvovirus, Inovirus, Chlamydiamicrovirus, Lambdavirus, Dependoparvovirus, Lightbulbvirus, Kostyavirus, Punavirus, Lederbergvirus, Fibrovirus, Peduovirus, and others. However, the viral communities between the two groups differed significantly. The unique viral taxa identified in the healthy dogs group were Chlamydiamicrovirus and Lightbulbvirus, while the unique viral taxa identified in the dogs with diarrhea group were Inovirus, Protoparvovirus, Lambdavirus, Dependoparvovirus, Kostyavirus, Punavirus, and other viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on the near-complete genome sequences showed that the CPV strains collected in this study together with other CPV Chinese isolates clustered into a separate branch, while the identified CAV-2 strain D5-8081 and AAV-5 strain AAV-D5 were both the first near-complete genome sequences in China. Moreover, the predicted bacterial hosts of phages were certified to be Campylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Mediterraneibacter, and other commensal microbiota. In conclusion, the enteric virome of the healthy dogs group and the dogs with diarrhea group was investigated and compared using viral metagenomics, and the viral communities might influence canine health and disease by interacting with the commensal gut microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Host, Bacteria and Viruses: A Network of Intestinal Relationships)

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25 pages, 2364 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Association of Midgut Bacteria and Their Metabolic Pathways with Zika Infection and Insecticide Resistance in Colombian Aedes aegypti Populations

by Andrea Arévalo-Cortés, Ashish Damania, Yurany Granada, Sara Zuluaga, Rojelio Mejia and Omar Triana-Chavez

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102197 - 6 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3068

Abstract

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the vector of several arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. In 2015–16, Zika virus (ZIKV) had an outbreak in South America associated with prenatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This mosquito’s viral transmission is influenced by microbiota abundance and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is the vector of several arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. In 2015–16, Zika virus (ZIKV) had an outbreak in South America associated with prenatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This mosquito’s viral transmission is influenced by microbiota abundance and diversity and its interactions with the vector. The conditions of cocirculation of these three arboviruses, failure in vector control due to insecticide resistance, limitations in dengue management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and lack of effective treatment or vaccines make it necessary to identify changes in mosquito midgut bacterial composition and predict its functions through the infection. Its study is fundamental because it generates knowledge for surveillance of transmission and the risk of outbreaks of these diseases at the local level. Methods: Midgut bacterial compositions of females of Colombian Ae. aegypti populations were analyzed using DADA2 Pipeline, and their functions were predicted with PICRUSt2 analysis. These analyses were done under the condition of natural ZIKV infection and resistance to lambda–cyhalothrin, alone and in combination. One-step RT-PCR determined the percentage of ZIKV-infected females. We also measured the susceptibility to the pyrethroid lambda–cyhalothrin and evaluated the presence of the V1016I mutation in the sodium channel gene. Results: We found high ZIKV infection rates in Ae. aegypti females from Colombian rural municipalities with deficient water supply, such as Honda with 63.6%. In the face of natural infection with an arbovirus such as Zika, the diversity between an infective and non-infective form was significantly different. Bacteria associated with a state of infection with ZIKV and lambda–cyhalothrin resistance were detected, such as the genus Bacteroides, which was related to functions of pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance, and bioremediation of insecticides. We hypothesize that it is a vehicle for virus entry, as it is in human intestinal infections. On the other hand, Bello, the only mosquito population classified as susceptible to lambda–cyhalothrin, was associated with bacteria related to mucin degradation functions in the intestine, belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family, with the genus Dorea being increased in ZIKV-infected females. The Serratia genus presented significantly decreased functions related to phenazine production, potentially associated with infection control, and control mechanism functions for host defense and quorum sensing. Additionally, Pseudomonas was the genus principally associated with functions of the degradation of insecticides related to tryptophan metabolism, ABC transporters with a two-component system, efflux pumps, and alginate synthesis. Conclusions: Microbiota composition may be modulated by ZIKV infection and insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti Colombian populations. The condition of resistance to lambda–cyhalothrin could be inducing a phenome of dysbiosis in field Ae. aegypti affecting the transmission of arboviruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Host, Bacteria and Viruses: A Network of Intestinal Relationships)

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15 pages, 1472 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Aging and Microbiome in the Modulation of Vaccine Efficacy

by Manoj Kumar, Meenu Mariya James, Manoj Kumawat, Bilkees Nabi, Poonam Sharma, Namrata Pal, Swasti Shubham, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari, Devojit Kumar Sarma and Ravinder Nagpal

Biomedicines 2022, 10(7), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071545 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

From infancy through to old age, the microbiome plays an important role in modulating the host-immune system. As we age, our immune system and our gut microbiota change significantly in composition and function, which is linked to an increased vulnerability to infectious diseases [...] Read more.

From infancy through to old age, the microbiome plays an important role in modulating the host-immune system. As we age, our immune system and our gut microbiota change significantly in composition and function, which is linked to an increased vulnerability to infectious diseases and a decrease in vaccine responses. Our microbiome remains largely stable throughout adulthood; however, aging causes a major shift in the composition and function of the gut microbiome, as well as a decrease in diversity. Considering the critical role of the gut microbiome in the host-immune system, it is important to address, prevent, and ameliorate age-related dysbiosis, which could be an effective strategy for preventing/restoring functional deficits in immune responses as we grow older. Several factors, such as the host’s genetics and nutritional state, along with the gut microbiome, can influence vaccine efficacy or reaction. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome could be a significant determinant of vaccine immunity. Physiological mechanisms such as senescence, or the steady loss of cellular functions, which affect the aging process and vaccination responses, have yet to be comprehended. Recent studies on several COVID-19 vaccines worldwide have provided a considerable amount of data to support the hypothesis that aging plays a crucial role in modulating COVID-19 vaccination efficacy across different populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Host, Bacteria and Viruses: A Network of Intestinal Relationships)

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