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  • Review
  • Open Access
116 Citations
11,533 Views
21 Pages

Computational Intelligence on Short-Term Load Forecasting: A Methodological Overview

  • Seyedeh Narjes Fallah,
  • Mehdi Ganjkhani,
  • Shahaboddin Shamshirband and
  • Kwok-wing Chau

27 January 2019

Electricity demand forecasting has been a real challenge for power system scheduling in different levels of energy sectors. Various computational intelligence techniques and methodologies have been employed in the electricity market for short-term lo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short-Term Load Forecasting 2019)
  • Article
  • Open Access
163 Citations
8,913 Views
17 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting of Microgrid via Hybrid Support Vector Regression and Long Short-Term Memory Algorithms

  • Arash Moradzadeh,
  • Sahar Zakeri,
  • Maryam Shoaran,
  • Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo and
  • Fazel Mohammadi

30 August 2020

Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) is the most appropriate type of forecasting for both electricity consumers and generators. In this paper, STLF in a Microgrid (MG) is performed via the hybrid applications of machine learning. The proposed model is...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
5,660 Views
34 Pages

22 March 2018

Short-term load forecasting plays an indispensable role in electric power systems, which is not only an extremely challenging task but also a concerning issue for all society due to complex nonlinearity characteristics. However, most previous combine...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
3,162 Views
16 Pages

Forecasting of Short-Term Load Using the MFF-SAM-GCN Model

  • Yongqi Zou,
  • Wenjiang Feng,
  • Juntao Zhang and
  • Jingfu Li

25 April 2022

Short-term load forecasting plays a significant role in the operation of power systems. Recently, deep learning has been generally employed in short-term load forecasting, primarily in the extraction of the characteristics of digital information in a...

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,292 Views
12 Pages

Fusion Forecasting Algorithm for Short-Term Load in Power System

  • Tao Yu,
  • Ye Wang,
  • Yuchong Zhao,
  • Gang Luo and
  • Shihong Yue

17 October 2024

Short-term load forecasting plays an important role in power system scheduling, optimization, and maintenance, but no existing typical method can consistently maintain high prediction accuracy. Hence, fusing different complementary methods is increas...

(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,303 Views
23 Pages

Multi-Step Ahead Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Hybrid Feature Selection and Improved Long Short-Term Memory Network

  • Shaoqian Pei,
  • Hui Qin,
  • Liqiang Yao,
  • Yongqi Liu and ,
  • Chao Wang and
  • Jianzhong Zhou
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

10 August 2020

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an important role in the economic dispatch of power systems. Obtaining accurate short-term load can greatly improve the safety and economy of a power grid operation. In recent years, a large number of short-te...

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,539 Views
50 Pages

Advances in Similar Day Methods for Short-Term Load Forecasting for Power Systems

  • Monica Borunda,
  • Luis Conde-López,
  • Gerardo Ruiz-Chavarría,
  • Guadalupe Lopez Lopez and ,
  • Victor M. Alvarado and
  • Edgardo de Jesús Carrera Avendaño
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

Short-term load forecasting is essential for the reliable, secure, efficient, and economic operation of modern power systems and electricity markets. Among many forecasting strategies, the similar day (SD) approach for short-term load forecasting was...

(This article belongs to the Topic Short-Term Load Forecasting—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
5,598 Views
11 Pages

Deep Learning-Assisted Short-Term Load Forecasting for Sustainable Management of Energy in Microgrid

  • Arash Moradzadeh,
  • Hamed Moayyed,
  • Sahar Zakeri,
  • Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo and
  • A. Pedro Aguiar

Nowadays, supplying demand load and maintaining sustainable energy are important issues that have created many challenges in power systems. In these types of problems, short-term load forecasting has been proposed as one of the management and energy...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for the Energy Systems of the Future)
  • Communication
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,685 Views
10 Pages

6 January 2023

Short-term load forecasting is a significant component of safe and stable operations and economical and reliable dispatching of power grids. Precise load forecasting can help to formulate reasonable and effective coordination plans and implementation...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,301 Views
16 Pages

Prophet–CEEMDAN–ARBiLSTM-Based Model for Short-Term Load Forecasting

  • Jindong Yang,
  • Xiran Zhang,
  • Wenhao Chen and
  • Fei Rong

Accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an essential role in sustainable energy development. Specifically, energy companies can efficiently plan and manage their generation capacity, lessening resource wastage and promoting the overall effi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,108 Views
15 Pages

28 August 2023

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an important role in facilitating efficient and reliable operations of power systems and optimizing energy planning in the electricity market. To improve the accuracy of power load prediction, an adaptive clus...

(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,031 Views
15 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting Using a Novel Deep Learning Framework

  • Xiaoyu Zhang,
  • Rui Wang,
  • Tao Zhang,
  • Yajie Liu and
  • Yabing Zha

14 June 2018

Short-term load forecasting is the basis of power system operation and analysis. In recent years, the use of a deep belief network (DBN) for short-term load forecasting has become increasingly popular. In this study, a novel deep-learning framework b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
4,565 Views
17 Pages

16 September 2021

Load forecasting is an essential task in the operation management of a power system. Electric power companies utilize short-term load forecasting (STLF) technology to make reasonable power generation plans. A forecasting model with low prediction err...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,585 Views
22 Pages

Enhanced Short-Term Load Forecasting: Error-Weighted and Hybrid Model Approach

  • Huiqun Yu,
  • Haoyi Sun,
  • Yueze Li,
  • Chunmei Xu and
  • Chenkun Du

25 October 2024

To tackle the challenges of high variability and low accuracy in short-term electricity load forecasting, this study introduces an enhanced prediction model that addresses overfitting issues by integrating an error-optimal weighting approach with an...

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,315 Views
19 Pages

XGBoost-Based Very Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Day-Ahead Load Forecasting Results

  • Kyung-Min Song,
  • Tae-Geun Kim,
  • Seung-Min Cho,
  • Kyung-Bin Song and
  • Sung-Guk Yoon

22 September 2025

Accurate very short-term load forecasting (VSTLF) is critical to ensure a secure operation of power systems under increasing uncertainty due to renewables. This study proposes an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)-based VSTLF model that incorporates...

(This article belongs to the Topic Theoretical Foundations and Applications of Deep Learning Techniques)
  • Article
  • Open Access
211 Citations
18,525 Views
21 Pages

22 January 2021

An accurate short-term load forecasting (STLF) is one of the most critical inputs for power plant units’ planning commitment. STLF reduces the overall planning uncertainty added by the intermittent production of renewable sources; thus, it help...

(This article belongs to the Section Information Processes)
  • Review
  • Open Access
87 Citations
7,270 Views
17 Pages

4 August 2023

With the rapid development of smart grids and distributed energy sources, the home energy management system (HEMS) is becoming a hot topic of research as a hub for connecting customers and utilities for energy visualization. Accurate forecasting of f...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
39 Citations
6,331 Views
20 Pages

A Quantile Regression Random Forest-Based Short-Term Load Probabilistic Forecasting Method

  • Sanlei Dang,
  • Long Peng,
  • Jingming Zhao,
  • Jiajie Li and
  • Zhengmin Kong

17 January 2022

In this paper, a novel short-term load forecasting method amalgamated with quantile regression random forest is proposed. Comprised with point forecasting, it is capable of quantifying the uncertainty of power load. Firstly, a bespoke 2D data preproc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Analysis and Control of Power System Distribution Networks)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,616 Views
20 Pages

22 June 2024

Accurate short-term forecasting of power load is essential for the reliable operation of the comprehensive energy systems of ports and for effectively reducing energy consumption. Owing to the complexity of port systems, traditional load forecasting...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transition in Transport Energy Consumption: The Charging/Discharging Infrastructure and Self-Containing Transport Energy System of New Energy Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,028 Views
15 Pages

9 May 2020

This paper presents a novel deep learning architecture for short-term load forecasting of building energy loads. The architecture is based on a simple base learner and multiple boosting systems that are modelled as a single deep neural network. The a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Grid Systems)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
7,120 Views
24 Pages

Short- and Very Short-Term Firm-Level Load Forecasting for Warehouses: A Comparison of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models

  • Andrea Maria N. C. Ribeiro,
  • Pedro Rafael X. do Carmo,
  • Patricia Takako Endo,
  • Pierangelo Rosati and
  • Theo Lynn

20 January 2022

Commercial buildings are a significant consumer of energy worldwide. Logistics facilities, and specifically warehouses, are a common building type which remain under-researched in the demand-side energy forecasting literature. Warehouses have an idio...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Energy Consumption and Load Forecasting Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
67 Citations
5,563 Views
11 Pages

28 May 2019

Electricity load forecasting is an important task for enhancing energy efficiency and operation reliability of the power system. Forecasting the hourly electricity load of the next day assists in optimizing the resources and minimizing the energy was...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Computational Intelligence to Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,315 Views
16 Pages

An Informer Model for Very Short-Term Power Load Forecasting

  • Zhihe Yang,
  • Jiandun Li,
  • Haitao Wang and
  • Chang Liu

26 February 2025

Facing the decarbonization trend in power systems, there appears to be a growing requirement on agile response and delicate supply from electricity suppliers. To accommodate this request, it is of key significance to precisely extrapolate the upcomin...

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
6,208 Views
25 Pages

4 April 2022

The large fluctuations in charging loads of electric vehicles (EVs) make short-term forecasting challenging. In order to improve the short-term load forecasting performance of EV charging load, a corresponding model-based multi-channel convolutional...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Situation Awareness for Smart Distribution Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
7,107 Views
17 Pages

Deep Learning Based on Multi-Decomposition for Short-Term Load Forecasting

  • Seon Hyeog Kim,
  • Gyul Lee,
  • Gu-Young Kwon,
  • Do-In Kim and
  • Yong-June Shin

7 December 2018

Load forecasting is a key issue for efficient real-time energy management in smart grids. To control the load using demand side management accurately, load forecasting should be predicted in the short term. With the advent of advanced measuring infra...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short-Term Load Forecasting by Artificial Intelligent Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
83 Citations
5,696 Views
16 Pages

A Hybrid Stacking Model for Enhanced Short-Term Load Forecasting

  • Fusen Guo,
  • Huadong Mo,
  • Jianzhang Wu,
  • Lei Pan and ,
  • Hailing Zhou,
  • Zhibo Zhang,
  • Lin Li and
  • Fengling Huang
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

The high penetration of distributed energy resources poses significant challenges to the dispatch and operation of power systems. Improving the accuracy of short-term load forecasting (STLF) can optimize grid management, thus leading to increased eco...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,231 Views
16 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting with an Ensemble Model Based on 1D-UCNN and Bi-LSTM

  • Wenhao Chen,
  • Guangjie Han,
  • Hongbo Zhu and
  • Lyuchao Liao

9 October 2022

Short-term load forecasting (STLF), especially for regional aggregate load forecasting, is essential in smart grid operation and control. However, the existing CNN-based methods cannot efficiently extract the essential features from the electricity l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,590 Views
18 Pages

23 August 2024

In order to balance power supply and demand, which is crucial for the safe and effective functioning of power systems, short-term power load forecasting is a crucial component of power system planning and operation. This paper aims to address the iss...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Intelligent Energy Systems and Processes: Recent Advances and Challenges)
  • Article
  • Open Access
137 Citations
12,177 Views
19 Pages

Application of the Weighted K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Short-Term Load Forecasting

  • Guo-Feng Fan,
  • Yan-Hui Guo,
  • Jia-Mei Zheng and
  • Wei-Chiang Hong

9 March 2019

In this paper, the historical power load data from the National Electricity Market (Australia) is used to analyze the characteristics and regulations of electricity (the average value of every eight hours). Then, considering the inverse of Euclidean...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Optimization Modelling in Energy Forecasting)
  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
7,438 Views
16 Pages

1 September 2021

Accurate load forecasting guarantees the stable and economic operation of power systems. With the increasing integration of distributed generations and electrical vehicles, the variability and randomness characteristics of individual loads and the di...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods of Power Load Forecasting)
  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
4,468 Views
29 Pages

Novel Data-Driven Models Applied to Short-Term Electric Load Forecasting

  • Manuel Lopez-Martin,
  • Antonio Sanchez-Esguevillas,
  • Luis Hernandez-Callejo,
  • Juan Ignacio Arribas and
  • Belen Carro

20 June 2021

This work brings together and applies a large representation of the most novel forecasting techniques, with origins and applications in other fields, to the short-term electric load forecasting problem. We present a comparison study between different...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Very Short/Short/Medium/Long Term Load Forecasting and Renewables Forecasting)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
63 Citations
7,693 Views
17 Pages

An Ensemble Framework for Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on TimesNet and TCN

  • Chuanhui Zuo,
  • Jialong Wang,
  • Mingping Liu,
  • Suhui Deng and
  • Qingnian Wang

12 July 2023

Accurate and efficient short-term power load forecasting is crucial for ensuring the stable operation of power systems and rational planning of electricity resources. However, power load data are often characterized by nonlinearity and instability du...

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)
  • Article
  • Open Access
104 Citations
9,349 Views
22 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting Based on the Transformer Model

  • Zezheng Zhao,
  • Chunqiu Xia,
  • Lian Chi,
  • Xiaomin Chang and ,
  • Wei Li,
  • Ting Yang and
  • Albert Y. Zomaya
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

10 December 2021

From the perspective of energy providers, accurate short-term load forecasting plays a significant role in the energy generation plan, efficient energy distribution process and electricity price strategy optimisation. However, it is hard to achieve a...

(This article belongs to the Section Information and Communications Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
462 Views
26 Pages

Load-Type-Based Short-Term Forecasting of Residential Load Profiles Using Machine Learning

  • Eray Oğuz,
  • Ugur S. Selamogullari and
  • İbrahim Gürsu Tekdemir

11 June 2026

Accurate short-term forecasting of residential electricity demand is increasingly important for smart distribution systems, particularly in the context of demand-side management and flexibility-oriented grid operation. In this study, a high-resolutio...

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
44 Citations
7,133 Views
18 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting Using an LSTM Neural Network for a Grid Operator

  • Joan Sebastian Caicedo-Vivas and
  • Wilfredo Alfonso-Morales

1 December 2023

Electricity is crucial for daily life due to the number of activities that depend on it. To forecast future electric load, which changes over time and depends on various factors, grid operators (GOs) must create forecasting models for various time ho...

(This article belongs to the Topic Short-Term Load Forecasting)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,155 Views
24 Pages

A Highly Accurate and Efficient Statistical Framework for Short-Term Load Forecasting: A Case Study for Mexico

  • Luis Conde-López,
  • Monica Borunda,
  • Gerardo Ruiz-Chavarría and
  • Tomás Aparicio-Cárdenas

Short-term load forecasting is fundamental for the effective and reliable operation of power systems. Very accurate forecasting methods often involve complex hybrid approaches that combine statistical, physical, and/or intelligent techniques. In this...

(This article belongs to the Topic Short-Term Load Forecasting—2nd Edition)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,158 Views
22 Pages

8 September 2021

Integrated energy services will have multiple values and far-reaching significance in promoting energy transformation and serving “carbon peak and carbon neutralization”. In order to balance the supply and demand of power system in integrated energy,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Energy Systems towards Carbon Neutrality)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,772 Views
20 Pages

A New Hybrid Model Based on SCINet and LSTM for Short-Term Power Load Forecasting

  • Mingping Liu,
  • Yangze Li,
  • Jiangong Hu,
  • Xiaolong Wu and ,
  • Suhui Deng and
  • Hongqiao Li
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

23 December 2023

A stable and reliable power system is crucial for human daily lives and economic stability. Power load forecasting is the foundation of dynamically balancing between the power supply and demand sides. However, with the popularity of renewable energy...

(This article belongs to the Section F5: Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
2,704 Views
23 Pages

A Short-Term Power Load Forecasting Method Based on SBOA–SVMD-TCN–BiLSTM

  • Mao Yang,
  • Yiming Chen,
  • Guozhong Fang,
  • Chenglian Ma and ,
  • Yunjing Liu and
  • Jinxin Wang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

30 August 2024

Short-term electricity load forecasting provides a basis for day-ahead energy scheduling. To improve the accuracy of short-term electricity load forecasts and deeply explore the temporal characteristics of load sequences, a method is proposed to extr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power System Dynamics, Stability, Control and Dispatch with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Penetrated)
  • Article
  • Open Access
128 Citations
11,083 Views
19 Pages

Machine Learning for Short-Term Load Forecasting in Smart Grids

  • Bibi Ibrahim,
  • Luis Rabelo,
  • Edgar Gutierrez-Franco and
  • Nicolas Clavijo-Buritica

31 October 2022

A smart grid is the future vision of power systems that will be enabled by artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and the Internet of things (IoT), where digitalization is at the core of the energy sector transformation. However, smart grids require...

  • Article
  • Open Access
150 Citations
11,737 Views
24 Pages

Short-Term Load Forecasting for Microgrids Based on Artificial Neural Networks

  • Luis Hernandez,
  • Carlos Baladrón,
  • Javier M. Aguiar,
  • Belén Carro and ,
  • Antonio J. Sanchez-Esguevillas and
  • Jaime Lloret
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

5 March 2013

Electricity is indispensable and of strategic importance to national economies. Consequently, electric utilities make an effort to balance power generation and demand in order to offer a good service at a competitive price. For this purpose, these ut...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Advanced Techniques for Forecasting in Energy Sector)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,260 Views
26 Pages

15 July 2020

In any electric power system, the Transmission System Operator (TSO) requires the use of short-term load forecasting algorithms. These predictions are essential for appropriate planning of the energy resources and optimal coordination for the generat...

(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
7,831 Views
15 Pages

25 June 2019

Accurate short-term electric load forecasting is significant for the smart grid. It can reduce electric power consumption and ensure the balance between power supply and demand. In this paper, the Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoder (SDAE) is adopted for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
3,783 Views
17 Pages

21 November 2022

Accurate short-term load forecasting can ensure the safe and stable operation of power grids, but the nonlinear load increases the complexity of forecasting. In order to solve the problem of modal aliasing in historical data, and fully explore the re...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,129 Views
27 Pages

5 June 2023

Short-term power load forecasting is of great significance for the reliable and safe operation of power systems. In order to improve the accuracy of short-term load forecasting, for the problems of random fluctuation in load and the complexity of loa...

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
108 Citations
8,076 Views
13 Pages

11 May 2021

With economic growth, the demand for power systems is increasingly large. Short-term load forecasting (STLF) becomes an indispensable factor to enhance the application of a smart grid (SG). Other than forecasting aggregated residential loads in a lar...

(This article belongs to the Section F5: Artificial Intelligence and Smart Energy)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,115 Views
18 Pages

5 June 2024

There are several complex and unpredictable aspects that affect the power grid. To make short-term power load forecasting more accurate, a short-term power load forecasting model that utilizes the VMD-Crossformer is suggested in this paper. First, th...

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
162 Citations
9,923 Views
19 Pages

13 October 2022

Random forest (RF) is one of the most popular machine learning (ML) models used for both classification and regression problems. As an ensemble model, it demonstrates high predictive accuracy and low variance, while being easy to learn and optimize....

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Forecasting and Optimization in Electrical Power Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,129 Views
17 Pages

Regional Residential Short-Term Load-Interval Forecasting Based on SSA-LSTM and Load Consumption Consistency Analysis

  • Ruixiang Zhang,
  • Ziyu Zhu,
  • Meng Yuan,
  • Yihan Guo and ,
  • Jie Song,
  • Xuanxuan Shi,
  • Yu Wang and
  • Yaojie Sun
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

14 December 2023

The electricity consumption behavior of the inhabitants is a major contributor to the uncertainty of the residential load system. Human-caused uncertainty may have a distributional component, but it is not well understood, which limits further unders...

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,289 Views
30 Pages

Enhancing Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Hyperparameter-Optimized Deep Learning Approaches

  • Nazmun Nahar Karima,
  • Shameem Ahmad,
  • Amirul Islam,
  • A.S. Nazmul Huda and ,
  • Lilik Jamilatul Awalin,
  • Syahirah Abd Halim,
  • Hazlie Mokhlis,
  • Mohd Syukri Ali and
  • Syahril Mubarok
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

29 January 2026

The reliability and efficiency of power system operations, especially in smart grid scenarios, depend on accurate load demand forecasting. Electrical load forecasting is crucial for power system design, fault protection and diversification as it redu...

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