Inorganics

18 pages, 4497 KB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Comparison Between Noble Metal (Pd or Ru)-Doped GeS₂ Monolayers as Sensitive Materials upon C₄F₇N Decomposed Gases

by Xinyu Guo, Shouxiao Ma, Yun Liu and Hao Cui

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110348 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work comparably investigates the gas sensing potential of noble metal (Pd and Ru)-doped GeS₂ monolayers upon three C₄F₇N decomposed species (FCN, CF₃CN, and C₂F₄) using the first-principles theory, for operation status [...] Read more.

This work comparably investigates the gas sensing potential of noble metal (Pd and Ru)-doped GeS₂ monolayers upon three C₄F₇N decomposed species (FCN, CF₃CN, and C₂F₄) using the first-principles theory, for operation status evaluation in C₄F₇N-insulated devices. The Pd- and Ru-doping effects on the pristine GeS₂ monolayer are analyzed, followed by the adsorption mechanism and sensing performance of two doped monolayers. Our results demonstrate that while Ru doping induces stronger surface interactions with the GeS₂ substrate and consequently exhibits superior adsorption strengths upon the three gases, the Pd-doped monolayer shows remarkable advantages in charge transfer capability that leads to exceptional room-temperature sensitivity responses of −99.6% (FCN), −95.0% (CF₃CN), and −88.0% (C₂F₄), thus significantly outperforming the Ru-doped system. Combined with the instantaneous recovery for gas desorption, the Pd-GeS₂ monolayer holds significance as an ideal room-temperature sensor to monitor the operation status of C₄F₇N-insulated devices in power systems. This research provides promising insights into the application of GeS₂-based materials for gas sensing in power systems and emphasizes the importance of dopant selection in designing high-performance gas sensing materials, especially for developing advanced electrical equipment monitoring technologies. Full article

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23 pages, 5879 KB

Open AccessReview

Synthesis, Photophysical Mechanisms, and Applications of Luminescent Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halides

by Zhenwen Sheng, Suqin Wang, Bo Shao, Yu He, Zhuang Liu, Hui Zhu and Zhi Sheng

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110347 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) have attracted widespread attention due to their unique chemical properties, excellent electronic performance, and low-cost fabrication processes. These hybrid materials impose fewer size constraints on the organic components, providing an exciting platform for the molecular-level design of new [...] Read more.

Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) have attracted widespread attention due to their unique chemical properties, excellent electronic performance, and low-cost fabrication processes. These hybrid materials impose fewer size constraints on the organic components, providing an exciting platform for the molecular-level design of new materials and functionalities. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in OIMHs. Specifically, we summarize recent advances in their structures, synthetic strategies, and luminescence mechanisms, and highlight their applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), information encryption and anti-counterfeiting, sensors, and X-ray imaging. Finally, we discuss the challenges related to structural design, mechanistic understanding, and stability, along with perspectives on future opportunities for OIMHs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 2734 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of CaO/SiO₂ and MgO/Al₂O₃ on the Metallurgical Properties of Low Boron-Bearing High-Alumina Slag

by Ye Sun, Zuoliang Zhang, Chunlei Wu and Zhenggen Liu

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110346 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

For optimizing the operational efficiency and productivity within blast furnace processes, a profound understanding of the viscous flow characteristics of CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ slag systems is of paramount importance. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive [...] Read more.

For optimizing the operational efficiency and productivity within blast furnace processes, a profound understanding of the viscous flow characteristics of CaO–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃–B₂O₃ slag systems is of paramount importance. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the influence of the CaO/SiO₂ and MgO/Al₂O₃ ratios on the viscosity, break point temperature (T_Br), and activation energy (E_η) of low boron-bearing high-alumina slag. Concurrently, we elucidated the underlying mechanisms through which these ratios affect the viscous behavior of the slag by employing a combination of analytical techniques, including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermodynamic modeling using the Factsage software. The experimental findings reveal that, as the CaO/SiO₂ ratio increases from 1.10 to 1.30, the slag viscosity at 1773 K decreases from 0.316 Pa·s to 0.227 Pa·s, while both the T_Br and E_η exhibit an upward trend, rising from 1534 K and 117.01 kJ·mol⁻¹ to 1583 K and 182.86 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. Conversely, an elevation in the MgO/Al₂O₃ ratio from 0.40 to 0.65 results in a reduction in slag viscosity at 1773 K from 0.290 Pa·s to 0.208 Pa·s, accompanied by a decrease in T_Br from 1567 K to 1542 K. The observed deterioration in slag flow properties can be attributed to an enhanced polymerization degree of complex viscous structural units within the slag matrix. Ultimately, our study identifies that an optimal viscous performance of the slag is achieved when the CaO/SiO₂ ratio is maintained at 1.25 and the MgO/Al₂O₃ ratio is maintained at 0.55, providing valuable insights for the rational design and control of blast furnace slag systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides, 3rd Edition)

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40 pages, 15076 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Formaldehyde Catalytic Oxidation Catalysts

by Gaoxin Sun, Yike Gao, Xue Luo, Linshui Lian, Jing He, Shuwen Xie, Jiayi Su, Tiancheng Liu and Leilei Xu

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110345 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Formaldehyde (HCHO), a colorless gas, is currently a toxic gas that seriously endangers human health and the environment. To effectively remove formaldehyde, catalytic oxidation is considered to be the most promising, widely studied, and applied method. This method utilizes a catalyst to promote [...] Read more.

Formaldehyde (HCHO), a colorless gas, is currently a toxic gas that seriously endangers human health and the environment. To effectively remove formaldehyde, catalytic oxidation is considered to be the most promising, widely studied, and applied method. This method utilizes a catalyst to promote the reaction of HCHO with O₂, converting it into harmless CO₂ and H₂O. In recent years, researchers have developed various catalysts, including noble metal catalysts (such as Pt, Pd) and transition-metal catalysts (such as Co₃O₄, MnO₂), to improve the efficiency of formaldehyde oxidation. In experimental studies, by optimizing the composition, structure, and reaction conditions of the catalyst, the conversion rate and selectivity of formaldehyde can be significantly increased. This article reviews the current research status of noble metal catalysts and transition metal catalysts in the field of formaldehyde catalytic oxidation, discusses the main factors affecting the efficiency of formaldehyde catalytic oxidation in experimental studies, and finally explores the overall reaction mechanism of formaldehyde catalytic oxidation. In summary, formaldehyde catalytic oxidation technology has broad application prospects in indoor air purification, industrial waste gas treatment, etc. Full article

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20 pages, 4378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Magneto-Optical Study on the Tetrahedrally Configured [CoCl₂(1-allylimidazole)₂] and Molecular Docking to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α

by Hela Ferjani, Bruno Poti e Silva, Faizul Azam, Yasmeen G. Abou El-Reash, Tarek Yousef, Nahal Rouzbeh, Leonhard Rochels, Sabrina Disch, Sascha A. Schäfer and Axel Klein

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110344 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Co(II) complex [CoCl₂(AImd)₂] (AImd = 1-allylimidazole) was reinvestigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The previously reported crystal structure was redetermined and Hirshfeld surface analysis and enrichment ratios were added showing that intermolecular H⋯Cl and π⋯π [...] Read more.

The Co(II) complex [CoCl₂(AImd)₂] (AImd = 1-allylimidazole) was reinvestigated using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. The previously reported crystal structure was redetermined and Hirshfeld surface analysis and enrichment ratios were added showing that intermolecular H⋯Cl and π⋯π interactions are the primary forces in the crystal structure, while H⋯H interactions dominate the surface of the molecule, making it rather hydrophobic in keeping with a low solubility in water. A Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM)/Non-Covalent Interactions (NCI)-Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analysis on a dimeric model showed that the energies V(r) of the classical H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds range from −3.64 kcal/mol to −0.75 kcal/mol and were augmented by hydrophobic H⋯C interactions of >1 kcal/mol. T-dependent magnetization measurements reveal paramagnetic behavior with an effective magnetic moment of µ_eff = 4.66(2) µ_B. UV-vis absorption spectra in solution showed intense absorptions peaking at 240 nm, corresponding to intraligand π→π* transitions within the 1-allylimidazole moiety and a structured absorption around 600 nm, which is attributed to the spin-allowed d→d transitions of the high-spin Co(II) d⁷ ion in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. Both assignments were confirmed through TD-DFT calculations on the electronic transitions and agree with the DFT-calculated compositions of the frontier molecular orbitals. Molecular docking to hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) gave a docking score of −5.48 kcal/mol and showed hydrophobic⋯hydrophobic π-stacking interactions with the Ile233, Leu243, Val338, and Leu262 residues. A higher docking score of −6.11 kcal/mol and predominant hydrophobic⋯hydrophobic interactions with Trp296, His279, and Ile281 were found for HIF-1 inhibiting factor (FIH-1). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry for Catalytic and Biomedical Applications)

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11 pages, 2803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation of EPR and Photoluminescence Analysis for Crystalline Defects in Eu³⁺/Yb³⁺-Doped Lutetium Silicate Sol–Gel Powders

by Andrea Danielle Cancino-Moreno, Arturo López-Marure, Stephany Natasha Arellano-Ahumada, Daniel Ramírez-Rosales and Margarita García-Hernández

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110343 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Crystalline defects such as oxygen vacancies have been studied little by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for silicate-based luminescent materials. In this study, lutetium oxyorthosilicate powders were prepared by the sol–gel method, using TEOS (silicon source) and rare earth salts as precursors. The [...] Read more.

Crystalline defects such as oxygen vacancies have been studied little by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for silicate-based luminescent materials. In this study, lutetium oxyorthosilicate powders were prepared by the sol–gel method, using TEOS (silicon source) and rare earth salts as precursors. The cross-linking agent, Glymo, contributed silicon atoms to the precursor solution in all systems. The addition of Glymo to Lu₂SiO₅, Lu₂SiO₅:Eu and Lu₂SiO₅:Eu/Yb influenced the morphology and chemical structure of the powders, leading to Lu₂Si₂O₇ formation. The crystalline defects in the lutetium silicate systems were investigated by EPR spectroscopy, and several defects related to oxygen were identified, as well as impurities from the precursors. Photoluminescence emission spectra revealed Eu³⁺ transitions between ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₀, ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₁ and ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ under 258 nm excitation, in addition to oxygen vacancy emissions between 500 and 550 nm. Oxygen vacancies were identified and confirmed by correlating EPR and photoluminescence studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phosphors: Synthesis, Properties, and Structures)

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20 pages, 6093 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrative Biosynthetic Approach to Silver Nanoparticles: Optimization Modeling, and Antimicrobial Assessment

by Emad Abada, Mukul Sharma, Asmaa A. Alharbi, Shifaa O. Alshammari, Amani Alhejely, Yosra Modafer, Wail Alsolami, Ibrahim Y. Y. Sumaily and Mari Sumayli

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110342 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are valued for their antimicrobial properties, but conventional synthesis often involves toxic chemicals. Eco-friendly biosynthesis using silver-tolerant microbes from contaminated sites offers a sustainable alternative. This study biosynthesized and characterized AgNPs using a native Bacillus sp. from contaminated soil in [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are valued for their antimicrobial properties, but conventional synthesis often involves toxic chemicals. Eco-friendly biosynthesis using silver-tolerant microbes from contaminated sites offers a sustainable alternative. This study biosynthesized and characterized AgNPs using a native Bacillus sp. from contaminated soil in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, and developed predictive models for optimizing synthesis and antimicrobial activity. AgNPs were synthesized under optimized conditions (1.0 mM AgNO₃, 4.0 mL supernatant, pH 8, 85 °C). Characterization using UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR assessed size, shape, structure, and chemistry. Gaussian and second models evaluated yield and inhibition zones based on AgNP concentration, microorganism type, and MIC. The AgNPs were spherical with diameters of 5–10 nm. The optimal nanoparticle yield occurs when the parameters are at their optimal values; C₀ = 1.0 mM, V₀ = 4.0 mL, pH₀ = 8, T₀ = 85 °C. XRD confirmed their crystalline nature, and FTIR showed biomolecular capping agents for stabilization. The Gaussian model accurately predicted synthesis efficiency, validated by 3D plots matching experimental data. The AgNPs showed strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) (ATCC6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC12600), Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC11775) and fungi Candida albicans (ATCC10231); with E. coli having the lowest MIC (1.87 μg/mL). The inhibition zone model closely matched observed data. Biosynthesized AgNPs using silver-tolerant Bacillus sp. demonstrated potent antimicrobial effects and provide a green alternative to chemical synthesis. Integrating modeling optimizes biosynthesis and predicts biological performance, supporting future nanobiotechnology and antimicrobial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metallic Nanoparticles for Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Control)

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33 pages, 4607 KB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles as a Prerequisite for Their Successful Biomedical Applications

by Anastasia Ntolia, Theofania Chatzigiannakou, Nikolaos Michailidis and Amalia Aggeli

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100341 - 21 Oct 2025

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are highly promising components for the development of innovative biomedical products. However, a critical issue remains the insufficient deep and quantitative understanding of their fundamental physicochemical properties. These properties essentially govern the bioactivity of silver nanoparticles and, consequently, the success [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are highly promising components for the development of innovative biomedical products. However, a critical issue remains the insufficient deep and quantitative understanding of their fundamental physicochemical properties. These properties essentially govern the bioactivity of silver nanoparticles and, consequently, the success of their biomedical applications. Current characterization methods do not fully capture the complex nature of AgNPs, leaving key questions unresolved, such as detailed surface properties, dynamic interactions in real biological environments, long-term changes, and the release of silver ions—all factors that influence the toxicity and performance of the nanoparticles. This gap in knowledge complicates the reproducibility of experiments, comparison of results, and proper evaluation of potential health risks associated with their use. While advanced techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) further significantly our understanding, they still do not fully meet all the demands for understanding silver nanoparticles. Specifically, these methods face limitations in monitoring the dynamic and complex interactions of nanoparticles within real biological settings, especially physicochemical properties that are linked to toxicity and also the biological. Therefore, despite their invaluable role, these techniques represent only part of the solution for the thorough understanding and assessment of the biomedical performance of AgNPs, highlighting the need for continued research to ensure their safe and efficient biomedical utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Inorganic Biomaterials for Molecular Sensing and Biomedical Applications, 2nd Edition)

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3 pages, 148 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Optical and Quantum Electronics: Physics and Materials

by Sergio Jiménez-Sandoval

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100340 - 21 Oct 2025

Abstract

The field of optical and quantum electronics (OQE) is a pillar of current technology
and scientific development. [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Quantum Electronics: Physics and Materials)

17 pages, 1717 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Supramolecular Forces on the Magnetic and Optical Properties of Bis(2-amino-6-bromopyridinium) Tetrachloridocuprate (C₅H₆BrN₂)₂[CuCl₄]

by Lokmen Ghorbali, Vladimir Kjartan Stojadinovic, Axel Klein and Hammouda Chebbi

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100339 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

The organic/inorganic hybrid compound bis(2-amino-6-bromopyridinium) tetrachloridocuprate(II) (HABPy)₂[CuCl₄] was synthesized in crystalline form in a 77% yield from aqueous HCl solutions containing Cu(OAc)₂ and 2-amino-6-bromopyridine (ABPy). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic, centrosymmetric [...] Read more.

The organic/inorganic hybrid compound bis(2-amino-6-bromopyridinium) tetrachloridocuprate(II) (HABPy)₂[CuCl₄] was synthesized in crystalline form in a 77% yield from aqueous HCl solutions containing Cu(OAc)₂ and 2-amino-6-bromopyridine (ABPy). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic, centrosymmetric space group C2/c. The Cu atom shows a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry with a τ₄ value of 0.69 (τ₄ = 1 for a perfect tetrahedron). The structure consists of organic (HABPy)⁺ cation layers at z = 0 and z = ½, alternating with inorganic [CuCl₄]²⁻ dianion layers at z = ¼ and z = ¾. These layers, parallel to the (001) plane, are interconnected by a plethora of supramolecular forces such as N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the purity of the synthesized bulk material. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy support the protonation of the pyridine N atom. Hirshfeld surface analysis allowed us to further study the supramolecular forces in the crystal structure. The material shows purely paramagnetic behavior according to S = ½ with an effective magnetic moment µ_eff of 1.85 µB and a g factor of 2.14, in keeping with magnetically isolated [CuCl₄]²⁻ dianions. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of the orange-red material showed a tiny band at 314 nm and an intense band peaking at 622 nm. The optical gap was found to be 2.25 eV. The photoluminescence spectrum shows a partially structured band with maxima at 416 and 436 nm when irradiating at 370 nm, the wavelength of the maximum band found in the excitation spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Chemistry: Prediction, Synthesis and Catalysis)

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13 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Catalytic Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Containing Polypyridine and Phosphorus–Nitrogen Ligands in the Hydrogen Transfer of Acetophenone

by César Zúñiga, Mauricio Fuentealba, Elizabeth Olave, Diego P. Oyarzún, Andrés Aracena, Mauricio Yañez-S, Plinio Cantero-López and Pedro A. Aguirre

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100338 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of [...] Read more.

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel rhenium(I) complex incorporating a phosphorus–nitrogen (P,N) ligand. The compound crystallizes in a distorted octahedral geometry, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complexes were evaluated as catalysts in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone using 2-propanol as the hydrogen source. Comparative studies with other rhenium(I) complexes bearing polypyridine ligands revealed high catalytic performance, achieving conversions between 68% and 99%. These results highlight the promising potential of P,N-ligand rhenium complexes in homogeneous transfer hydrogenation catalysis. The optimal reaction time was found to be 4 h for the complexes studied, with only the fac-[Re(CO)₃(PN)Cl] complex showing improved conversion upon extending the reaction time to 7 h, likely due to the donor effects provided by the P,N-ligand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Novel Coordination and Organometallic Complexes)

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26 pages, 3809 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Inorganic Nanomaterials for Tumor Microenvironment Modulation

by Zhenqi Jiang, Hui Xiang and Xiaoying Tang

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100337 - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia; acidic pH; oxidative stress; and immune suppression; all of which severely impair the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies. Recent advances in inorganic nanotechnology have led to the development of smart nanomaterials capable of modulating these [...] Read more.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by hypoxia; acidic pH; oxidative stress; and immune suppression; all of which severely impair the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies. Recent advances in inorganic nanotechnology have led to the development of smart nanomaterials capable of modulating these abnormal features; thereby reprogramming the TME toward a more therapy-responsive state. Inorganic nanomaterials such as manganese dioxide; iron oxide; and cerium oxide can selectively alleviate hypoxia; buffer acidity; regulate redox balance; and even stimulate anti-tumor immunity through catalytic or structural mechanisms. These materials can further serve as carriers for stimuli-responsive drug delivery; enabling synergistic therapies that include chemodynamic; photothermal; and immunomodulatory treatments. This review summarizes recent developments in smart inorganic nanomaterials for TME modulation; discusses design considerations including biosafety and biodegradability; and evaluates the current translational status and future directions. Such strategies represent a promising leap toward precise and personalized cancer nanomedicine Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2025)

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18 pages, 2041 KB

Open AccessReview

Chiral Transition Metal Complexes Featuring Limonene-Derived Ligands: Roles in Catalysis and Biology

by Ghaita Chahboun, Mohamed El Hllafi, Eva Royo and Mohamed Amin El Amrani

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100336 - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Chiral coordination compounds are of growing interest due to their structural diversity and wide applicability. Besides chirality, alcohol and especially oxime-functionalized limonene derivatives confer water solubility, stability, and the appropriate reactivity to enable their use in asymmetric catalysis—such as allylic substitution, alkynylation, transfer [...] Read more.

Chiral coordination compounds are of growing interest due to their structural diversity and wide applicability. Besides chirality, alcohol and especially oxime-functionalized limonene derivatives confer water solubility, stability, and the appropriate reactivity to enable their use in asymmetric catalysis—such as allylic substitution, alkynylation, transfer hydrogenation, and selective C–C bond formation. Biologically, they have shown promising anticancer, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity. This review presents an integrated overview of the synthesis, properties, and applications of chiral transition metal complexes featuring ligands derived from inexpensive, naturally occurring R- and S-limonene substrates, and explore their roles in catalysis and biological activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Properties of Gold(III) Complexes with Hydrazones Derived from Vitamin B₆

by Daria V. Petrova, Aleksandra K. Isagulieva, Olga N. Sineva, Vera S. Sadykova, Maksim N. Zavalishin and George A. Gamov

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100335 - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rise in the number of cancer cases and the dissemination of strains with multiple drug resistance in the world pose a serious threat to public health care and human well-being. The design and study of new chemotherapeutic agents for cancer and infectious [...] Read more.

The rise in the number of cancer cases and the dissemination of strains with multiple drug resistance in the world pose a serious threat to public health care and human well-being. The design and study of new chemotherapeutic agents for cancer and infectious diseases are hot topics in science. Hydrazones, a versatile and diverse class of chemical compounds, gained a lot of attention as a promising base for future drugs. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of eight new gold(III) complexes with hydrazones derived from pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and pyridoxal. The complexes are thoroughly characterized using IR, ¹H, ³¹P NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effect of twelve various hydrazones derived from pyridoxal 5′-phosphate on both immortalized (HEK293T) and tumor (HCT116) human cell lines was estimated using the MTT assay. In addition, this contribution describes the antibacterial action of complexes of gold(III) and pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-derived hydrazones, as well as the mixtures of the solutions containing tetrachloroaurate(III) and hydrazones, using the zone of inhibition test. Gold(III) complexes exhibit moderate antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while free hydrazones show low cytotoxicity and thus could be considered relatively safe for humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noble Metals in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry)

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16 pages, 2926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterisation, DFT Study and Biological Evaluation of Complexes Derived from Transition Metal and Mixed Ligands

by Enas H. Mohammed, Eman R. Mohammed, Eman M. Yahya and Mohammed Alsultan

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100334 - 6 Oct 2025

Abstract

This research prepared and characterised novel mixed coordination complexes derived from escitalopram with eugenol and curcumin to form (L₁) and (L₂), respectively. The complexes were prepared via Williamson ether synthesis and analysed by FTIR, UV–Vis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, elemental [...] Read more.

This research prepared and characterised novel mixed coordination complexes derived from escitalopram with eugenol and curcumin to form (L₁) and (L₂), respectively. The complexes were prepared via Williamson ether synthesis and analysed by FTIR, UV–Vis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility. The results confirmed their octahedral geometries. Magnetic investigation reported high-spin configurations for Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes, whereas Cu(II) exhibited a distorted octahedral arrangement with characteristic d–d transitions. In addition, the calculation of Density functional theory (DFT) provided more insight into the detailed structural and electronic properties of the new ligand and its complexes. Antimicrobial compounds were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans through the agar well diffusion method. The reported results revealed that Cobalt complexes showed antimicrobial activity followed by Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) and Manganese(Mn) complexes, respectively, due to an increase in Co-lipophilicity, which leads to improved diffusion through microbial cell membranes. The research findings confirmed that escitalopram-based mixed ligands coordinate with transition metals and could have significant biological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Structure and Biological Evaluation)

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12 pages, 2104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Accessible Thermoelectric Characterization: Development and Validation of Two Modular Room Temperature Measurement Instruments

by František Mihok, Katarína Gáborová, Viktor Puchý and Karel Saksl

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100333 - 4 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper describes two low-cost, modular instruments developed for rapid room-temperature characterization of mainly thermoelectrics. The first instrument measures the Seebeck coefficient across diverse sample geometries and incorporates a four-point probe configuration for simultaneous electrical conductivity measurement, including disk-shaped samples. The second instrument [...] Read more.

This paper describes two low-cost, modular instruments developed for rapid room-temperature characterization of mainly thermoelectrics. The first instrument measures the Seebeck coefficient across diverse sample geometries and incorporates a four-point probe configuration for simultaneous electrical conductivity measurement, including disk-shaped samples. The second instrument implements the Van der Pauw method, enabling detailed investigation of charge carrier behavior within materials. Both devices prioritize accessibility, constructed primarily from 3D-printed components, basic hardware, and readily available instrumentation, ensuring ease of reproduction and modification. A unique calibration protocol using pure elemental disks and materials with well-established properties was employed for both instruments. Validation against comparable systems confirmed reliable operation. Control and data acquisition software for both devices was developed in-house and is fully documented and does not require an experienced operator. We demonstrate the utility of these instruments by characterizing the electronic properties of polycrystalline SnSe thermoelectric materials doped with Bi, Ag, and In. The results reveal highly complex charge carrier behavior significantly influenced by both dopant type and concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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32 pages, 3558 KB

Open AccessReview

Thermoelectric Materials for Spintronics: From Physical Principles to Innovative Half Metallic Ferromagnets, Devices, and Future Perspectives

by Alessandro Difalco and Alberto Castellero

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100332 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Over the last century, improvements in computational power resulting from the exponential growth of microelectronics have been the driving force of outstanding global economic growth as well as of deep changes in society and ethical values. Manufacturing of silicon-based memory cells has, as [...] Read more.

Over the last century, improvements in computational power resulting from the exponential growth of microelectronics have been the driving force of outstanding global economic growth as well as of deep changes in society and ethical values. Manufacturing of silicon-based memory cells has, as a matter of fact, become an industry of strategic importance also from a geopolitical perspective. Despite such advancements, a lot of concern has recently aroused as physical limitations such as tunnel-effect phenomena, current leakage, and high power consumption are increasingly hindering further improvements in dynamic random-access memory. Spintronic technologies are promising alternatives to overcome such issues, being considered no longer merely an academic subject of interest, but increasingly becoming an industrial reality. In this review work, the history and the physical principles of spintronic devices are presented, focussing on new, groundbreaking materials. Concepts are exposed step by step and in an easy-to-understand manner, allowing even researchers who are not specialized in the fields of spintronics, microelectronics, and hardware engineering to understand the fundamentals and gain initial insight into the topic. Special attention is paid to half-metallic ferromagnets and Heusler alloys, which are considered among the most promising materials for the future of spintronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermoelectric Materials, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 3501 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study of the Optical, Structural, and Morphological Properties of Chemically Deposited ZnO Thin Films

by Sayra Guadalupe Ruvalcaba-Manzo, Rafael Ramírez-Bon, Ramón Ochoa-Landín and Santos Jesús Castillo

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100331 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, which depend on its optical, structural, and morphological characteristics. In this study, we synthesized ZnO thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and then thermally annealed them at 400 °C [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor with optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, which depend on its optical, structural, and morphological characteristics. In this study, we synthesized ZnO thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) and then thermally annealed them at 400 °C and 600 °C to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments. We characterized their structural, optical, morphological, and chemical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical bandgap values were 3.20 eV for the as-grown thin films, and 3.23 eV and 3.21 eV after annealing at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively. SEM micrographs revealed a change from elongated agglomerates in the as-grown thin films to uniform flower-like structures after annealing at 600 °C. XPS analysis confirmed ZnO formation in all samples, and we detected residual precursor species only in the as-grown thin films, which were completely removed by annealing at 600 °C. These results demonstrate that the CBD synthesis of ZnO can tune its optical and morphological properties through thermal annealing, making it suitable for optoelectronic, sensing, and photocatalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Papers in Inorganic Materials 2025)

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21 pages, 1982 KB

Open AccessReview

Use of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Compounds (NHCs) Under Sustainable Conditions—An Update

by Abdelkarim El Qami, Adrien Kibongui-Fila and Sabine Berteina-Raboin

Inorganics 2025, 13(10), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13100330 - 1 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this review, we focused on advances made over the last two decades in the field of catalysis using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which can be used for metallic or non-metallic catalysis. We listed the advantages of these NHCs and their modes of [...] Read more.

In this review, we focused on advances made over the last two decades in the field of catalysis using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which can be used for metallic or non-metallic catalysis. We listed the advantages of these NHCs and their modes of action in various couplings. With regard to metal catalysis, we have focused here on palladium and nickel catalysis, and then we looked at their use without transition metals. The work mentioned, in this review, only concerns research carried out under sustainable conditions, both in terms of the types of reactions and reaction conditions used (solvents, quantities, accessibility, and easy purification). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings)

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Inorganics

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