The Elongator complex plays a pivotal role in the wobble uridine modification of the tRNA anticodon. Comprising two sets of six distinct subunits, namely, Elongator proteins (ELP1-ELP6) and associated proteins, the holo-Elongator complex demonstrates...
Contrary to the conserved Elongator composition in yeast, animals, and plants, molecular functions and catalytic activities of the complex remain controversial. Elongator was identified as a component of elongating RNA polymerase II holoenzyme in yea...
The multicomponent polymerase associated factor 1 (Paf1) complex (PAF1C) is an important transcription elongation factor that upregulates RNA polymerase II-mediated genome-wide transcription. PAF1C can regulate transcription through direct associatio...
Elongator complexes (ELPs) are the protein complexes that promote transcription through histone acetylation in eukaryotic cells and interact with elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). ELPs’ role in plant growth and development, signal transduc...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are killed by zymocin, a tRNase ribotoxin complex from Kluyveromyces lactis, which cleaves anticodons and inhibits protein synthesis. Zymocin’s action requires specific chemical modification of uridine bases in the anti...
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the most post-transcriptionally modified RNA species. Some of these modifications, especially the ones located in the anti-codon loop, are required for decoding capabilities of tRNAs. Such is the case for 5-methoxy-carbonyl-...
Background: The styloid process is a slender, cylindrical bony projection of the temporal bone, showing marked interindividual variability in length, orientation, and degree of ossification. Its abnormal elongation, defined as exceeding 30 mm, is oft...
The bacterial cell wall is essential for survival, and proteins that participate in its biosynthesis have been the targets of antibiotic development efforts for decades. The biosynthesis of its main component, the peptidoglycan, involves the coordina...
Freezing stress is a major factor limiting production and geographical distribution of temperate crops. Elongator is a six subunit complex with histone acetyl-transferase activity and is involved in plant development and defense responses in Arabidop...
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have been used as major crops in multiple regions since ancient times, and they contain various nutrients that can affect human hair health. This study investigated the vario...
With the development of accurate protein structure prediction algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of structural biology. AI-based algorithms have been used to analyze large amounts of protein sequence...
In vitro culture is an important biotechnological tool in plant research and an appropriate culture media is a key for a successful plant development under in vitro conditions. The use of natural compounds to improve culture media has been growing an...
RNA polymerase elongation along the gene body is tightly regulated to ensure proper transcription and alternative splicing events. Understanding the mechanism and factors critical in regulating the rate of RNA polymerase II elongation and processivit...
The mechanism of separating the small chiral drug molecules on large soft polymers is essential in pharmaceutical science. As a case study, the differentiation mechanism of ibuprofen, (R,S)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid, with cellulose tris(4-me...
The HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat interacts with the transactivation response element (TAR) at the three-nucleotide UCU bulge to facilitate the recruitment of transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) and induce the transcription of the integrate...
Many recent articles feature research on the Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC), and their authors present different ideas on how the isolates of this species complex can be identified at the species level. In previous studies, our aim was to...
The development of biobased antioxidant active packaging has been valued by the food industry for complying with environmental and food waste concerns. In this work, physicochemical properties for chitosan composite films as a potential active food p...
RNA viruses typically encode their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) to ensure genome replication and transcription. The closed “right hand” architecture of RdRPs encircles seven conserved structural motifs (A to G) that regulate the polymeriza...
The search for bioactive compounds against chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes includes curcuminoids as promising scaffolds. Here, we report the synthesis of a family of curcuminoid analogue compounds with an extended unsaturated central cha...
NRDE2 is a highly conserved protein implicated in post-transcriptional gene silencing in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Caenorhabditis elegans and has been shown to modulate splicing in mammals. To explore whether NRDE2 participates in additional proc...
The copper(II) complexes of general formula [Cu(GL2H,H)(Cl)] (A4–A6, G = NO2, H and OMe, respectively), bearing NNO tridentate Schiff base ligands (GL2H,H)− derived from the mono-condensation of 1,3-diaminopropane and G-substituted salicy...
Circuitries of signaling pathways integrate distinct hormonal and environmental signals, and influence development in plants. While a crosstalk between brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) signaling pathways has recently been established, little...
Metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial dynamics are pivotal in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and treatment resistance, making them essential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we investigated the effects of the androgen recep...
Modifications in the anticodon loop of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have been shown to ensure optimal codon translation rates and prevent protein homeostasis defects that arise in response to translational pausing. Consequently, several yeast mutants lackin...
Fusarium spp. are widespread environmental fungi as well as pathogens that can affect plants, animals and humans. Yet the epidemiology of human fusariosis is still cloudy due to the rapidly evolving taxonomy. The Mass Spectrometry Identification data...
Very-long-chain fatty acids (i.e., fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms; VLCFA) are important molecules that play crucial physiological and structural roles in plants. VLCFA are specifically present in several membrane lipids and essential for...
Chromosomal translocations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene cause 5–10% acute leukemias with poor clinical outcomes. Protein–protein interactions (PPI) between the most frequent MLL fusion partner proteins AF9/ENL and AF4 o...
Epigenetics is often defined as the study of heritable changes in gene expression or chromosome stability that don’t alter the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic changes are established through multiple mechanisms that include DNA methylation, non-c...
It is generally assumed that all plant epidermis cells are covered with cuticles, and the distinct surface geometries of pavement cells, guard cells, and trichomes imply functional differences and possibly different wax compositions. However, experim...
The protein phosphatase Sit4 has been shown to be required for lipogenesis and resistance against the acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor soraphen A. Since Sit4 is also required for biosynthesis of Elongator dependent tRNA modifications such as 5-methox...
Epigenetic regulation plays an essential role in driving precise transcriptional programs during development and homeostasis. Among epigenetic mechanisms, histone mono-ubiquitination has emerged as an important post-transcriptional modification. Two...
Transcription through chromatin by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is accompanied by the formation of small intranucleosomal DNA loops containing the enzyme (i-loops) that are involved in survival of core histones on the DNA and arrest of Pol II during th...
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved protein complex, with CSN1 being one of the largest and most important subunits in the COP9 complex. To investigate the N-terminus function of OsCSN1, we edited the N-terminus of OsCSN1 and found that the mut...
The Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP22 interacts with cellular proteins to inhibit host cell gene expression and promote viral gene expression. ICP22 inhibits phosphorylation of Ser2 of the RNA polymerase II (pol II) carboxyl-...
This article will review our current understanding of transcription elongation and termination in E. coli. We discuss why transcription elongation complexes pause at certain template sites and how auxiliary host and phage transcription factors affect...
Elp3, the catalytic subunit of the eukaryotic Elongator complex, is a lysine acetyltransferase that acetylates the C5 position of wobble-base uridines (U34) in transfer RNAs (tRNAs). This Elongator-dependent RNA acetylation of anticodon bases affects...
RNA polymerases (Pols) I, II, and III collectively synthesize most of the RNA in a eukaryotic cell. Transcription by Pols I, II, and III is regulated by hundreds of trans-acting factors. One such protein, Spt4, has been previously identified as a tra...
First identified 20 years ago as an RNA polymerase II-associated putative histone acetyltransferase, the conserved Elongator complex has since been recognized as the central player of a complex, regulated, and biologically relevant epitranscriptomic...
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is tightly wrapped in chromatin. The nucleosome is a basic unit of chromatin, but acts as a barrier to transcription. To overcome this impediment, the RNA polymerase II elongation complex disassembles the nucleosome during...
The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a worldwide phytopathogenic fungus of small grain cereals. Genetics and bioinformatics tools have been providing an efficient strategy for identifying FGSC. However, the potential reliability of tef1...
Productive transcription of the integrated HIV-1 provirus is restricted by cellular factors that inhibit RNA polymerase II elongation. The viral Tat protein overcomes this by recruiting a general elongation factor, P-TEFb, to the TAR RNA element that...
HIV-1 transcription is regulated at the level of elongation by the viral Tat protein together with the cellular elongation factor P-TEFb, which is composed of cyclin T1 and Cdk9 subunits. The crystal structure of a Tat:P-TEFb complex (Tahirov, T.H.;...
Background: Regular exercise elicits adaptive changes in several organs and physiological processes, including erythrocyte properties. Methods: In a group of 79 subjects (62 men and 17 women; mean age 31.37 ± 10.19 years) who trained several t...
As a new type of third-generation automotive steel with high strength and plasticity, medium-Mn steel (MMnS) has been widely used in automotive industries for its excellent properties. In recent years, servo stamping technology for high-strength meta...
In the search for new functional materials, strong emphasis is placed on the ecological aspect, which is why thin layers of materials based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are fascinating from the point of view of applications. Thin layers of DNA–cati...
Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, is an obligatory intracellular parasite that cycles between phagolysosome of mammalian macrophages, where it resides as round intracellular amastigotes, and the midgut of female sandflies, where it re...
The mechanism of transcription proceeds through the formation of R-loop structures containing a DNA–RNA heteroduplex and a single-stranded DNA segment that should be placed inside the elongation complex; therefore, these nucleic acid segments a...
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is subject to a multitude of posttranscriptional modifications which can profoundly impact its functionality as the essential adaptor molecule in messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Therefore, dynamic regulation of tRNA modification...
Leaf angle and grain size are important agronomic traits affecting rice productivity directly and/or indirectly through modulating crop architecture. OsBC1, as a typical bHLH transcription factor, is one of the components comprising a complex formed...
In the base excision repair pathway, the initiating enzymes, DNA glycosylases, remove damaged bases and form long-living complexes with the abasic DNA product, but can be displaced by AP endonucleases. However, many nuclear proteins can move along DN...
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