According to the existing widely applied impartial and open dispatching models, operation fairness was mainly emphasized, which severely restricted the optimization space of the economy of the overall system operation and affected the economic benefi...
The partial Gini coefficient measures the strength of dispersion for uncertain random variables, while controlling for the effects of all random variables. Similarly to variance, the partial Gini coefficient plays an important role in uncertain rando...
Water pollution is the main cause of global ecological degradation and seriously affects people’s water supply. In order to respond to the water environmental protection policy and provide management departments with a basis for refining water...
Background/Objectives: The uneven distribution of nurses in Albania is a major problem that compromises equitable access to health services. Rural and less developed regions suffer from a chronic shortage of nursing staff, while urban areas attract h...
This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a wholly privatized system, where rig...
The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are widely used to describe inequalities in many fields, but accurate estimation of the Gini coefficient is still difficult for grouped data with fewer groups. We proposed a shape-preserving cubic Hermite interpo...
The Pareto distribution has been widely used to model income distribution and inequality. The tail index and the Gini index are typically computed by iteration using Maximum Likelihood and are usually interpreted in terms of the Lorenz curve. We deri...
20 March 2020
To solve the flood drainage conflict among different regions of the water basin when the flood occurs, it is of great significance to study the allocation of flood drainage rights. The allocation of flood drainage rights requires flood management dep...
There is great potential for carbon emission reduction in commercial buildings. Determining the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of CCBCE (China’s commercial building carbon emissions) is crucial for developing differentiated emissions mitigation...
Tourism seasonality remains one of the most persistent structural challenges of Mediterranean destinations, intensifying environmental, economic and social pressures during peak months while leaving tourism capacity underused in the remainder of the...
The spatiotemporal evolution of the regional water use structure holds significant theoretical value for optimizing regional water resource allocation, adjusting industrial structures, and achieving sustainable water resource development. Shandong Pr...
The sustainable development of cloud service providers (CSPs) is a significant multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problem, involving the intrinsic relations among multiple alternatives, (quantitative and qualitative) decision criteria and decis...
15 July 2025
Background: The Gini coefficient measures how much the distribution of income or consumption within an economy deviates from an equal distribution. However, there has been a paucity of research examining the association between Gini coefficients and...
In order to systematically solve the problem of formulating agricultural green development strategies based on the four dimensions of policy green, industry green, science and technology green, and awareness green, this paper uses the method of combi...
Industrial green technology innovation has become an important content in achieving high-quality economic growth and comprehensively practicing the new development concept in the new era. This paper measures the efficiency of industrial green technol...
The Gini coefficient is generally used to measure and summarize inequality over the entire income distribution function (IDF). Unfortunately, it is widely held that the Gini does not detect changes in the tails of the IDF particularly well. This pape...
Bus transportation networks are characteristically different from other mass transportation systems such as airline or subway networks, and thus the usual approach may not work properly. In this paper, to analyze the bus transportation network, we em...
29 June 2019
Inequality of health services for different specialty categories not only occurs in different areas in the world, but also happens in the online service platform. In the online health community (OHC), health services often display inequality for diff...
Using energy efficiently is an important parameter in mobile robots. The majority of the energy consumption takes place in the motors. As such, past studies have investigated how to reduce the usage time of motors. Although the relationship between t...
This study investigates the nexus of income inequality, economic growth, and CO2 emissions based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for 38 OECD countries during 1990–2015. The indices of income inequality include the Gini coeff...
The matching status of agricultural water and land resources is a prerequisite for grain production. The influence of gray water footprint has not been paid attention to in the study of agricultural water and land resources matching based on water fo...
Remote sensing image classification usually needs many labeled samples so that the target nature can be fully described. For synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, variations of the target scattering always happen to some extent due to the imaging ge...
In order to control the discharge of regional total pollutants in the region and improve the ability of water environment management and decision making, a multi-objective decision-making optimization model of water pollution load allocation was cons...
On the 3 September 2016, China officially ratified the Paris agreement as the main global producer of carbon emissions. A key of China’s commitment is to reduce its carbon intensity by 60–65% between 2005 and 2030. An improved understanding of the in...
This paper focuses on the analysis on income inequality in Italy at the municipal level of the areas defined by the National Strategy for Inner Areas. We discuss an analysis of the economic and spatial dynamics of the phenomenon through the construct...
The sustainable development of the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration (GPUA), which is a pivotal Belt and Road hub, is critical for achieving the UN’s 17 SDGs. Based on the ecological footprint (EF) model, this study innovatively constructs a...
Financial development is often associated with significant economic growth, but studies have shown that a high level of financial development can be the cause of deepening income inequality in many countries. The main objective of the proposed study...
The significance of the transportation sector, notably in terms of the carbon emission factor, is an undeniable fact. Along with this fact, individuals’ transportation preferences depend on their income levels. In this context, when the issue i...
In countries that have developed under the current market economy, inequalities in income distribution tend to increase with three different trends, i.e., high (United States, United Kingdom, Japan), low (North Europe countries), and medium Gini coef...
Improving the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of the iron and steel industry (ISI) is crucial for China to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. This study employed the undesirable SBM and Dagum Gini coefficient to measure the ISI&r...
Balance plays an important role in the sustainable development of China’s financial inclusion. First, this paper reports the entropy weight method used to construct a financial inclusion index (FII) and measure the level of development of finan...
The study of water resources carrying capacity is a crucial aspect of water resources ecological security research. To account for the interplay between regional natural conditions and economic and social factors, a natural–economic–socia...
3 July 2020
As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, China has always paid close attention to the sustainable development of agricultural production efficiency. However, with global climate change, extreme weather has become an exogenous factor...
We propose a model for Lorenz curves. It provides two-parameter fits to data on incomes, electric consumption, life expectation and rate of survival after cancer. Graphs result from the condition of maximum entropy and from the symmetry of statistica...
Water resource spatial equilibrium evaluations provide the bases for water resource utilization and allocation. To analyze the regional spatial water resource matching balance, this study constructed a water resource spatial matching model based on t...
Aggregate livability indices consistently rank Fargo, North Dakota, among the most livable small-to-mid-sized U.S. cities, yet city-level scores obscure whether favorable average performance reflects equitable neighborhood-level access to essential a...
To improve the computational efficiency and classification accuracy in the context of big data, an optimized parallel random forest algorithm is proposed based on the Spark computing framework. First, a new Gini coefficient is defined to reduce the i...
Tax plays an important role in the redistribution of income, and property tax is no exception. One key area that income redistribution curbs is the area of income inequality, and, statistically, most African countries have a high level of income ineq...
Patterns of inequality tend to seriously undermine any attempt at economic growth policy when the inequality is perceived by significant groups of individuals as unjust, inhuman, and insurmountable. One country with a high degree of inequality has be...
Measuring the inequality of leaf area distribution per plant (ILAD) can provide a useful tool for quantifying the influences of intra- and interspecific competition, foraging behavior of herbivores, and environmental stress on plants’ above-gro...
Finding ways to improve regional energy efficiency is important for the Chinese government to achieve its dual carbon target. This paper aims to explore ways to improve regional energy efficiency by studying the spatial–temporal dynamic evoluti...
In transport and logistics systems, decision-making is increasingly influenced by uncertainty stemming from demand variability, technological disruptions, and systemic risks present in supply chains. In these contexts, organizations need approaches t...
As the spaces for dialogue between the past and the future, museums are essential to human well-being and social sustainability. Here, we collected data from 328 cities in 31 provinces of mainland China from 1980 to 2019 to investigate the changes in...
Resonance demodulation of vibration signals is a common method for extracting fault information from rolling bearings. Nonetheless, demodulation quality is dependent on frequency band location. Established methods such as the Fast Kurtogram, Autogram...
This study focuses on the equity of spatial layout for public service facilities targeting different age groups and proposes a systematic analytical approach. The method mainly includes the following steps: (1) collecting spatial distribution data of...
Background/Objectives: Inequalities in access to nursing professionals represent a significant challenge to achieving equity in healthcare systems. In decentralized countries like Italy, disparities in the distribution of nurses persist despite a uni...
Soy occupies the largest area of agricultural land in Brazil, spreading from southern states to the Amazon region. Soy is also the most important agricultural commodity among Brazilian exports affecting food security and land use nationally and inter...
Inclusive growth captures the need to alleviate the problems of global income disparity and poverty, particularly in Asia. The study’s goal is to construct an indicator system that measures the inclusive growth of 11 coastal provinces and citie...
This study examines income inequality and poverty dynamics across Kazakhstan’s 20 administrative regions over 2010–2023, contributing empirical evidence relevant to SDG 1 (no poverty) and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). Using official micr...
Synergistic pollution and carbon reduction is central to China’s Dual-Carbon strategy, yet the structural constraints on its regional evolution remain insufficiently examined. Using panel data from 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Provinc...
of 17