In recent decades, a wide variety of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been using encrypted communication. Hence, so-called light-weight cryptography has become especially important. The main advantage of stream ciphers is that their complexity,...
This study, for the first time, investigates and simulates ballistic-transport-induced avalanche behavior in two-dimensional materials. Using a technology computer-aided design simulation platform, a device model for ballistic avalanche transport is...
Research on the scraping effects of rock–ice avalanches remains relatively limited. This study investigates the evolution of rock–ice avalanches with varying ice content and initial accumulation forms during motion, scraping, and depositi...
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging modality that merges optical and ultrasound imaging to provide high-resolution and functional insights into biological tissues. This technique leverages the photoacoustic effect, where tissue absorbs pulsed...
The avalanche multiplication effect, capable of significantly amplifying weak optical or electrical signals, plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. This effect has been widely employed in devices s...
The dynamic stress–strain state and fracture of a steel main gas pipe section between supports with a straight-through crack was analyzed with consideration of the temperature effect on changes in the mechanical properties of the pipe material....
The nonlinear characteristics of avalanche photodiodes (APDs) inhibit their performance in high-speed communication systems, thereby limiting their widespread application as optical detectors. Existing theoretical models have not fully elucidated com...
In this study, the effect of the fracturing degree of the source rock on rock avalanche river-blocking behavior was investigated. The study included the analysis of mass movement behavior, impulse wave behavior, and the formation of landslide dams. T...
The effects of proton irradiation on CMOS Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are investigated in this article. The I–V characteristics, dark count rate (DCR), and photon detection probability (PDP) of the CMOS SPADs were measured under 30 M...
Recent advancements in wireless technology have created an exponential rise in the number of connected devices leading to the internet of things (IoT) revolution. Large amounts of data are captured, processed and transmitted through the network by th...
The Pirin Mountains in Bulgaria are refuge of endemic Pinus peuce and Pinus heldreichii forests. Due to the steep and long slopes, the forests are affected by avalanches and many trees keep record of the past avalanche activity in their tree rings. I...
InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are widely used in applications such as quantum information, deep-space communication, and LiDAR. However, the existence of afterpulsing effects leads to inaccuracies in the calibration of their perfo...
With the increase in voltage level and current capacity of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), the avalanche effect has become an important factor limiting the safe operating area (SOA) of the device. The hole injection into the p/n junctio...
The Electronics Editorial Office retracts the article “Effects of Current Filaments on IGBT Avalanche Robustness: A Simulation Study” [...]
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of npBp infrared (IR) barrier avalanche photodiode (APD) performance operating at 300 K based on a quaternary compound made of AIIIBV—InGaAsSb, lattice-matched to the GaSb substrate with a p-type barri...
In this work, we report simulation-assisted analysis of a room-temperature (300 K) low-threshold avalanche photodiode (APD) based on a WSe2 homojunction. Device simulations were conducted using a two-band model and the Chynoweth formalism for impact...
The measure of diffusion, the property of dissipating patterns and statistical structures in cryptographic transformations, serves as a valuable heuristic for assessing the obscurity of patterns that could lead to collisions. As with many cryptograph...
This study presents a simulation-based design of a silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) optimized for picosecond-resolved photon detection. Utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics, we implement a dead-space-aware impact ionization model to accurately c...
Jerky flow in alloys, or the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, presents an outstanding example of self-organization phenomena in plasticity. Recent acoustic emission investigations revealed that its microscopic dynamics is governed by scale invariance ma...
This work presents an end-to-end encryption–decryption framework for securing electromagnetic signals processed through a nanoantenna. The system integrates amplitude normalization, uniform quantization, and Reed–Solomon forward error cor...
With the growing demand for secure image communication, effective encryption solutions are critical for safeguarding visual data from unauthorized access. The substitution box (S-box) in AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is critical for ensuring non...
Through analyzing the triggering factors and activity characteristics of avalanches in Aerxiangou in the Western Tianshan Mountains, the formation and disaster-causing process of avalanches were studied to provide theoretical support and a scientific...
The article is a review of mathematical models of snow avalanches that have been proposed since the middle of the 20th century and are still in use. The main attention is paid to the work of researchers from the Soviet Union and Russia, since many of...
Avalanche disasters are extremely destructive and catastrophic, often causing serious casualties, economic losses and surface erosion. However, far too little attention has been paid to utilizing remote sensing mapping avalanches quickly and automati...
Avalanches occur frequently in mountainous areas and pose significant threats to roads and infrastructure. Clarifying how terrain conditions influence avalanche initiation and movement is critical to improving hazard assessment and response strategie...
On 8th February 1996, in the north-western part of Andorra in the Pyrenees, the Les Fonts d’Arinsal (LFd’A) pure powder avalanche was triggered, descending some 1200 m to the bottom of the Arinsal valley and continuing up the opposite slo...
The purpose of the present study was to reconstruct the avalanche which destroyed the village of Àrreu in 1803 to solve the unknowns about this historic event, and in a broader context, to improve the knowledge about these low-frequency avalan...
The formation of avalanche hazards in mountainous regions is largely influenced by slope insolation and albedo. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of how solar radiation, surface reflectivity (albedo), temperature, and snow cover affect aval...
Avalanches present substantial hazard risk in mountainous regions, particularly when avalanches obstruct roads, either hitting vehicles directly or leaving traffic exposed to subsequent avalanches during cycles. Traditional detection methods often ar...
The Pemo Highway is a critical transportation road to Medog County in the Tibet Plateau (TP). Since its completion in 2021, the Pemo Highway has been prone to frequent avalanches due to heavy rainfall and snowfall. Despite the lack of monitoring stat...
Snow avalanches, one of the most severe natural hazards in mountainous regions, pose significant risks to human lives, infrastructure, and ecosystems. As climate change accelerates shifts in snowfall and temperature patterns, it is increasingly impor...
Many numerical analysis methods for predicting the motion of soil or snow avalanches may set the characteristics of the dynamic friction obtained from field tests, such as the measurement of real avalanche and model slope tests. However, the friction...
Data on the disastrous snow avalanche that occurred on 18 January 2017 at the spa hotel Rigopiano, municipality of Farindola in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, are analyzed in different ways. The main results are the following. (i) The 2017 Rigo...
Snow avalanches are catastrophic phenomena because of their destructive power. Therefore, it is very important to forecast the affected area of snow avalanches using numerical simulations. In our study, we focus on applying a numerical model to snow...
Model tests of debris avalanche can not only illuminate formation mechanisms but also represent deformation and motion processes. At present, the static terrain data of model tests are measured before and after experiments using terrestrial laser sca...
Data receiving frontends using avalanche photodiodes are used in optical free-space communications for their effective sensitivity, large detection area, and uncomplex operation. Precise control of the high voltage necessary to trigger the avalanche...
Trees in forests can obstruct falling rocks and serve as a natural barrier to reduce the velocity of falling rocks. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing forests to safeguard against potential rockfall. Nevertheless, there is a deart...
The avalanche speed is an important indicator for measuring the intensity of avalanches, and its measurement method is relatively complex. In practical engineering, empirical formulas based on statistics are usually adopted. However, research on the...
On average, one hundred people die each year under avalanche snow. Despite extensive global research on gas exchange in buried avalanche victims, it remains unclear how the diffusion of respiratory gases affects survival under avalanche snow. This st...
The timing jitter of a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) plays a critical role in the design and optimization of front-end circuits. This paper proposes a simplified timing jitter model based on Verilog-A. This model uses random numbers to determi...
The concrete piers in steep mountain areas are highly susceptible to damage disasters due to the impact of debris avalanches, which pose a serious threat to the safe operation of bridge structures. In order to investigate the impact load characterist...
The avalanche photodiode is a highly sensitive photon detector with wide applications in optical communication and single photon detection. ZnO is a promising wide band gap material to realize a UV avalanche photodiode (APD). However, the lack of p-t...
Electroluminescence and electron avalanching are the physical effects used in two-phase argon and xenon detectors for dark matter searches and neutrino detection, to amplify the primary ionization signal directly in cryogenic noble-gas media. We revi...
Strong earthquakes could serve as a trigger for glacier detachment and associated ice–rock avalanches. The 1988 Tsambagarav earthquake (M = 6.4) initiated collapse of part of the glacier tongue and a further ice–rock avalanche with an abn...
The tropical glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca have played host to some of the most significant mass movements ever recorded in the world and Peru; many proglacial lakes formed in this mountain range have natural dikes made of moraine material, which...
This paper reports the implementation of two critical technologies used in light detection and ranging for space applications: (1) a microchip Q-switched laser breadboard; (2) a breadboard of an indium gallium arsenide avalanche photodiode working at...
The wide acceptability of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as the most efficient of all of the symmetric cryptographic techniques has further opened it up to more attacks. Efforts that were aimed at securing information while using AES is still bei...
26 November 2019
As a “starting zone” and “amplifier” of global climate change, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is very responsive to climate change. The global temperature rise has led directly to an acceleration of glacial melting in the pla...
Due to its high thermal conductivity, high critical breakdown electric field, and high power, the silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) has been generally used in industry. In industrial applications, a comm...
An Ms 6.8 earthquake struck Luding County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province on 5 September 2022, with the epicenter about 10 km away from Hailuogou Glacier. How Hailuogou Glacier was affected by the earthquake was of major concern to society. Senti...
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