Inorganics

17 pages, 4352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Method of Synthesizing MoO₃@MgSiO₃ Nanohybrids for Decontaminating Water from Pharmaceutical Pollutants

by Mutaz Salih, Soad S. Alzahrani, Tarig G. Ibrahim, Mohamed R. Elamin, Naif Alarifi, Ahmed A. Alhadi and Babiker Y. Abdulkhair

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050132 - 11 May 2026

Abstract

This work focused on synthesizing MgSiO₃ (0%Mo@MgSi), 2.5%MoO3@MgSiO₃ (2.5%Mo@MgSi), 5%MoO₃@MgSiO₃ (5%Mo@MgSi), and 10%MoO₃@MgSiO₃ (10%Mo@MgSi) by a single-step process utilizing butylated hydroxytoluene (BYHT) as a novel capping agent. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized nanohybrids [...] Read more.

This work focused on synthesizing MgSiO₃ (0%Mo@MgSi), 2.5%MoO3@MgSiO₃ (2.5%Mo@MgSi), 5%MoO₃@MgSiO₃ (5%Mo@MgSi), and 10%MoO₃@MgSiO₃ (10%Mo@MgSi) by a single-step process utilizing butylated hydroxytoluene (BYHT) as a novel capping agent. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized nanohybrids indicated amorphous nanohybrids, while the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results illustrated variations in the MoO₃ doping dosages. The 0%Mo@MgSi, 2.5%Mo@MgSi, 5%Mo@MgSi, and 10%Mo@MgSi nanohybrids exhibited average sizes of 17.6, 12.2, 11.7, and 9.9 nm, respectively, and surface areas of 43.53, 40.95, 42.17, and 44.98 m²·g⁻¹, respectively. The examination of 0%Mo@MgSi, 2.5%Mo@MgSi, 5%Mo@MgSi, and 10%Mo@MgSi nanohybrids toward the oxytetracycline (OTC) sorption resulted in q_t values of 72.89, 116.89, 98.39, and 78.46 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. The OTC sorption onto the 0%Mo@MgSi, 2.5%Mo@MgSi, 5%Mo@MgSi, and 10%Mo@MgSi aligned with the nonlinear pseudo-second order model, and both the intraparticle and liquid-film diffusion models co-influenced the OTC sorption onto the four nanohybrids. Increasing the temperature decreased OTC sorption on 2.5%Mo@MgSi, indicating exothermic sorption. The Langmuir isotherm model was more suitable than the Freundlich model for describing OTC adsorption on 2.5%Mo@MgSi. The Dubinin–Radushkevich energy (E_D ≤ 8.0 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG° ≤ 20 kJ·mol⁻¹) supported each other’s outcomes about the OTC removal onto 2.5%Mo@MgSi being via physisorption. The ΔG° values increased proportionally with temperature, indicating that OTC sorption becomes more spontaneous as temperature decreases. Moreover, the 2.5%Mo@MgSi exhibited excellent stability in OTC elimination up to the third cycle. Full article

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21 pages, 3115 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress in Photocatalytic Degradation of Cyclic Pollutants by Electrospun Black TiO₂/Ag@SiO₂ Nanofiber Membranes

by Jihao Chen and Jingwen Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050131 - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Cyclic pollutants such as dyes, antibiotics, phenols and VOCs in water and atmosphere feature stable structures and are difficult to mineralize, which constitutes the core problem in current environmental governance. Semiconductor photocatalysis provides a green strategy for the advanced treatment of such pollutants. [...] Read more.

Cyclic pollutants such as dyes, antibiotics, phenols and VOCs in water and atmosphere feature stable structures and are difficult to mineralize, which constitutes the core problem in current environmental governance. Semiconductor photocatalysis provides a green strategy for the advanced treatment of such pollutants. Electrospun black TiO₂/Ag-loaded SiO₂ nanofiber membranes have become a research hotspot owing to their multi-component synergistic advantages. This paper systematically reviews the preparation processes and structure regulation methods of electrospun SiO₂ nanofiber membranes; expounds the loading strategies of black TiO₂ and Ag nanoparticles, the interface regulation mechanisms and the synergistic photocatalytic mechanism of the ternary composite system; summarizes the application progress in the degradation of cyclic pollutants in water and atmospheric VOCs; and emphatically analyzes the performance characteristics and key issues in the ring-opening degradation of cyclic pollutants. Studies show that the high specific surface area and porous structure of SiO₂ nanofiber membranes offer excellent support for catalytic reactions. In addition, black TiO₂ achieves a full-spectrum response through defect engineering; the SPR effect and Schottky barrier of Ag significantly improve carrier separation efficiency; and the synergistic effect of the three components enhances the adsorption–catalytic degradation capacity. Current challenges remain in ring-opening efficiency and stability, requiring multi-method breakthroughs to overcome bottlenecks, clarify mechanisms and promote engineering applications. This paper provides theoretical references for the development of high-performance fiber-based photocatalytic materials and lays a foundation for the practical application of electrospun inorganic nanofiber membranes in the field of environmental catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Nanomaterials for Catalysis and Energy Storage)

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19 pages, 14023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wide-Bandgap A₂TiSiO₆ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) Double Perovskites for Optoelectronic Applications

by Łukasz Szeleszczuk, Katarzyna Mądra-Gackowska and Marcin Gackowski

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050130 - 8 May 2026

Abstract

The structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of cubic double perovskite oxides A₂TiSiO₆ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) were systematically investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Structural optimization within the GGA–PBE framework confirms that all compounds crystallize in [...] Read more.

The structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of cubic double perovskite oxides A₂TiSiO₆ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) were systematically investigated using first-principles density functional theory calculations. Structural optimization within the GGA–PBE framework confirms that all compounds crystallize in a stable cubic phase. The negative formation energies indicate thermodynamic stability and potential experimental synthesizability. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations performed at 300 K further confirm the dynamical stability of all compounds under finite-temperature conditions. The Born–Huang stability criteria performed elastic constant analysis establishes mechanical stability and the derived mechanical moduli indicate the presence of rigid but brittle behavior with moderate amounts of elastic anisotropy. Calculation of the electronic band structure reveals that all the compounds are direct wide-bandgap semiconductors, with the HSE06 bandgaps of Ca₂TiSiO₆, Sr₂TiSiO₆ as well as Ba₂TiSiO₆ being 2.61, 2.50 and 2.37 eV, respectively. The optical property analysis has shown that they are strong in terms of their absorption in the visible–ultraviolet region, with high dielectric constants and good refractive indices, which makes them appropriate in optoelectronics and photovoltaic applications. On the whole, A₂TiSiO₆ double perovskites are promising for use as wide-bandgap materials in the development of superior optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Perovskites)

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13 pages, 3397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in High-Entropy Oxide Thin Films via Vacuum Annealing-Induced Rocksalt-to-Spinel Phase Transition

by Gaizhi Lyu, Fanglin Lan, Honglian Song, Yuanxia Lao and Sen Sun

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050129 - 2 May 2026

Abstract

High-entropy oxide (HEO) thin films hold significant potential for applications in spintronics and catalysis; however, their widespread utilization is hindered by weak room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). Herein, we demonstrate a facile vacuum annealing strategy to enhance the RTFM of HEO thin films. (FeNiAlCrMn)O films [...] Read more.

High-entropy oxide (HEO) thin films hold significant potential for applications in spintronics and catalysis; however, their widespread utilization is hindered by weak room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). Herein, we demonstrate a facile vacuum annealing strategy to enhance the RTFM of HEO thin films. (FeNiAlCrMn)O films exhibit a saturation magnetization (M_S) of 5.9 emu/cm³ and a Curie temperature (T_C) of 350 K after vacuum annealing at 1173 K. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the enhanced RTFM originates from an annealing-induced phase transition from rocksalt-to-spinel. Structurally, annealing facilitates cation diffusion from octahedral to tetrahedral sites, forming a highly crystalline, long-range magnetic lattice of spinel ferrite. Electronically, tetrahedral occupation shortens M–O bonds, drives electron transfer toward metal cations, and enhances orbital hybridization, thereby strengthening magnetic exchange coupling. This study provides a simple and effective strategy for tailoring the RTFM of HEO thin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Entropy Alloys and High-Entropy Ceramics)

12 pages, 12731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ti-Ce Nanocatalysts for Evaluation in the Photodegradation of Naproxen and Acetaminophen

by Adriana Marizcal-Barba, Gerardo Vallejo-Espinosa, Yéssica V. Contreras-Pacheco, Carlos A. Soto-Robles, Karina Nava-Andrade, María del Camen Leal-Moya, Suresh Ghotekar, Mamoun Fellah, Claudia M. Gomez, Osmín Avilés-García and Alejandro Pérez-Larios

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050128 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

The pharmaceutical industry is a major source of pollution in wastewater effluents, characterized by chemical residues that are complex and difficult to degrade. Naproxen, a commonly detected drug in sewage effluents, exceeds safe concentrations for aquifers and is highly persistent, posing significant risks [...] Read more.

The pharmaceutical industry is a major source of pollution in wastewater effluents, characterized by chemical residues that are complex and difficult to degrade. Naproxen, a commonly detected drug in sewage effluents, exceeds safe concentrations for aquifers and is highly persistent, posing significant risks to aquatic life and ecosystems. This drug is known to cause long-term side effects in humans, such as gastrointestinal ulcers and nephrosis, associated with frequent and prolonged use. Additionally, the recent pandemic has led to a marked increase in drug consumption over a short period, exacerbating environmental contamination. Titanium dioxide has been extensively used as a photocatalyst in recent decades, proving effective in reducing these emerging pollutants. In this study, TiO₂ doped with cerium was synthesized using the sol–gel method, with cerium concentrations varied at 1, 3, 5, and 10% by weight. The resulting nanocatalysts were characterized through nitrogen physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was assessed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to monitor the degradation of the drugs. XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity and anatase phase of TiO₂. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated a decrease in bandgap energy of up to 3.00 eV compared to pure TiO₂. The materials demonstrated significant degradation of naproxen (NPX) and acetaminophen (ACTP), both prepared at 30 ppm, over a 6 h reaction period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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29 pages, 3951 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Air-Stable Silicon-Based Anodes and Their Application in Li–Air Batteries

by Zixuan Liu, Huafeng Zhou, Haiyong He, Deyu Wang, Zhoupeng Li and Zhengfei Chen

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050127 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

In recent years, silicon-based anodes have become a model of commercial success among various high-capacity electrode materials. They also offer a promising substitute for the lithium metal anode (LMA) in lithium–air batteries (LABs), which have the highest specific energy. However, the poor air [...] Read more.

In recent years, silicon-based anodes have become a model of commercial success among various high-capacity electrode materials. They also offer a promising substitute for the lithium metal anode (LMA) in lithium–air batteries (LABs), which have the highest specific energy. However, the poor air stability of lithiated silicon-based anodes makes pre-lithiation considerably more difficult and costly in mass production to improve their initial Coulombic efficiency and cyclability, which complicates their material design and electrode manufacturing. To address this issue, intensified efforts have been devoted in recent years, mainly by constructing encapsulation structures, such as core–shell, pomegranate-like or peapod-like architectures. These designs have achieved significantly boosted stability in dry air and, in some cases, even under prolonged exposure to ambient humidity. On the other hand, it was found that silicon-based anodes often provide better cyclic stability than LMAs in LABs and lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs); however, in most cases, the silicon-based anodes were not optimized for air stability. This review summarizes the relevant works on improving the air stability of silicon-based anodes and LABs/LOBs that used a silicon-based anode, intending to shed light on future development of air-stable silicon-based anodes and bridge the gap between the electrodes’ air-stability and their application in LABs/LOBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1121 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Investigation of Ionization Energies and Absorption Spectra of Metallocenes: Effect of the Metal Center on Electronic Properties

by Christina Eleftheria Tzeliou, Konstantinos P. Zois and Demeter Tzeli

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050126 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Since the synthesis of ferrocene in 1951, metallocenes have attracted attention, making the accurate prediction of their electronic structure and ionization energy crucial for understanding their photophysical and electrochemical behavior in materials and in biological systems. Here, we combined Density Functional Theory (DFT), [...] Read more.

Since the synthesis of ferrocene in 1951, metallocenes have attracted attention, making the accurate prediction of their electronic structure and ionization energy crucial for understanding their photophysical and electrochemical behavior in materials and in biological systems. Here, we combined Density Functional Theory (DFT), Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field (CASSCF), NEVPT2 (N-Electron Valence State Perturbation Theory) and Coupled Cluster approaches (CCSD, DLPNO-CCSD(T)) to study the electronic structure, ionization energies (IEs) and absorption spectra of metallocene and metallocenium complexes in the gas phase and in THF implicit solvent. DFT IEs agree closely with NEVPT2 and DLPNO-CCSD(T) values and with experiment values (deviations 0.02–0.3 eV). For CASSCF and NEVPT2, the minimal active space of the d electrons at six orbitals is not enough for the accurate prediction of the IEs, while an extended active space incorporating all 3d metal electrons plus four ligand valence electrons into 15 orbitals improves the calculated IE values. In solution, computed oxidation energies (OEs) in THF reproduce experimental values and follow the Fe > Ni > Co ordering. Substitution of metallocene complexes with chromophore units results in similar OEs. Overall, the substitution effects remain modest: the effect of substitution on OE values results in differences up to 0.2 eV. These results clarify the effect of the metal center on IE and OE values and UV–vis absorption behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metal Ion Research and Applications)

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34 pages, 4857 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress and Perspectives of Li-Argyrodite Sulfide Electrolytes: From Fundamental Mechanisms to Practical All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

by Tianyi Liu, Wenjie Wang, Wenzhuang Liu, Hui Xu and Jinghua Wu

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050125 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are widely regarded as a promising next-generation energy-storage technology because they offer the potential to simultaneously improve the safety and energy density of conventional lithium battery systems. Among various solid electrolytes, Li-argyrodite sulfide electrolytes (Li₆PS₅X [...] Read more.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are widely regarded as a promising next-generation energy-storage technology because they offer the potential to simultaneously improve the safety and energy density of conventional lithium battery systems. Among various solid electrolytes, Li-argyrodite sulfide electrolytes (Li₆PS₅X, X = Cl, Br, I) have attracted considerable attention owing to their high room-temperature ionic conductivity, good mechanical deformability, and favorable cost-effectiveness. However, for the practical deployment of Li-argyrodite sulfide electrolytes in ASSLBs, several critical challenges still need to be addressed, including limited synthesis strategies, insufficient air stability, and poor interfacial compatibility with both cathodes and anodes. This review summarizes recent advances in Li-argyrodite sulfide electrolytes from fundamental understanding to practical applications. The crystal structure characteristics and Li⁺ conduction mechanisms are first discussed to elucidate the origins of fast ion transport, followed by an overview of major synthesis strategies. Strategies for improving ionic conductivity, air stability, and electrode interfacial compatibility through compositional engineering and interfacial regulation are also highlighted. Finally, the prospects of Li-argyrodite sulfide electrolytes for practical all-solid-state batteries are discussed, together with the remaining challenges and future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, 2nd Edition)

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39 pages, 4202 KB

Open AccessReview

Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Capture and Photoluminescent Sensing of Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Aqueous Media

by Johana Herrero, Carmen Montoro, Raquel Gavara and Félix Zamora

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050124 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials for the capture and photoluminescent detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments due to their tunable porosity, high surface area, and structural versatility. This review summarizes recent advances in pristine COFs and COF-based hybrid [...] Read more.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising materials for the capture and photoluminescent detection of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic environments due to their tunable porosity, high surface area, and structural versatility. This review summarizes recent advances in pristine COFs and COF-based hybrid materials for water treatment, focusing on both the adsorption and photoluminescent sensing of pharmaceutical pollutants. The influence of framework design, linkage type, and functionalization on adsorption performance and selectivity is discussed, together with the main interaction mechanisms involved. In addition, recent developments in photoluminescent COFs for sensitive and rapid drug detection are highlighted. Attention is given to dual-function materials capable of simultaneous capture and detection, which represent an emerging strategy for efficient water remediation. Finally, current challenges related to stability, selectivity, and real-world applicability are outlined, providing perspectives for the design of next-generation COF-based systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystalline Porous Materials for Environment and Sensing)

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15 pages, 2912 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Sulfidation-Induced Construction of Ni₉S₈/NiMoO₄ Heterojunction and Its Synergistically Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Performance

by Yanhong Ding, Yong Cao, Zhichao Gao, Zijing Zeng, Chenyu Xu, Teng Fu, Jintao Yang and Yirong Zhu

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050123 - 27 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study reports a straightforward and controllable two-step hydrothermal synthesis of novel Ni₉S₈@NiMoO₄/NF nanospherical catalysts supported on nickel foam (NF), accompanied by a systematic evaluation of their performance in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Structural characterization [...] Read more.

This study reports a straightforward and controllable two-step hydrothermal synthesis of novel Ni₉S₈@NiMoO₄/NF nanospherical catalysts supported on nickel foam (NF), accompanied by a systematic evaluation of their performance in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Structural characterization revealed a well-defined Ni₉S₈–NiMoO₄ interfacial region, whose synergistic interaction, combined with the distinctive nanospherical morphology, substantially increased the electrochemically active surface area and the density of reactive sites, thereby optimizing HER kinetics. In alkaline media, the Ni₉S₈@NiMoO₄/NF catalyst demonstrated outstanding electrocatalytic performance, delivering an overpotential of only 64.2 mV at a current density of 20 mA cm⁻². The catalyst also exhibited a high double-layer capacitance of 22.2 mF cm⁻², reflecting a substantial active interfacial area. Long-term durability tests showed negligible performance degradation after 165 h of continuous operation at 10 mA cm⁻², underscoring the catalyst’s robust structural stability and durability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed a uniform distribution of Ni, Mo, and S across the NF framework and revealed optimized chemical states, providing material-level evidence for the enhanced performance. Collectively, this work proposes a viable strategy for designing efficient and stable HER catalysts, contributing to the advancement of green hydrogen production and clean energy technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2329 KB

Open AccessArticle

A First-Principles Study of Copper-Deficient Layer and Its Effect in Chalcopyrite-Based Solar Cells: Carrier Dynamics Characteristics

by Qinmiao Chen, Yi Ni and Hongcun Yuan

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050122 - 26 Apr 2026

Abstract

CuIn₅Se₈ is reported as a remarkable copper-deficient layer that contains ordered vacancy compounds (OVCs) for high-efficiency chalcopyrite-based solar cells; however, the understanding of its carrier characteristics has remained limited. OVCs could naturally form on the surface of chalcopyrite absorber. In [...] Read more.

CuIn₅Se₈ is reported as a remarkable copper-deficient layer that contains ordered vacancy compounds (OVCs) for high-efficiency chalcopyrite-based solar cells; however, the understanding of its carrier characteristics has remained limited. OVCs could naturally form on the surface of chalcopyrite absorber. In this study, the carrier dynamics characteristics of OVCs were investigated by constructing a junction consisting of chalcopyrite absorber and CdS buffer layer. At first, the band structure of CuIn₅Se₈ was studied to determine the bandgap properties. Then, thermodynamic stability, defect formation energy, defects and carrier concentration, defect transition energy level of CuIn₅Se₈ and its Cd doping state (caused by CdS) were comparatively studied. The results suggest that Cd doping has different effects on the defect and carrier characteristics of OVCs with various chemical potentials. However, the OVC always remains n-type under the whole thermodynamically stable region, with contribution from the hallow-level In_Cu donor defect. Finally, the OVC’s carrier dynamics characteristics were assessed using the collected defect and carrier data. It is indicated that the OVC layer may contribute to the formation of a p-n homojunction in solar cells. Under selenium-rich conditions, the OVC layer increases the carrier density on the n-type side of p-n junction nearly 30-fold, which helps reduce the difference in carrier density and minority current density between two sides of the p-n junction. The conversion efficiency of the solar cell with OVC shows a 7.25% improvement when compared to the control. The distinct behavior of OVCs may serve as a valuable reference for the creation or improvement of a related functional film layer or device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry 2026)

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17 pages, 4786 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antitumor Activity of Metal Complexes of Salinomycin with Cobalt (Co(II)), Copper (Cu(II)) and Zinc (Zn(II)) Ions Against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa) and Melanoma (A375, SH-4) Cells

by Tanya Zhivkova, Hristo Hristov, Radostina Alexandrova, Abedulkadir Abudalleh, Lora Dyakova, Peter Dorkov and Juliana Ivanova

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050121 - 24 Apr 2026

Abstract

In this study, we present new data about the cytotoxic activity of metal complexes of salinomycin with Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) against human cervical cancer (HeLa) and melanoma (A375, SH-4) cell lines. The effect of the compounds on cell viability and proliferation was [...] Read more.

In this study, we present new data about the cytotoxic activity of metal complexes of salinomycin with Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) against human cervical cancer (HeLa) and melanoma (A375, SH-4) cell lines. The effect of the compounds on cell viability and proliferation was evaluated in short-term experiments (up to 72 h) with monolayer cultures using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, neutral red uptake (NR), crystal violet staining (CV) and double staining with acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI). The cytotoxic effect of the metal complexes of salinomycin was found to be comparable and even superior to that of the commercial antitumor agents cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Long-term experiments revealed the ability of the compounds to completely suppress 3D cell growth when applied at concentrations ≥ 3.1 μM (for HeLa cells) and ≥6.2 µM (for A375 cells). Embryonic Lep-3 cells are highly sensitive to the influence of the complexes investigated, whereas non-tumor HaCaT human keratinocytes exhibit relatively higher resistance to their cytotoxic effect compared to tumor cell lines. The Zn(II) disalinomycinate exerted the highest selectivity index among the tested compounds against melanoma cells, whereas the non-coordinated antibiotic showed pronounced selectivity toward HeLa cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2321 KB

Open AccessReview

Metal Decorated–ZnO and TiO₂ Nanocomposites for Degradation of Organic Pollutants—A Mini Review

by Mpho Phillip Motloung and Mokgaotsa Jonas Mochane

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050120 - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Water pollution caused by harmful organic pollutants discharged from various industries, such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, papermaking, and printing, is resulting in serious health complications and adversely impacting aquatic life. Numerous strategies/methods have been employed to remove these pollutants from water streams. Amongst them, [...] Read more.

Water pollution caused by harmful organic pollutants discharged from various industries, such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, papermaking, and printing, is resulting in serious health complications and adversely impacting aquatic life. Numerous strategies/methods have been employed to remove these pollutants from water streams. Amongst them, photocatalysts have proven effective in tackling these issues. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysts are at the forefront due to their exceptional properties, which render them ideal for wastewater treatment. However, their full capacity as photocatalysts is limited by the wide band gap and faster electron-hole recombination rates. Metal decoration on the surface of these semiconductors is one of the fascinating strategies to address these limitations. In this brief review, the synthesis, morphology, and photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO₂ decorated with metal nanoparticles (NPs) towards the degradation of harmful organic pollutants from various industries are presented. Metal decoration of the surface of ZnO and TiO₂ is a viable method to enhance the photocatalytic activity of these semiconductors, particularly under visible light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications)

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12 pages, 3955 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Microstructural Refinement of Electroless Ni-P Amorphous Composite Coatings on Carbon Fibers Induced by Al₂O₃ Nanoparticles Dispersed with a PEG/NNO Additive

by Yongjie Zhao, Weixin Ge, Tiebao Wang, Pan Gong, Wei Yang, Lichen Zhao and Xin Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14050119 - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Controlling the microstructure of electroless nickel coatings is crucial for optimizing the interfacial properties of carbon fibers. However, a systematic understanding of how dispersants can effectively leverage the refining effect of nanoparticles in composite plating systems remains lacking. This paper proposes the use [...] Read more.

Controlling the microstructure of electroless nickel coatings is crucial for optimizing the interfacial properties of carbon fibers. However, a systematic understanding of how dispersants can effectively leverage the refining effect of nanoparticles in composite plating systems remains lacking. This paper proposes the use of a composite dispersant, comprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium methylene bis-naphthalene sulfonate (NNO) at a 1:1 mass ratio, for nano-Al₂O₃ to achieve microstructure refinement of nickel coatings on carbon fiber surfaces. The results demonstrate that the composite dispersant modifies the surface state and dispersion stability of Al₂O₃ particles through synergistic adsorption, thereby regulating the nucleation and growth behavior of the Ni-P alloy. At an optimal composite dispersant concentration of 3 g/L, the coating exhibits the most compact structure, with Ni-P particle size refined to approximately 181 nm. The coating consists of two phases: crystalline Ni₃P and amorphous Ni-P. The dual adsorption effect of the dispersant—inhibiting Al₂O₃ agglomeration while improving the surface wettability of carbon fibers—is key to enhancing the refinement efficiency. Conversely, excessive dispersant addition leads to deteriorated coating quality. This study provides experimental evidence for understanding the multiphase interfacial interaction mechanism involving organic additives, nanoparticles, and metal deposition, and offers a novel strategy for controlling the surface functionalization of carbon fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research and Application of Amorphous Materials, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2164 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Stability Enhancement of Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Iron-Doped Bi-Electron Transport Layers

by Saleh Alyahya, Mohamad Arnaout, Marc Al Atem, Mutaz A. Alanazi, Bedir Yousif and Alaa A. Zaky

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040118 - 21 Apr 2026

Abstract

This work proposes the doping of bi-electron transport layers consisting of TiO₂/SnO₂ with iron to facilitate electron movement and recombination reduction, which results in increases in power conversion efficiency and stability enhancement. Two different PSC structures are used: device 1—FTO/TiO [...] Read more.

This work proposes the doping of bi-electron transport layers consisting of TiO₂/SnO₂ with iron to facilitate electron movement and recombination reduction, which results in increases in power conversion efficiency and stability enhancement. Two different PSC structures are used: device 1—FTO/TiO₂/SnO₂/MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMETAD/Ag; device 2, a modified device—FTO/TiO₂/SnO₂ + Fe/MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMETAD/Ag. Characterization analysis revealed an improvement in perovskite crystallinity in the modified device; this leads to reductions in trap state density and the recombination of charges that enhance charge extraction. UV-vis absorbance enhancement in the modified device revealed an enhancement in the perovskite layer morphology and good coverage. As a result, PSCs with a short circuit current of 23.35 mA/cm², open circuit voltage of 1.07 V, fill factor of 0.73, and high PCE of 18.17% are obtained from device 2, compared to PSCs with only 22.13 mA/cm², 1.03 V, 0.7, and 16.053% for device 1 without Fe doping, respectively. The results reveal that the device based on Fe doping is more stable than the pristine one under stability tests with regard to aging, thermal, stress and prolonged light. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Semiconductor Materials for Energy Conversion, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Biohybrid Catalyst for Cross-Coupling Reactions That Contains Pd/P.yeei@ORMOSIL

by Olga A. Kamanina, Vitaliy N. Soromotin, Pavel V. Rybochkin, Nina M. Ivanova, Anton N. Zvonarev and Vasilina V. Farofonova

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040117 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study demonstrates the feasibility of encapsulating Paracoccus yeei VKM B-3302 cells, which contain palladium nanoparticles, within an organosilicon matrix synthesized using the sol–gel method. The resulting organosilicon material is characterized by a well-developed porous structure and a high specific surface area, ensuring [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates the feasibility of encapsulating Paracoccus yeei VKM B-3302 cells, which contain palladium nanoparticles, within an organosilicon matrix synthesized using the sol–gel method. The resulting organosilicon material is characterized by a well-developed porous structure and a high specific surface area, ensuring the formation of a catalytic system with accessible active sites. Kinetic studies of the Mizoroki–Heck reaction showed that, although encapsulating the Pd/P. yeei catalyst in an organosilicon matrix slightly decreases its initial reaction rate, it increases the selectivity of the process and reduces the leaching of the active metal during repeated use. These results suggest the potential of encapsulating microorganisms containing metal nanoparticles in organosilicon materials to create stable hybrid catalytic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites and Hybrid Materials)

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38 pages, 24690 KB

Open AccessReview

Glass-Ceramic Bonding Agents for High-Performance Grinding: A Material Design Framework Based on Multi-System Comparisons

by Yufei Li, Le Tian, Longyao Xu, Mingmin Li, Huaying Bian, Xuetao Wang and Shuanghua Wang

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040116 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

This review systematically analyzes the technological progress, structural characteristics, and performance disparities among various diamond grinding wheel bond systems, aiming to establish a unified performance evaluation framework. This framework clarifies material selection criteria and highlights promising research directions. Eight prevalent bond systems are [...] Read more.

This review systematically analyzes the technological progress, structural characteristics, and performance disparities among various diamond grinding wheel bond systems, aiming to establish a unified performance evaluation framework. This framework clarifies material selection criteria and highlights promising research directions. Eight prevalent bond systems are encompassed: resin, metal, ceramic, brazing, electroplating, composite, additive manufacturing, and glass-ceramics. A comparative analysis of these systems is conducted across multiple dimensions. Key evaluation metrics primarily include bond strength, thermal stability, self-sharpening capability, thermal conductivity, and formability. Considerable variations in these indicators are observed across the different bonding agents. Each system presents distinct advantages alongside inherent limitations. Within the constructed multi-metric framework, glass-ceramic bonding agents demonstrate high comprehensive potential in critical aspects such as bond strength and thermal stability, underscoring their research value as a novel high-performance bond system. Current primary challenges focus on the regulation of crystallization kinetics, the design of interfacial reaction layers, and multiscale performance prediction. Future research may advance along several paths. Synergistic design of material composition and microstructure is essential, while in-depth investigation into multiphysics coupling mechanisms remains necessary. Furthermore, data-driven material optimization methods are poised to unlock new possibilities for bond development. These approaches are expected to facilitate the precise design and application of high-performance diamond grinding wheel bonds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ceramics and Refractory Composites)

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9 pages, 1551 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photoluminescence of X-Ray-Generated Sm²⁺ in Co-Precipitated SrF₂:Sm³⁺ Nanocrystals

by Z. Siti Rozaila, Siti Fairus Abdul Sani and Hans Riesen

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040115 - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

We report on X-ray-induced Sm³⁺ → Sm²⁺ reduction in SrF₂:Sm³⁺ nanocrystals of ~40 nm size synthesized via a co-precipitation method. Non-irradiated samples show characteristic Sm³⁺ f-f ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_5/2, ⁶H_7/2 [...] Read more.

We report on X-ray-induced Sm³⁺ → Sm²⁺ reduction in SrF₂:Sm³⁺ nanocrystals of ~40 nm size synthesized via a co-precipitation method. Non-irradiated samples show characteristic Sm³⁺ f-f ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_5/2, ⁶H_7/2, ⁶H_9/2, and ⁶H_11/2 emissions, while X-irradiation induces intense low-temperature Sm^{2+ 5}D₀ → ⁷F₁ emission and other Sm²⁺ lines. The evolution of Sm³⁺ and Sm²⁺ photoluminescence intensities with X-ray dose (0–300 Gy) follows first-order kinetics, consistent with a trapping–detrapping mechanism. Compared to CaF₂:Sm³⁺, SrF₂:Sm³⁺ exhibits faster Sm³⁺ reduction due to the higher X-ray absorption cross section of strontium compared to calcium for Cu-Kα (8 keV) radiation, highlighting its potential as a nanoscale X-ray storage phosphor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry 2026)

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27 pages, 6050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Copper Complexes with Phosphorylated Dithiocarbamates in Aqueous Media: Complexation, Structures and Redox Activity

by Nikita S. Aksenin, Mikhail S. Bukharov, Alexander A. Rodionov, Yury I. Kuzin, Aidar T. Gubaidullin, Daut R. Islamov, Valery G. Shtyrlin and Nikita Yu. Serov

Inorganics 2026, 14(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14040114 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Copper dithiocarbamate complexes have long been known and are relevant in biology, medicine and material science; however, their low solubility in water can be a limitation. Therefore, the search for modified ligands is an important task. Copper complexes with five phosphorylated dithiocarbamates were [...] Read more.

Copper dithiocarbamate complexes have long been known and are relevant in biology, medicine and material science; however, their low solubility in water can be a limitation. Therefore, the search for modified ligands is an important task. Copper complexes with five phosphorylated dithiocarbamates were investigated in aqueous solutions by several experimental and theoretical methods. Copper(II) bis-complex formation constants were obtained from spectrophotometric titrations. Based on UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy data, the presence of monoligand complexes (in excess copper) and hydroxy-forms (under basic conditions) was revealed. The structures of the obtained forms were optimized using DFT calculations. The instability of complexes under neutral and acidic conditions was established and interpreted by the dimerization upon protonation. This assumption is supported by association constants derived from quantum chemically computed Gibbs free energies for protonated and non-protonated copper(II) bis-dithiocarbamate complexes. Crystal structures of protonated binuclear and non-protonated mononuclear complexes were established using X-ray diffraction. The redox properties of the complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry; the electrochemical behavior of the complexes was strongly influenced by pH. The scheme of the copper(I)/(II)/(III) species transformations, including chemical and electrochemical stages, is proposed on the base of experimental data and quantum-chemical calculation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Copper(II) Complexes and Their Properties)

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