Bluetongue and Other Orbiviruses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 2 November 2026 | Viewed by 1690

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Interests: animal viruses; arboviruses; orbiviruses; diagnostics; epidemiology; molecular epidemiology; phylogenetic analysis; molecular genetics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diseases caused by orbiviruses in livestock have become a major concern in regions where these viruses were previously considered “exotic”. Over the last two decades, there has been a steady emergence of new orbiviruses, along with the re-emergence of previously known viruses after years of absence. Several serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 (EHDV-8) have spread across many countries in Europe, significantly affecting sheep and cattle, respectively.

Moreover, multiple serotypes of BTV and EHDV have emerged in the Middle East, North Africa, the Far East and Asia, and North and South America, while the ongoing circulation of various BTV serotypes has been reported in both South Africa and Australia. Additionally, equine encephalosis virus serotype 6 recently caused an outbreak in horses in Israel.

This Special Issue will focus on all aspects of orbivirus epidemiology and diagnostics and data from screening and surveillance programs. We welcome manuscripts reporting recent advances in the development of genetic tools for studying arbovirus–vector or arbovirus–host interactions.

Dr. Natalia Golender
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • diseases
  • diagnosis
  • detection methods
  • epidemiology
  • origin
  • evolution and phylogeny
  • transmission and vectors
  • host–virus interactions
  • arboviruses
  • vectors
  • sheep
  • cattle
  • Orbivirus
  • Reoviridae
  • PCR
  • serology
  • antibodies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 6620 KB  
Article
No Evidence of Direct Transmission of Emerging Bluetongue Virus Strains Between Israel and Europe Based on Genomic Analyses (2013–2023)
by Natalia Golender, Eyal Klement and Bernd Hoffmann
Pathogens 2026, 15(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15010038 - 28 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease primarily affecting domestic and wild ruminants. In recent years, several BTV serotypes and genotypes have been detected in Israel almost annually, raising questions about their origin and routes of introduction. Some BTV serotypes closely related to [...] Read more.
Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease primarily affecting domestic and wild ruminants. In recent years, several BTV serotypes and genotypes have been detected in Israel almost annually, raising questions about their origin and routes of introduction. Some BTV serotypes closely related to those first identified in Israel, including BTV-3, BTV-8, and BTV-12, were subsequently reported in Europe after a delay of several years. In this study, we sequenced the complete genomes of one representative strain of all newly identified Israeli BTV genotypes/serotypes—BTV-1, -4, -5, -8, and -11—first detected between 2021 and 2023. Additionally, complete sequences of enzootic Israeli BTV (2015) and eleven BTV-3 strains (2019–2023), with two representative strains for every year of isolation, except 2021 (three strains), were analyzed using phylogenetic, BLAST, and pairwise identity approaches. Genetic analyses revealed that recently identified Israeli and European BTV strains share common African ancestors, with some genomic “incursions” from Mayotte Island or the Arabian Peninsula. These incursions appeared more frequently in Israeli than in European strains. Nevertheless, nucleotide sequence differences of at least 2–3% across all genes indicate several years of independent evolution. The observed divergence suggests that no direct transmission of BTV occurred between Israel and Europe during the past decade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bluetongue and Other Orbiviruses)
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Review

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17 pages, 10707 KB  
Review
A Molecular and Structural Perspective on Bluetongue Virus Entry and Assembly
by Polly Roy
Pathogens 2026, 15(5), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15050470 - 27 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype of the genus Orbivirus, infects livestock, causing high morbidity and mortality and impacting global trade. BTV is a non-enveloped, double-capsid virus, composed of seven structural proteins and a genome of 10 double-stranded RNA segments. This manuscript highlights our [...] Read more.
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype of the genus Orbivirus, infects livestock, causing high morbidity and mortality and impacting global trade. BTV is a non-enveloped, double-capsid virus, composed of seven structural proteins and a genome of 10 double-stranded RNA segments. This manuscript highlights our group’s recent findings on the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying BTV entry and assembly during replication. Viral entry is a stepwise, pH-dependent process. The outermost protein, VP2, attaches to sialic acids and senses the acidic pH of early endosomes, triggering their dissociation. Subsequently, the second outer capsid protein, VP5, undergoes major changes in late endosomes, forming a membrane-penetrating pore that releases the transcriptionally active inner core into the host cytoplasm. Core assembly also proceeds stepwise and requires the accurate packaging of 10 positive-sense RNA segments. These segments form an RNA–RNA interaction network independent of viral proteins, beginning with the smaller segments and guiding the complete genome assortment. The small capsid protein, VP6, interacts with VP3 to facilitate RNA encapsidation. While infectious cores assemble in vitro without non-structural proteins, NS2 is essential for the in vivo formation of viral inclusion bodies via liquid–liquid phase separation, concentrating viral components and promoting genome assembly. These comprehensive characterizations of BTV provide a foundation for future control strategies against related reoviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bluetongue and Other Orbiviruses)
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