RETRACTED: Contribution of Host Immune Responses against Influenza D Virus Infection toward Secondary Bacterial Infection in a Mouse Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines
2.2. Virus Preparation
2.3. Mice
2.4. Mouse Inoculations, Challenge, Burden, Morbidity, Histology, and Survival
2.5. Preparation of BALF Samples and Cell Population Analysis
2.6. A549 Cell Infections
2.7. RNA Isolation
2.8. One-Step RT-qPCR
2.9. ELISA
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. IDV Infection in C57BL/6 Mice is Asymptomatic
3.2. IDV Infection Improves Survival after S. aureus Secondary Infection but Does Not Affect Bacterial Clearance
3.3. IDV Enhances IFN-β Expression by Lung Epithelial Cells
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skelton, R.M.; Shepardson, K.M.; Hatton, A.; Wilson, P.T.; Sreenivasan, C.; Yu, J.; Wang, D.; Huber, V.C.; Rynda-Apple, A. RETRACTED: Contribution of Host Immune Responses against Influenza D Virus Infection toward Secondary Bacterial Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2019, 11, 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110994
Skelton RM, Shepardson KM, Hatton A, Wilson PT, Sreenivasan C, Yu J, Wang D, Huber VC, Rynda-Apple A. RETRACTED: Contribution of Host Immune Responses against Influenza D Virus Infection toward Secondary Bacterial Infection in a Mouse Model. Viruses. 2019; 11(11):994. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110994
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkelton, Raegan M., Kelly M. Shepardson, Alexis Hatton, Patrick T. Wilson, Chithra Sreenivasan, Jieshi Yu, Dan Wang, Victor C. Huber, and Agnieszka Rynda-Apple. 2019. "RETRACTED: Contribution of Host Immune Responses against Influenza D Virus Infection toward Secondary Bacterial Infection in a Mouse Model" Viruses 11, no. 11: 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11110994