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Mixed-Ligand Copper(II) Complexes Derived from Pyridinecarbonitrile Precursors: Structural Features and Thermal Behavior
$Structural Water Accommodation in Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>: A Combined Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction and DFT Study$
Structural Water Accommodation in Co₃O₄: A Combined Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction and DFT Study
Luminescent Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine Cores and Corresponding Zn(II) Complexes: Structural and Optical Tunability
Phenyl–Pentafluorophenyl Interaction-Mediated Ir(C^N)₂(N^N)-(Ni-Metallacycle) Dual Catalysis for Light-Driven C-S Cross-Coupling Synthesis
Recent Progress of Carbon Dots in Fluorescence Sensing

Journal Description

Inorganics

Inorganics is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on inorganic chemistry published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Inorganic and Nuclear) / CiteScore - Q2 (Inorganic Chemistry)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our authors say about Inorganics.
Journal Cluster of Chemical Reactions and Catalysis: Catalysts, Chemistry, Electrochem, Inorganics, Molecules, Organics, Oxygen, Photochem, Reactions, Sustainable Chemistry.

Impact Factor: 3.0 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2304-6740

Latest Articles

13 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Containing Polypyridine and Phosphorus–Nitrogen Ligands in the Hydrogen Transfer of Acetophenone

by César Zúñiga, Mauricio Fuentealba, Elizabeth Olave, Diego P. Oyarzún, Andrés Aracena, Mauricio Yañez-S, Plinio Cantero-López and Pedro A. Aguirre

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100338 - 14 Oct 2025

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of [...] Read more.

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone using 2-propanol as the hydrogen source. Comparative studies with other rhenium(I) complexes bearing polypyridine ligands revealed high catalytic performance, achieving conversions between 68% and 99%. These results highlight the promising potential of P,N-ligand rhenium complexes in homogeneous transfer hydrogenation catalysis. The optimal reaction time was found to be 4 h for the complexes studied, with only the fac-[Re(CO)₃(PN)Cl] complex showing improved conversion upon extending the reaction time to 7 h, likely due to the donor effects provided by the P,N-ligand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Coordination and Organometallic Complexes)

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26 pages, 3809 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Inorganic Nanomaterials for Tumor Microenvironment Modulation

by Zhenqi Jiang, Hui Xiang and Xiaoying Tang

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100337 - 14 Oct 2025

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia; acidic pH; oxidative stress; and immune suppression; all of which severely impair the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies. Recent advances in inorganic nanotechnology have led to the development of smart nanomaterials capable of modulating these [...] Read more.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia; acidic pH; oxidative stress; and immune suppression; all of which severely impair the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies. Recent advances in inorganic nanotechnology have led to the development of smart nanomaterials capable of modulating these abnormal features; thereby reprogramming the TME toward a more therapy-responsive state. Inorganic nanomaterials such as manganese dioxide; iron oxide; and cerium oxide can selectively alleviate hypoxia; buffer acidity; regulate redox balance; and even stimulate anti-tumor immunity through catalytic or structural mechanisms. These materials can further serve as carriers for stimuli-responsive drug delivery; enabling synergistic therapies that include chemodynamic; photothermal; and immunomodulatory treatments. This review summarizes recent developments in smart inorganic nanomaterials for TME modulation; discusses design considerations including biosafety and biodegradability; and evaluates the current translational status and future directions. Such strategies represent a promising leap toward precise and personalized cancer nanomedicine Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2025)

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18 pages, 2041 KB

Open AccessReview

Chiral Transition Metal Complexes Featuring Limonene-Derived Ligands: Roles in Catalysis and Biology

by Ghaita Chahboun, Mohamed El Hllafi, Eva Royo and Mohamed Amin El Amrani

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100336 - 13 Oct 2025

Chiral coordination compounds are of growing interest due to their structural diversity and wide applicability. Besides chirality, alcohol and especially oxime-functionalized limonene derivatives confer water solubility, stability, and the appropriate reactivity to enable their use in asymmetric catalysis—such as allylic substitution, alkynylation, transfer [...] Read more.

Chiral coordination compounds are of growing interest due to their structural diversity and wide applicability. Besides chirality, alcohol and especially oxime-functionalized limonene derivatives confer water solubility, stability, and the appropriate reactivity to enable their use in asymmetric catalysis—such as allylic substitution, alkynylation, transfer hydrogenation, and selective C–C bond formation. Biologically, they have shown promising anticancer, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity. This review presents an integrated overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of chiral transition metal complexes featuring ligands derived from inexpensive, naturally occurring R- and S-limonene substrates, and explore their roles in catalysis and biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Properties of Gold(III) Complexes with Hydrazones Derived from Vitamin B₆

by Daria V. Petrova, Aleksandra K. Isagulieva, Olga N. Sineva, Vera S. Sadykova, Maksim N. Zavalishin and George A. Gamov

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100335 - 11 Oct 2025

The rise in the number of cancer cases and the dissemination of strains with multiple drug resistance in the world pose a serious threat to public health care and human well-being. The design and study of new chemotherapeutic agents for cancer and infectious [...] Read more.

The rise in the number of cancer cases and the dissemination of strains with multiple drug resistance in the world pose a serious threat to public health care and human well-being. The design and study of new chemotherapeutic agents for cancer and infectious diseases are hot topics in science. Hydrazones, a versatile and diverse class of chemical compounds, gained a lot of attention as a promising base for future drugs. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of eight new gold(III) complexes with hydrazones derived from pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and pyridoxal. The complexes are thoroughly characterized using IR, ¹H, ³¹P NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effect of twelve various hydrazones derived from pyridoxal 5′-phosphate on both immortalized (HEK293T) and tumor (HCT116) human cell lines was estimated using the MTT assay. In addition, this contribution describes the antibacterial action of complexes of gold(III) and pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-derived hydrazones, as well as the mixtures of the solutions containing tetrachloroaurate(III) and hydrazones, using the zone of inhibition test. Gold(III) complexes exhibit moderate antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while free hydrazones show low cytotoxicity and thus could be considered relatively safe for humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noble Metals in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry)

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16 pages, 2926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterisation, DFT Study and Biological Evaluation of Complexes Derived from Transition Metal and Mixed Ligands

by Enas H. Mohammed, Eman R. Mohammed, Eman M. Yahya and Mohammed Alsultan

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100334 - 6 Oct 2025

This research prepared and characterised novel mixed coordination complexes derived from escitalopram with eugenol and curcumin to form (L₁) and (L₂), respectively. The complexes were prepared via Williamson ether synthesis and analysed by FTIR, UV–Vis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, elemental [...] Read more.

This research prepared and characterised novel mixed coordination complexes derived from escitalopram with eugenol and curcumin to form (L₁) and (L₂), respectively. The complexes were prepared via Williamson ether synthesis and analysed by FTIR, UV–Vis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility. The results confirmed their octahedral geometries. Magnetic investigation reported high-spin configurations for Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes, whereas Cu(II) exhibited a distorted octahedral arrangement with characteristic d–d transitions. In addition, the calculation of Density functional theory (DFT) provided more insight into the detailed structural and electronic properties of the new ligand and its complexes. Antimicrobial compounds were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans through the agar well diffusion method. The reported results revealed that Cobalt complexes showed antimicrobial activity followed by Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) and Manganese(Mn) complexes, respectively, due to an increase in Co-lipophilicity, which leads to improved diffusion through microbial cell membranes. The research findings confirmed that escitalopram-based mixed ligands coordinate with transition metals and could have significant biological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Structure and Biological Evaluation)

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12 pages, 2104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accessible Thermoelectric Characterization: Development and Validation of Two Modular Room Temperature Measurement Instruments

by František Mihok, Katarína Gáborová, Viktor Puchý and Karel Saksl

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100333 - 4 Oct 2025

This paper describes two low-cost, modular instruments developed for rapid room-temperature characterization of mainly thermoelectrics. The first instrument measures the Seebeck coefficient across diverse sample geometries and incorporates a four-point probe configuration for simultaneous electrical conductivity measurement, including disk-shaped samples. The second instrument [...] Read more.

This paper describes two low-cost, modular instruments developed for rapid room-temperature characterization of mainly thermoelectrics. The first instrument measures the Seebeck coefficient across diverse sample geometries and incorporates a four-point probe configuration for simultaneous electrical conductivity measurement, including disk-shaped samples. The second instrument implements the Van der Pauw method, enabling detailed investigation of charge carrier behavior within materials. Both devices prioritize accessibility, constructed primarily from 3D-printed components, basic hardware, and readily available instrumentation, ensuring ease of reproduction and modification. A unique calibration protocol using pure elemental disks and materials with well-established properties was employed for both instruments. Validation against comparable systems confirmed reliable operation. Control and data acquisition software for both devices was developed in-house and is fully documented and does not require an experienced operator. We demonstrate the utility of these instruments by characterizing the electronic properties of polycrystalline SnSe thermoelectric materials doped with Bi, Ag, and In. The results reveal highly complex charge carrier behavior significantly influenced by both dopant type and concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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32 pages, 3558 KB

Open AccessReview

Thermoelectric Materials for Spintronics: From Physical Principles to Innovative Half Metallic Ferromagnets, Devices, and Future Perspectives

by Alessandro Difalco and Alberto Castellero

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100332 - 2 Oct 2025

Over the last century, improvements in computational power resulting from the exponential growth of microelectronics have been the driving force of outstanding global economic growth as well as of deep changes in society and ethical values. Manufacturing of silicon-based memory cells has, as [...] Read more.

Over the last century, improvements in computational power resulting from the exponential growth of microelectronics have been the driving force of outstanding global economic growth as well as of deep changes in society and ethical values. Manufacturing of silicon-based memory cells has, as a matter of fact, become an industry of strategic importance also from a geopolitical perspective. Despite such advancements, a lot of concern has recently aroused as physical limitations such as tunnel-effect phenomena, current leakage, and high power consumption are increasingly hindering further improvements in dynamic random-access memory. Spintronic technologies are promising alternatives to overcome such issues, being considered no longer merely an academic subject of interest, but increasingly becoming an industrial reality. In this review work, the history and the physical principles of spintronic devices are presented, focussing on new, groundbreaking materials. Concepts are exposed step by step and in an easy-to-understand manner, allowing even researchers who are not specialized in the fields of spintronics, microelectronics, and hardware engineering to understand the fundamentals and gain initial insight into the topic. Special attention is paid to half-metallic ferromagnets and Heusler alloys, which are considered among the most promising materials for the future of spintronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermoelectric Materials, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3501 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study of the Optical, Structural, and Morphological Properties of Chemically Deposited ZnO Thin Films

by Sayra Guadalupe Ruvalcaba-Manzo, Rafael Ramírez-Bon, Ramón Ochoa-Landín and Santos Jesús Castillo

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100331 - 2 Oct 2025

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, which depend on its optical, structural, and morphological characteristics. In this study, we synthesized ZnO thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and then thermally annealed them at 400 °C [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, which depend on its optical, structural, and morphological characteristics. In this study, we synthesized ZnO thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and then thermally annealed them at 400 °C and 600 °C to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments. We characterized their structural, optical, morphological, and chemical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical bandgap values were 3.20 eV for the as-grown thin films, and 3.23 eV and 3.21 eV after annealing at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively. SEM micrographs revealed a change from elongated agglomerates in the as-grown thin films to uniform flower-like structures after annealing at 600 °C. XPS analysis confirmed ZnO formation in all samples, and we detected residual precursor species only in the as-grown thin films, which were completely removed by annealing at 600 °C. These results demonstrate that the CBD synthesis of ZnO can tune its optical and morphological properties through thermal annealing, making it suitable for optoelectronic, sensing, and photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2025)

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21 pages, 1982 KB

Open AccessReview

Use of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Compounds (NHCs) Under Sustainable Conditions—An Update

by Abdelkarim El Qami, Adrien Kibongui-Fila and Sabine Berteina-Raboin

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100330 - 1 Oct 2025

In this review, we focused on advances made over the last two decades in the field of catalysis using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which can be used for metallic or non-metallic catalysis. We listed the advantages of these NHCs and their modes of [...] Read more.

In this review, we focused on advances made over the last two decades in the field of catalysis using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which can be used for metallic or non-metallic catalysis. We listed the advantages of these NHCs and their modes of action in various couplings. With regard to metal catalysis, we have focused here on palladium and nickel catalysis, and then we looked at their use without transition metals. The work mentioned, in this review, only concerns research carried out under sustainable conditions, both in terms of the types of reactions and reaction conditions used (solvents, quantities, accessibility, and easy purification). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings)

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18 pages, 3356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizations of Semiconductive W-Doped Ga₂O₃ Thin Films and Application in Heterojunction Diode Fabrication

by Chia-Te Liao, Yi-Wen Wang, Cheng-Fu Yang and Kao-Wei Min

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100329 - 1 Oct 2025

In this study, high-conductivity W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films were successfully fabricated by directly depositing a composition of Ga₂O₃ with 10.7 at% WO₃ (W:Ga = 12:100) using electron beam evaporation. The resulting thin films were found to [...] Read more.

In this study, high-conductivity W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films were successfully fabricated by directly depositing a composition of Ga₂O₃ with 10.7 at% WO₃ (W:Ga = 12:100) using electron beam evaporation. The resulting thin films were found to be amorphous. Due to the ohmic contact behavior observed between the W-doped Ga₂O₃ film and platinum (Pt), Pt was used as the contact electrode. Current-voltage (J-V) measurements of the W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films demonstrated that the samples exhibited significant current density even without any post-deposition annealing treatment. To further validate the excellent charge transport characteristics, Hall effect measurements were conducted. Compared to undoped Ga₂O₃ thin films, which showed non-conductive characteristics, the W-doped thin films showed an increased carrier concentration and enhanced electron mobility, along with a substantial decrease in resistivity. The measured Hall coefficient of the W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films was negative, indicating that these thin films were n-type semiconductors. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy was employed to verify the elemental ratios of Ga, O, and W in the W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further confirmed these ratios and demonstrated their variation with the depth of the deposited thin films. Furthermore, the W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films were deposited onto both p-type and heavily doped p⁺-type silicon (Si) substrates to fabricate heterojunction diodes. All resulting devices exhibited good rectifying behavior, highlighting the promising potential of W-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films for use in rectifying electronic components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)

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9 pages, 2524 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Metalloamination/Cyclization of Zinc(II) Amides Derived from N,N-Dimethylhydrazinoalkenes—Applications for the Direct C-SP² Functionalization of Aryl and Vinyl Electrophiles

by Jérome Lépeule, Christian Frabitore and Tom Livinghouse

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100328 - 30 Sep 2025

Treatment of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes with diethylzinc followed by exposure of the resulting ethylzinc amides to high vacuum drives a Schlenck redistribution metalloamination/cyclization to generate the corresponding bis(organozinc) intermediates in excellent conversions. Direct treatment of these with appropriate aryl or vinyl electrophiles [...] Read more.

Treatment of N,N-dimethylhydrazinoalkenes with diethylzinc followed by exposure of the resulting ethylzinc amides to high vacuum drives a Schlenck redistribution metalloamination/cyclization to generate the corresponding bis(organozinc) intermediates in excellent conversions. Direct treatment of these with appropriate aryl or vinyl electrophiles in the presence of catalytic PdCl₂ (DPEphos) provides the corresponding arylated or alkenylated pyrrolidines and piperidines with high efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings)

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13 pages, 1477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complexation-Induced Reduction of Cu^II to Cu^I Promoted by a Distorted Tetrahedral N₄-Type Schiff-Base Ligand

by Tomoyuki Takeyama, Daisuke Shirabe, Nobutsugu Hamamoto and Takehiro Ohta

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100327 - 30 Sep 2025

Although spontaneous or complexation-induced reductions of Cu^II to Cu^I have occasionally been observed, controlling these processes remains a challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of Cu^I complexes via the complexation-induced reduction of Cu^II complexes with pyridine-containing N₄ Schiff-base [...] Read more.

Although spontaneous or complexation-induced reductions of Cu^II to Cu^I have occasionally been observed, controlling these processes remains a challenge. Herein, we report the synthesis of Cu^I complexes via the complexation-induced reduction of Cu^II complexes with pyridine-containing N₄ Schiff-base ligand L incorporating a biphenyl unit (L = N,N’-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2,2′-diyl)bis(1-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methanimine)). Such a reduction has not yet been observed in previously reported Cu^II complexes with pyridine-containing N₄ Schiff-base ligands, strongly suggesting that the torsional distortion of the ligand framework induced by the biphenyl moiety effectively promotes the complexation-induced reduction of Cu^II to Cu^I. The Cu^I complexes were thoroughly characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The [Cu^I(L)]⁺ complex undergoes a reversible redox process with its oxidized species, which was identified as a Cu^II complex based on spectroelectrochemical measurements and theoretical calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Inorganic Chemistry in Japan)

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10 pages, 1879 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Dependent Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Ga₂O₃ Photocatalyst

by Dayoun Hong, Jiwon Kwak, Hyeongju Cha, Heejoong Ryou, Sunjae Kim, Wan Sik Hwang and Hyunah Kim

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100326 - 30 Sep 2025

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde, are hazardous air pollutants that require efficient and sustainable mitigation strategies. Photocatalytic degradation of VOCs offers a promising pathway; however, its performance is strongly influenced by multiple operational parameters. Here, we present a systematic [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde, are hazardous air pollutants that require efficient and sustainable mitigation strategies. Photocatalytic degradation of VOCs offers a promising pathway; however, its performance is strongly influenced by multiple operational parameters. Here, we present a systematic investigation of toluene degradation under ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation across controlled temperatures using Ga₂O₃ as a photocatalyst. A comprehensive analysis revealed that elevated temperatures enhanced photocatalytic activity by accelerating chemical reaction rates. However, further temperature increases led to a decrease in performance due to a reduction in the reactant adsorption rate. An optimal operating temperature was identified, at which the balance between chemical reaction rates and reactant adsorption yields the highest degradation efficiency. These findings demonstrate Ga₂O₃ as a promising photocatalyst and provide fundamental insights into the temperature-dependent photocatalytic mechanisms governing VOC removal in practical environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications)

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21 pages, 6939 KB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Reversible Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺ Redox in Y₂SiO₅ via Spark Plasma Sintering: Dwell Time-Dependent Luminescence Tuning

by Fernando Juárez-López, Merlina Angélica Navarro-Villanueva, Rubén Cuamatzi-Meléndez, Margarita García-Hernández, María José Soto-Miranda and Angel de Jesús Morales-Ramírez

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100325 - 30 Sep 2025

The present study investigates the luminescent behaviour of sol–gel derived Y₂SiO₅ powders doped with Eu³⁺ ions, subjected to spark plasma sintering. The sintering process induces the partial reduction of Eu³⁺ to Eu²⁺, and the phenomenon is [...] Read more.

The present study investigates the luminescent behaviour of sol–gel derived Y₂SiO₅ powders doped with Eu³⁺ ions, subjected to spark plasma sintering. The sintering process induces the partial reduction of Eu³⁺ to Eu²⁺, and the phenomenon is strongly dependent on the holding time within the SPS chamber. The luminescent properties are tunable via the initial Eu concentration, holding time and excitation wavelength, resulting in a wide range of emission colours from red (Eu³⁺) at 220 nm excitation to blue (Eu²⁺) at 365 nm, and mixed colours at 257 nm. Moreover, the Eu³⁺/Eu²⁺ redox process is reversible. Overall, the results demonstrate that SPS conditions can be exploited to modulate the valence state of luminescent centres, which is reversible by oxidation under ambient conditions, enabling controlled modulation of the optical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare-Earth Luminescent Materials)

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46 pages, 7793 KB

Open AccessReview

MIL Series in MOFs for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Application and Mechanisms

by Yixiang Chen, Yusheng Jiang, Weiping Li, Wei Su, Yi Xing, Shuyan Yu, Wenxin Li, Ying Guo, Duo Zhang, Shanqing Wang, Zhongshan Qian, Chen Hong and Bo Jiang

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100324 - 29 Sep 2025

In global economic integration and rapid urbanization, the equilibrium between resource utilization efficiency and ecological preservation is confronted with significant challenges. Emerging contaminants have further exacerbated environmental pressures and posed threats to the ecosystem and human health. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as [...] Read more.

In global economic integration and rapid urbanization, the equilibrium between resource utilization efficiency and ecological preservation is confronted with significant challenges. Emerging contaminants have further exacerbated environmental pressures and posed threats to the ecosystem and human health. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a prominent area of research in ecological remediation, owing to their distinctive porous configuration, substantial specific surface area, and exceptional chemical stability. The Materials Institute Lavoisier (MIL) series (e.g., MIL-53, MIL-88, MIL-100, MIL-101, and MIL-125) has been shown to effectively promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers and significantly enhance the degradation of organic contaminants. This property renders it highly promising for the photocatalytic degradation of emerging contaminants. This paper provides a concise overview of the classification, synthesis methods, modification strategies, and application effects of MIL series MOFs in the removal of emerging contaminants. The advantages and limitations of MIL series MOFs in environmental remediation are further analyzed. Particularly, we offer insights and support for innovative strategies in the treatment of emerging contaminants, including POPs, PPCPs, VOCs, and microplastics, contributing to technological innovation and development in environmental remediation. Future development of MOFs includes the optimization of the performance of the MILs, reducing the high synthesis costs of MILs, applying MILs in real-environment scenarios, and accurate detection of degradation products of environmental pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 4574 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Heterobimetallic Au(I)–Ru(II) Complex Bridged by dppb: Synthesis, Structural and Solution Characterization, BSA Interaction and In Vivo Toxicity Evaluation in Wistar Rats

by Adnan Zahirović, Sunčica Roca, Muhamed Fočak, Selma Fetahović, Višnja Muzika, Damir Suljević, Anela Topčagić, Maja Mitrašinović-Brulić, Irnesa Osmanković, Debbie C. Crans and Aleksandar Višnjevac

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100323 - 29 Sep 2025

A novel heterobimetallic ruthenium(II)–gold(I) complex featuring a bridging bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) ligand was prepared and fully characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a piano-stool geometry around Ru(II) with η⁶-cymene, two chlorido ligands, and one phosphorus atom from dppb, while the Au(I) center adopts [...] Read more.

A novel heterobimetallic ruthenium(II)–gold(I) complex featuring a bridging bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) ligand was prepared and fully characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed a piano-stool geometry around Ru(II) with η⁶-cymene, two chlorido ligands, and one phosphorus atom from dppb, while the Au(I) center adopts a linear P–Au–Cl coordination. Structural integrity in the solution was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while solution behavior was further monitored by variable solvent ³¹P NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, indicating that the organometallic Ru–arene core remains intact, whereas the chlorido ligands coordinated to Ru exhibit partial lability. Complementary characterization included elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Spectrofluorimetric and FRET analyses showed that Au(dppb), Ru(dppb), and the heterobimetallic AuRu complex bind to BSA with apparent constants of 1.41 × 10⁵, 5.12 × 10², and 2.66 × 10⁴ M⁻¹, respectively, following a static quenching mechanism. In vivo biological evaluation in Wistar rats revealed no significant hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity, with only mild and reversible histological alterations and preserved hepatocyte nuclear morphology. Hematological analysis indicated a statistically significant reduction in leukocyte populations, suggesting immunomodulatory potential, while elevated serum glucose levels point to possible endocrine or metabolic activity. These findings highlight compound structural stability and intriguing bioactivity profile, making it a promising platform for further organometallic drug development and testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3394 KB

Open AccessReview

Progress and Prospect of Sm-Fe-N Magnets

by Tetsuji Saito

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100322 - 29 Sep 2025

High-performance but expensive neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets are widely used in automotive and electrical applications. Prospective candidates for rare-earth-free magnets include Fe-based magnets such as L1₀-FeNi and α″-Fe₁₆N₂ phase. However, these rare-earth-free magnets cannot replace Nd-Fe-B magnets due to [...] Read more.

High-performance but expensive neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets are widely used in automotive and electrical applications. Prospective candidates for rare-earth-free magnets include Fe-based magnets such as L1₀-FeNi and α″-Fe₁₆N₂ phase. However, these rare-earth-free magnets cannot replace Nd-Fe-B magnets due to their lower coercivity. Thus, the development of Sm-based magnets, using the relatively abundant rare-earth element Sm, has become a focus of attention. A promising, cheaper alternative with excellent magnetic properties is the Samarium-iron-nitride (Sm-Fe-N) magnet. This paper describes the production and magnetic properties of Sm-Fe-N powders with Th₂Zn₁₇ and TbCu₇ phases. The production process and magnetic properties of Sm-Fe-N bonded magnets prepared from the powders are also described. Current approaches for producing Sm-Fe-N sintered magnets are included. Full article

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34 pages, 6474 KB

Open AccessReview

Review on Chemistry of Water-Containing Calcium Carbonates and Their Transformations into Amorphous and Crystalline Carbonate Modifications

by Kende Attila Béres, Péter Németh and László Kótai

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100321 - 28 Sep 2025

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is a dominant component of sedimentary rocks and biogenic structures, and is one of the most frequently studied inorganic compounds. It also plays a key role in preparing modern engineered materials. CaCO₃ has three well-known polymorphs, calcite, [...] Read more.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is a dominant component of sedimentary rocks and biogenic structures, and is one of the most frequently studied inorganic compounds. It also plays a key role in preparing modern engineered materials. CaCO₃ has three well-known polymorphs, calcite, aragonite, and vaterite, and four solvatomorphs with diverse crystallographic arrangements, hydration states, reactivity, and stability. Its solvatomorphs include the variable water-containing amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC—CaCO₃·xH₂O) and the crystalline monohydrocalcite (MHC—CaCO₃·H₂O), calcium carbonate hexahydrate (ikaite—CaCO₃·6H₂O), and the recently reported hemihydrate (CCHH—CaCO₃·0.5H₂O). Here, we review the preparation, crystal structure, and properties of these solvatomorphs and discuss their mutual transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Carbonates—from Amorphous Carbonates to Carbonate Complexes)

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21 pages, 5252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photoactive TiO₂ Nanotubes and SILAR-Synthesized PbS/TiO₂ Heterojunctions for Tetracycline Antibiotic Photodegradation

by Safa Jemai, Karim Choubani, Anouar Hajjaji, Syrine Sassi, Mohamed Ben Rabha, Mohammed A. Almeshaal, Bernabé Mari Soucase and Brahim Bessais

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100320 - 27 Sep 2025

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO₂ NTs) decorated with lead sulfide nanoparticles (PbS NPs) were synthesized using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method at different number (n) of cycles (where n = 3, 5, and 8) and evaluated for [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO₂ NTs) decorated with lead sulfide nanoparticles (PbS NPs) were synthesized using the Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method at different number (n) of cycles (where n = 3, 5, and 8) and evaluated for tetracycline (TC) photodegradation under UV light. PbS NPs/TiO₂ NTs heterojunctions prepared with 5 SILAR cycles showed optimal photocatalytic activity. Also, under optimized conditions, pure TiO₂ NTs achieved complete TC photodegradation (99%) within 5 h under UV irradiation, with a proposed degradation mechanism based on holes (h⁺) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as dominant reactive species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Inorganic–Organic Composite Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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30 pages, 5345 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Materials in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Contaminants

by Dan Xu, Heshan Cai, Daguang Li, Feng Chen, Shuwen Han, Xiaojuan Chen, Zhenyi Li, Zebang He, Zhuhong Chen, Jiabao He, Weiyu Huang, Xinyi Tang, Yihuan Wen and Yejun Feng

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100319 - 26 Sep 2025

The increasing presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) has attracted considerable attention due to their potential harm to human health and ecosystems. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), a semiconductor devoid of metals, stands out due to its distinctive optical properties and [...] Read more.

The increasing presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) has attracted considerable attention due to their potential harm to human health and ecosystems. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), a semiconductor devoid of metals, stands out due to its distinctive optical properties and strong resistance to chemical degradation, which holds significant promise in the photocatalytic degradation of ECs. However, the inherent limitations of g-C₃N₄, such as its reduced specific surface area and the swift recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, have prompted extensive research on modification strategies to enhance its photocatalytic performance. Current research on g-C₃N₄-based materials is often constrained in scope, with most reviews focusing solely on modification strategies or its application in degrading a single category of emerging contaminants (ECs). In this review, a systematic overview of synthesis methods and advanced modification strategies for g-C₃N₄-based materials is discussed, highlighting their recent advances in the photocatalytic degradation of various ECs using g-C₃N₄-based materials, which underscores their potential for environmental remediation. Moreover, this article critically examines the current challenges and outlines future research directions, with particular emphasis on integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning to accelerate the development of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts and optimize degradation processes, thereby promoting their efficient application in the photocatalytic degradation of ECs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Photo(electro)catalytic Degradation)

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