2020 Viruses 2020 - 150 articles
Barcelona, Spain | 5–7 February 2020
Volume Editors:
Eric O. Freed, NCI-Frederick, USA
Albert Bosch, University of Barcelona, Spain
The Proceedings Editorial Office has been made aware that there is fake affiliation information. [...]
Flaviviruses are enveloped, arthropod-borne, positive-strand RNA viruses that cause significant human disease. While the basic mechanisms of flavivirus entry and fusion are understood, little is known about the postfusion events that precede RNA repl...
The cosmopolitan insect-pathogenic fungus and popular biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana can be used to control Anopheles mosquito populations and restrict the spread of malaria, the deadliest vector-borne infectious disease in the world caused by t...
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne emerging pathogen causing febrile illness. ZIKV is associated with the Guillain–Barré syndrome and other neurological complications. The vertical transmission of ZIKV can cause fetus demise, stillb...
Papaya sticky disease (PSD) is a severe disease that can destroy papaya trees. PSD is associated with a complex formed between a toti-like virus, Papaya meleira virus (PMeV), and an umbra-like virus—Papaya meleira virus 2 (PMeV2). PSD symptoms...
Negeviruses (NVs) are a recently discovered taxon of enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, infecting blood-sucking insects. While classical arthropod-borne (arbo)viruses like dengue and Chikungunya infect both insects and vertebrat...
Introduction: Pyroptosis (inflammatory programmed cell death) is induced after the activation of an inflammasome, ultimately resulting in pore formation and cell lysis. One factor in the pathology associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infec...
Marburg virus (MARV) presents with a hemorrhagic fever in primates but asymptomatically in its known reservoir, the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus, ERB). Understanding the biological mechanisms that explain these differential outcomes c...
The human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, is a major cause of respiratory illness, primarily in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Having a fundamental understanding of the viral evasion of i...
Many viruses transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods have emerged worldwide and cause serious human and animal diseases. Arthropod-borne (arbo-)viruses possess a peculiar capacity to replicate in very different hosts, such as mosquitoes and mammals (...
Positive-strand RNA viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), induce the extensive rearrangement of intracellular membranes that serve as a scaffold for the assembly of the viral replication machinery. In the case of DENV, the main endomembrane ultrastru...
Most DNA viruses must amplify their DNA to form new viral particles. To kickstart their DNA amplification, herpesviruses alter the host cell cycle dynamics by halting G1/S progression. Soon after, the viruses begin amplifying their DNA and halt any d...
Since emerging in French Polynesia and Brazil in the 2010s, Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with fetal congenital disease. Previous studies have compared ancestral and epidemic ZIKV strains to identify strain differences that may contribute to...
Integral membrane proteins (MP) exhibit specific tridimensional conformation and topology that define their various functions. Pathogen surface antigens, encompassing many MP, are at the forefront of the viral strategy which is broadly targeted by th...
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have greatly enhanced our ability to identify new viral pathogens in various types of biological samples. This approach has led to the discovery of new viruses and has revealed hidden associations of viro...
Hosts mount prudently tuned responses to viral infection in an attempt to block nearly every step of the replication cycle. Viruses must adapt to replicate in this hostile antiviral cellular state. Interferon stimulation or pathogen challenge robustl...
Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBs) bind to single-stranded DNA in a sequence-independent manner to prevent formation of secondary structures and protect DNA from nuclease degradation. These ubiquitous proteins are present in prokaryotes, euk...
The human DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), composed of the heterodimeric protein Ku and catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs, is a sensor of double-strand DNA breaks in the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway. The key role of DNA-PK in the post...
The development of a prophylactic vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of paramount importance in the global drive to halt the spread of the virus. Even after the successful discovery and initial testing of a vaccine candidate,...
Human rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of the common cold worldwide. To date, more than 160 serotypes of the virus have been recognized. These viruses are categorized into three major groups: A, B, and C. There are currently no approved vaccines...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-sense RNA virus that interacts with a human-liver-specific microRNA, termed miR-122. miR-122 binds to two sites in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome, and this interaction promotes HCV RNA accum...
Introduction: Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) share the same basic structure as proteinogenic amino acids. However, UAAs permit additional functions and applications to proteins due to their different side chains. Recent UAA applications include using f...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that latently infects hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Individuals with a competent immune system are, for the most part, asymptomatic for the disease. However when a latently infected indiv...
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Nairoviridae family. The virus, as well as ticks of the Hyalomma genus, which serve as its reservoir host, are found in parts of Africa, western Asia, and southern E...
Seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections can cause significant disease worldwide. Current vaccines only provide limited, short-lived protection, and antigenic drift/shift in the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein necessitates their annua...
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging arbovirus that causes infections worldwide. Clinical manifestations of the infection vary from asymptomatic to fatal illness when it reaches the central nervous system. To date, vaccine and specific antiviral trea...
Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) is a class I fusion protein whose maturation is dependent on furin-mediated processing. EBOV-GP is heavily glycosylated, with glycans constituting ~50% of its molecular mass. Compared with 15 N-linked glycosylatio...
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus, has caused severe damage to the swine industry. Although viruses are believed to hijack the microtubule-based transport system, the exact manner of PEDV moving along micr...
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) has remarkable genetic diversity and exists as eight genotypes (1 to 8) with distinct geographic distributions. No complete genome sequence of HCV subtype 2b (HCV-2b) is available from Latin American countries, and the fac...
Introduction: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe disease of humans caused by CCHF orthonairovirus (CCHFV), a class 4 pathogen. Hyalomma ticks are the viral reservoir, and they represent the main vector. CCHFV can be transmitted to its...
Herpesvirus genomes are decoded by host RNA polymerase enzymes, generating messenger ribonucleotides (mRNA) that are post-transcriptionally modified and exported to the cytoplasm through the combined work of host and viral factors. These viral mRNA b...
Some viruses are released from cells as pools of membrane-associated virions. By increasing the multiplicity of infection, this type of collective dispersal could favor viral cooperation, but also the emergence of cheater-like viruses, such as defect...
Numerous interventions are currently in the process of clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, including the use of small molecules that target viral transcription and replication. These processes are catalyzed by a comp...
Herpesviruses usurp host cell protein synthesis machinery to convert viral mRNAs into proteins, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to ensure the proper folding, post-translational modification and trafficking of secreted and transmembrane viral prote...
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), like other herpes and dsDNA viruses, possesses unique properties derived from their genome architecture. The HCMV genome is composed of two unique domains: long (L) and short (S). Each domain contains a central unique re...
The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health...
During the late phase of the HIV-1 replication cycle, the Gag polyproteins are transported to the plasma membrane (PM) for assembly. Gag targeting and assembly on the PM is dependent on interactions between its matrix (MA) domain and phosphatidylinos...
Paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) is a human retrotransposon-derived imprinted gene. Previous works have demonstrated that a mutation in the coding sequence of this gene is lethal with regard to embryological age due to defects of placental develo...
Similar to other flaviviruses, Zika virus (ZIKV) produces abundant subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) derived from the 3’ untranslated region. The molecular mechanisms that determine the functions of sfRNA are currently not completely understood. Here...
RNA viruses are characterized by their extreme mutation rates, which play key roles in their biology and give them the ability to rapidly adapt to new environments. However, non-synonymous mutations tend to be largely deleterious to protein function,...
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted to humans through mosquitoes and causes Chikungunya fever. Nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) contains an N-terminal RNA helicase with both nucleotide triphosphatase and RNA triphosphatase activities, and a C-term...
The viral order Mononegavirales consist of eight virus families. Members of these families include some of the most infectious (Measles, lethal (Ebola and Rabies), and most common viruses (Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV). Despite their medical impo...
Single-stranded RNA viral genomes (gRNA) are dynamic molecules that permit packaging into virions and their subsequent extrusion during infection. For viruses with such genomes, we discovered a previously unsuspected mechanism that regulates their as...
Plotka, M.; Kapusta, M.; Dorawa, S.; Kaczorowska, A.-K.; Kaczorowski, T. Ts2631 Endolysin from the Extremophilic Thermus scotoductus Bacteriophage vB_Tsc2631 as an Antimicrobial Agent against Gram-Negative Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Viruses 2019,...
The vast majority of the world’s population is exposed to beta-herpesviruses during early childhood. After the primary infection, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) can establish a lifelong persistence. The role of HHV-6 in the development of neurodegenerat...
TRIM5α is a cytoplasmic antiviral effector induced by type I interferons (IFN-I) that has the potential to intercept incoming retroviruses by interacting with their capsid core, leading to uncoating induction and the partial degradation of core...
Background: A Src kinase-activating phosphatase (PTPRE) is targeted by a genome-derived yellow fever virus (YFV) short noncoding RNA (vsRNA) in vitro. The vsRNA reduces PTPRE translation, which leads to reduced TCR signaling. vsRNA point mutations re...
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that has rapidly propagated in birds across several European countries over the last two decades, leading to substantial avian mortalities. USUV infection in humans has been associated with a growing n...
Bacterial viruses (phages) are amongst the smallest, most powerful biological entities on Earth. Through infection, phages impact host metabolism, bacterial mortality, and evolution. In the oceans, 20–40% of surface microbes are infected, with...
Before its recent spread, serological investigations conducted between the 1960s and the 1990s showed the wide presence of Zika virus in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, the entire Africa continent is at risk of Zika outbreak due t...
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