RNA viruses are the fastest evolving known biological entities. Consequently, the sequence similarity between homologous viral proteins disappears quickly, limiting the usability of traditional sequence-based phylogenetic methods in the reconstructio...
The genomes of RNA viruses contain a variety of RNA sequences and structures that regulate different steps in virus reproduction. Events that are controlled by RNA elements include (i) the translation of viral proteins, (ii) the replication of viral...
When designing live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidates, attenuating mutations can be developed through biologic selection or reverse-genetic manipulation and may include point mutations, codon and gene deletions, and geno...
The Gag polyprotein is implied in the budding as well as the establishment of the supramolecular architecture of infectious retroviral particles. It is also involved in the early phases of the replication of retroviruses by protecting and transportin...
Membrane targeting by the Gag proteins of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV types-1 and -2) is mediated by Gag’s N-terminally myristylated matrix (MA) domain and is dependent on cellular phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. To det...
The non-structural protein NS1 of influenza A viruses is an RNA-binding protein of which its activities in the infected cell contribute to the success of the viral cycle, notably through interferon antagonism. We have previously shown that NS1 strong...
The Yezo virus (YEZV) is a recently discovered tick-borne orthonairovirus with pathogenic potential, causing acute febrile illness in humans. Viral nucleoproteins (N) play a key role in genome packaging, replication, and modulation of host immune res...
Zika virus (ZIKV)—a member of the Flaviviridae family—is an important human pathogen. Its genome encodes a polyprotein that can be further processed into structural and non-structural proteins. ZIKV protease is an important target for antiviral devel...
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a member of the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) family of viruses. The most recent global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has shown the major threat that RNA viruses can pose to humanity. In comparison, influenza has an...
Background: Hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary surface protein of the influenza A virus, determining its subtype and antigenic properties. Traditional subtype classification methods rely on DNA or amino acid sequence analysis, which does not account f...
Viral infections are responsible for numerous deaths worldwide. Flaviviruses, which contain RNA as their genetic material, are one of the most pathogenic families of viruses. There is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that their 5’ an...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is the cause of a significant viral disease affecting humans, which has spread throughout many South American countries and has also become a threat to Southeastern Asia. This commentary discusses the article “Crystal structure of u...
Dengue virus (DENV) presents a significant threat to global public health with more than 500,000 hospitalizations and 25,000 deaths annually. Currently, there is no clinically approved antiviral drug to treat DENV infection. The envelope (E) glycopro...
A tertiary structure governs, to a great extent, the biological activity of a protein in the living cell and is consequently a central focus of numerous studies aiming to shed light on cellular processes central to human health. Here, we aim to eluci...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is a positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Arteriviridae. The Gp5/M dimer, the major component of the viral envelope, is required for virus budding and is an antibody target. We used alphafold2,...
The 5′-proximal region of the citrus tristeza virus (CTV) RNA genome is a hub where several elements involved in different facets of the virus cycle reside, including the sequences driving the production of the viral long non-coding RNA (lncRNA...
Selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) is a widely used technique for RNA structure analysis using N-methylisatoic anhydride (NMIA) treatment that has been proven to be applicable to different types of RNA template...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent throughout the world and has caused great economic losses to the swine industry. Nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) is a superfamily 1 helicase participating in multiple processes...
A series of new conjugated compounds with a –SCH2– linkage were synthesized by chemical methods from imidazole and coumarin derivatives. The experimental results indicate that of the twenty newly synthesized imidazole–coumarin conjugates, three of th...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted orthoflavivirus that caused an epidemic in 2015–2016 in the Americas and raised serious global health concerns due to its association with congenital brain anomalies when infections occur during pregn...
Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), a major pathogen threatening global citrus production, remains poorly characterized in terms of its regional genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive population ge...
Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) is an important geminivirus that infects cucurbit crops and is widely distributed across Asia. To elucidate its population structure and molecular evolution, 101 DNA-A and 67 DNA-B strain sequences of SLCCNV that...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/NS4A serine protease is essential for viral replication, which is regarded as a promising drug target for developing direct-acting anti-HCV agents. In this study, sixteen novel compounds with cell-based HCV replicon activi...
Influenza is an important research subject around the world because of its threat to humanity. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and sporadic, but dangerous pandemics. A rapid antigen changes and recombination of the viral RNA genome...
The influenza A virus is a human pathogen causing respiratory infections. The ability of this virus to trigger seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics is a result of its high genetic variability, leading to the ineffectiveness of vaccinations and c...
Poliovirus (PV) is on the brink of eradication due to global vaccination programs utilizing live-attenuated oral and inactivated polio vaccines. Recombinant PV virus-like particles (VLPs) are emerging as a safe next-generation vaccine candidate for t...
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging Alphavirus which causes millions of human infections every year. Outbreaks have been reported in Africa and Asia since the early 1950s, from three CHIKV lineages: West African, East Central South African, and...
Influenza virus outbreaks remain a persistent public health concern, yet traditional metabolomics methods are inadequate for addressing key analytical challenges of “dark matter” in influenza research. By integrating quantitative MS1 data...
Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) is an economically important bipartite begomovirus in the agro-ecological regions in south and western Asia. This study was designed to investigate the sequence variation dynamics, regional delineation, gene...
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a growing health concern. It causes a severe disease that can lead to permanent neurological complications or death and the incidence of TBEV infections is constantly rising. Our understanding of TBEV’s s...
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the Retroviridae family. It is the causative agent of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats and wild felines. Its capsid protein (CA) drives the assembly of the viral particle, which i...
Virus-like particles are a well-established platform for vaccines, although the molecular mechanisms that underlie the extraordinary potency of many virus-like particles in eliciting strong antibody responses remain incompletely understood. Here, we...
Measles virus (MeV), a highly contagious member of the Paramyxoviridae family, causes measles in humans. The Paramyxoviridae family of negative single-stranded enveloped viruses includes several important human and animal pathogens, with MeV causing...
Here we present a set of new structural elements formed within the open reading frame of the virus, which are highly probable, evolutionarily conserved and may interact with host proteins. This work focused on the coding regions of the CVB3 genome (p...
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus with a fatality rate of up to 92% in humans. While several pathogenic mechanisms used by NiV to counteract host immune defense responses have been described, all of the processes that take place in cells...
The virions of plant viruses and their structurally modified particles (SP) represent valuable platforms for recombinant vaccine epitopes and antitumor agents. The possibility of modifying their surface with biological compounds makes them a tool for...
Haseki tick virus (HSTV) is a recently discovered virus detected in human serum following tick bites, yet its protein repertoire remains uncharacterized. In this study, we applied an integrative approach based first on membrane topology prediction, f...
The invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, is a major pest in soybeans, resulting in substantial economic loss. We analyzed the A. glycines transcriptome to identify sequences derived from viruses of A. glycines. We identified sequences derived from...
Dengue virus (DENV) is a global health problem, with over half of the world’s population at risk for infection. Despite this, there is only one licensed vaccine available to prevent infection and safety concerns limit immunization to only a sub...
The high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the human population has triggered intensive research efforts that have led to the development of curative antiviral therapy. Moreover, HCV has become a role model to study fundamental princ...
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) that can cause severe encephalitis in humans with a case–fatality rate as high as 11%. Patients who survive severe encephalitic disease can develop long-term neurological sequelae that can...
The Flaviviridae family comprises a number of human pathogens, which, although sharing structural and functional features, cause diseases with very different outcomes. This can be explained by the plurality of functions exerted by the few proteins co...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Both viruses lead to widespread infection and death. SARS-C...
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that poses an emerging threat to humans. In a manner similar to other RNA viruses, CHIKV encodes an error-prone RNA polymerase which, in addition to producing full-length genomes, gives rise to...
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype of the genus Orbivirus, infects livestock, causing high morbidity and mortality and impacting global trade. BTV is a non-enveloped, double-capsid virus, composed of seven structural proteins and a genome of 10 do...
RNA synthesis in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a negative-sense (−) nonsegmented RNA virus, consists of viral gene transcription and genome replication. Gene transcription includes the positive-sense (+) viral mRNA synthesis, 5′-RNA capping and...
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is the etiological agent of chronic paralysis, an infectious and contagious disease in adult honeybees. CBPV is a positive single-stranded RNA virus which contains two major viral RNA fragments. RNA 1 (3674 nt) and...
Dengue virus (DENV) is a major global health problem, with over half of the world’s population at risk of infection. Despite over 60 years of efforts, no licensed vaccine suitable for population-based immunization against DENV is available. Here, we...
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes serious clinical problems, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current antiviral treatments suppress HBV; however, the clinical cure rate remains low. Basic research on HBV is indispensable to...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is inflammation and swelling of the brain caused by the JE virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne member of the Flavivirus family. There are around 68,000 JE cases worldwide each year, many of which result in permanent brain damage...
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