Nursing Reports

Background: Treatment nonadherence in oncology is common. Surveys often miss why patients do not follow recommendations. We synthesised Natural Language Processing (NLP) studies, mainly sentiment analysis, of patient-generated content (social media, forums, blogs, review sites, and survey free text) to identify communication and relationship factors linked to nonadherence and concordance. Methods: We conducted a scoping review (PRISMA-ScR). Searches of PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus from 2013 to 15 June 2024 identified eligible studies. We included 25 studies. Data were charted by source, cancer type, NLP technique, and adherence/concordance indicators, then synthesised via discourse analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Four themes emerged: (1) unmet emotional needs; (2) suboptimal information and communication; (3) unclear concordance within person-centred care; and (4) misinformation dynamics and perceived clinician bias. Sentiment analysis helped identify emotions and information gaps that surveys often miss. Conclusions: Patient-voice data suggest practical actions for nursing, including routine distress screening, teach-back, misinformation countermeasures, and explicit concordance checks to improve adherence and shared decision making. Registration: Not registered. Full article

Background: Intravenous catheterization is a common nursing procedure, although it is invasive and may cause pain and stress. Non-pharmacological interventions such as cryotherapy and thermotherapy have been explored, but practical and effective options remain limited. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cryotherapy and thermotherapy using the Enhanced Thermoelectric Element Tourniquet (E-TEET) a device equipped with a temperature-controlled plate and wireless charging on pain, stress, and patient satisfaction during intravenous catheterization. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 128 adult inpatients scheduled for preoperative intravenous catheterization. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: cryotherapy (n = 31), thermotherapy (n = 31), control (E-TEET without temperature, n = 33), or comparison (latex tourniquet, n = 33). Pain and stress levels were measured using- the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), along with pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Post-procedure satisfaction was also evaluated. Results: No significant differences were observed among the groups in terms of pain, pulse rate, or oxygen saturation. However, the cryotherapy group exhibited significantly lower stress levels and higher satisfaction compared to the comparison group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Healthcare provider Satisfaction was significantly higher in the cryotherapy group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Cryotherapy using the E-TEE Tourniquet effectively reduced stress and improved satisfaction during intravenous catheterization, supporting its use as a feasible non-pharmacological intervention. Further studies are needed to standardize intervention parameters and validate findings across populations. Full article

Background/Objectives: Palliative care education is a core component of undergraduate nursing preparation; however, many nursing students report limited exposure and confidence in providing end-of-life care. Digital and web-based educational approaches have increasingly been adopted to address gaps in palliative care training and to provide flexible, scalable learning opportunities. This mixed-methods systematic review examined the use of digital and web-based approaches in palliative care education for pre-registration nursing students. The aim was to synthesize existing evidence on educational outcomes, confidence development, practice preparation, and acceptability to guide future design and implementation of technology-enhanced learning in this field. Methods: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. The search was conducted across Medline (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycINFO in October 2025. Studies employing qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods designs were eligible if they evaluated fully digital or web-based palliative care educational interventions for nursing students. Screening, quality appraisal, and data extraction were undertaken independently by multiple reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Extracted data were synthesized narratively to integrate qualitative and quantitative findings. Results: The search yielded 1826 records; after removing duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, 12 studies were included in the final synthesis. Considerable heterogeneity in design and outcomes was observed. Most included studies reported improvements in students’ knowledge, self-efficacy, and reflective capacity, alongside high levels of acceptability. Conclusions: Digital and technology-enhanced learning appears feasible and acceptable for palliative care education; however, the current evidence base is limited by methodological heterogeneity, reliance on self-reported outcomes, and predominantly short-term evaluations. Further rigorous, large-scale studies with objective outcome measures are required to determine sustained educational and practice impact. Full article

Background: A significant shortage of available organs for transplantation persists globally, with insufficient education on organ donation recognized as a key contributing factor. Allied health students, when equipped with accurate knowledge, have the potential to serve as advocates for organ donation, influencing public attitudes through their social networks. Enhancing their understanding may contribute to increased organ donation awareness and acceptance within the broader community. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design to examine the effect of an educational intervention program on allied health students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. A total of 150 allied health students were recruited through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a valid and reliable translated self-administered online questionnaire. Participants were divided into intervention and control groups. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: Following the intervention, the mean score of knowledge and attitudes in the intervention group (M = 41.09, SD = 2.57) was significantly higher than that in the control group (M = 40.29, SD = 2.40), with a t-value of −3.49 and a p-value of <0.001. These results indicate that the educational program had a statistically significant positive effect on participants’ knowledge and attitudes regarding organ donation and transplantation. Conclusions: The implementation of the educational intervention significantly improved allied health students’ knowledge and attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. This suggests that targeted educational programs for future health professionals may be an effective strategy to promote organ donation awareness and address the shortage of organ donors. Full article

Background/Objectives: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) require specific skills in nursing education, yet their curricular integration often remains fragmented, limiting the consolidation of knowledge and safe clinical practice. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of nursing students from Brazil and Peru regarding the use of clinical simulation as a strategy to develop skills in HAIs prevention and control. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed, involving 12 focus groups (n = 297 students) across four universities. The discussions were conducted following simulation activities based on standardized scenarios structured into four phases: pre-reading, briefing, execution, and debriefing. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide flowed by content analysis, through which saturation was achieved. The study adhered to COREQ guidelines. Results: Three main themes emerged: (i) clinical simulation as a student-centered teaching–learning strategy, where pre-reading and briefing materials enhanced students’ confidence and clarity in performing tasks, with checklists suggested to avoid omissions; (ii) simulation as a facilitator of autonomy and safety in HAI prevention, offering a protected environment for making mistakes and learning, with formative feedback during debriefing increasing risk awareness, although debriefing time was noted as an area for improvement; and (iii) meaningful learning and integration with traditional education, as students reported increased engagement, better knowledge retention, and greater perceived transfer of skills to real clinical settings. Conclusions: Clinical simulation demonstrated strong potential to support the development of HAI prevention skills in undergraduate nursing students. Longitudinal implementation with standardized scenarios and further evaluation of educational effectiveness and debriefing strategies is recommended. Full article

Background: The healthcare industry demands nurses with both clinical proficiency and leadership skills. However, formal leadership training remains limited among undergraduate nursing students, underscoring the need for clinical mentorship to support leadership development. Purpose: This study investigated the association between clinical mentorship quality and leadership competencies among undergraduate nursing students enrolled at a public university in northern Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were collected using a cross-sectional design from 224 nursing students through a self-administered online survey, which comprised three sections: demographic information, students’ perceptions of clinical mentorship quality, and a standardized assessment of leadership competencies. Results: Students reported positive perceptions of their leadership competencies, with an average score of 2.82. A strong positive correlation was observed between mentorship quality and leadership competencies, particularly in strategic thinking, emotional intelligence, influence, and teamwork. Differences were observed based on sex and academic performance, with female students and those with higher GPAs exhibiting stronger leadership competencies. Regression analysis revealed mentorship quality (β = 0.642, p < 0.001) and academic performance (β = 0.131, p = 0.013) as significant predictors of leadership competencies, while gender and academic year were not statistically significant. Conclusions: High-quality clinical mentorship substantially contributes to the development of leadership competencies among nursing students, with academic performance providing additional support. Integrating structured mentorship programs into nursing curricula may enhance preparedness for leadership roles within healthcare settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: While nurses showed a willingness to work during the pandemic and wartime, little is understood about how they managed the conflict between their roles as caregivers and personal or family obligations. They are deemed “essential workers,” risking their safety to fulfill their duties. Objectives: This study aims to explore the lived experience of nurses during COVID-19 and wartime, delving deeper into their emotional and moral experiences, providing insights for nurses and nursing management about how nurses negotiate dilemmas. Methods: A focused interpretive, hermeneutic, phenomenological approach was employed. From December 2022 to January 2023, ten hospital-based nurses from two hospitals were purposively sampled for in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and analyzed. The study was approved by the University Ethics Committee (31102022). Results: The essence of “ Moral Conflicts of Dual Identity and Dual Allegiance” revealed profound moral and emotional struggles among nurses. Four key themes emerged: (1) Moral Stressors and Identity Negotiation, (2) Competing Responsibilities and Ethical Double-binds, (3) Virtual and Practical Wisdom in Crises, (4) Responses of Stress and Erosion of Support Conclusions: Understanding nurses’ ethical dilemmas is essential for healthcare leadership. Leaders must make it a priority for workplace safety for their nurses. In wartime, it is not obvious that the workplace is unsafe; leaders must foster open dialog and support systems in response to these crises. This study highlights the significance of peer support, emphasizing the need for policies that address the complex moral challenges nurses face daily. Full article

Background: Due to the lack of curative treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), patients need lifelong follow-up care. Telehealth offers a valuable solution to balance routine visits with necessary monitoring. Objectives: To map what is known about the benefits and barriers encountered by nurses in their use of telehealth for the follow-up care of patients with IBD. Methods: Following the methodology from the Joanna Briggs Institute, we conducted a scoping review across four electronic databases from June 2024 to September 2025. Key search terms included “inflammatory bowel disease,” “nurse experience,” and “telehealth.” A content analysis was employed to summarize the key findings. Results: We screened 1551 records, ultimately including four original research articles from four countries. Benefits identified were as follows: (1) the vital contributions of IBD telenursing in empowering patients by bridging health literacy and self-care skills; (2) optimal use of staffing time supports patient-centred care; and (3) ease of use. Barriers included the following: (1) increased workload and task imbalances; (2) the need for customized interventions; (3) technical issues and concerns regarding the security of digital systems; (4) telehealth as a supplementary option or a standard procedure; and (5) concerns related to the patient–nurse relationship. Conclusions: Nurses view telehealth as a promising approach that enhances patients’ health literacy and self-care skills and improves patient outcomes through effective monitoring. To fully realize telehealth’s potential, implementing strategies like triage protocols, algorithmic alerts, electronic health record integration, and comprehensive nurse training to enhance patient care and engagement may be beneficial. This scoping review highlights the need for more research on nurses’ experiences with telehealth in IBD due to limited publications. Full article

Background/Objectives: The use of physical restraints in adult and pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) is common yet controversial. While restraints are intended to prevent treatment interference or self-harm, they pose significant physical, psychological, and ethical risks. Nurses in intensive care units play a key role in decisions about restraint application, but there is a global lack of validated tools to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices, particularly in non-English-speaking contexts. Aim of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of ICU nurses regarding restraint use in adult and pediatric settings. Materials and Methods: A multi-method psychometric validation study was conducted across both adult and pediatric ICU settings at two hospitals in northern Italy. Questionnaire development included literature review, expert consultation, and iterative content and face validity assessments. Reliability was tested using test–retest methods, and construct validity was explored through exploratory factor analysis. The study followed COSMIN guidelines. Results: The final CON-Ti-IT questionnaire comprised 29 items across three subscales: Practices, Attitudes, and Knowledge. It demonstrated strong content validity (CVI = 0.96) and good internal consistency for the Practices subscale (Cronbach’s α = 0.89). Internal consistency for the Attitudes (α = 0.51) and Knowledge (α = 0.47) subscales was lower, reflecting the broader conceptual variability of these domains. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the structural validity of the tool and led to the removal of three items with low factor loadings. Conclusions: This study presents the first validated tool specifically designed to evaluate ICU nurses’ KAP on restraint in adult and pediatric settings. While developed and validated in Italy, it could undergo cross-cultural adaptation and translation for use in other languages and healthcare systems. Its strong psychometric properties support its application in future research, and the data collected through its use can serve both to improve patient care and to provide a foundation for targeted educational initiatives. Full article

Background: In recent years, interest has grown in the study of the role of the maximization trait in situations of high uncertainty and high stakes. However, although up to 13 different scales have been proposed for its measurement, none of them have been translated and validated in the Spanish language. This study addresses this gap by adapting and validating the Spanish version of the 7-item Maximization Tendency Scale, a concise instrument designed to assess the tendency to maximize, which may offer practical advantages in terms of brevity and ease of administration compared to longer scales. Objectives: We aimed to adapt and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MTS-7, examining its internal consistency and factor structure when applied to a Spanish sample. Methods: A sample of 213 active nurses from the province of Cádiz (Spain) (83.5% female) completed the translated version of the MTS-7 and completed the retest two weeks later. Results: Both Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses confirmed the unidimensional nature of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.78; the 2-week test–retest reliability Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.89; ICC was 0.78. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the MTS-7 possesses satisfactory psychometric properties and proves to have adequate reliability and validity. This scale may serve as a useful tool for studying decision-making under uncertainty among Spanish-speaking nurses. Full article

Background: Population ageing and the growing prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly stroke, have negative repercussions on fine motor function, compromising the independence of older adults. The Specialist Nurse in Rehabilitation Nursing plays a central role in functional recovery and in improving quality of life. This study aims to describe the process of developing and validating the design of rehabilitation nursing care for older adults with impaired fine motor function. Methods: This paper is a three-phase methodological study conducted between January and July 2025: (1) initial development of the design of rehabilitation nursing care for older adults with impaired fine motor function; (2) validation of the content of the proposed design, using the modified e-Delphi technique; and (3) development of the final model of the care design. Results: The e-Delphi study, involving a panel of 15 experts, allowed the content validation of the design of rehabilitation nursing care for older adults with impaired fine motor function after two rounds. Following the suggestions, the final care design model, in relation to fine motor function, comprises five steps: (1) collection of relevant data, (2) identification of possible nursing diagnoses, (3) definition of objectives, (4) planning and implementation of interventions, and (5) evaluation of outcomes. As part of step 4, photographic records of exercises focused on the recovery of fine motor function were included. Conclusions: The final model of the design of rehabilitation nursing care for older adults with impaired fine motor function, developed and validated in this study, may serve as a guiding framework in the delivery of specialised care to this population. Full article

Background/Objectives: Workplace violence (WV) against healthcare workers (HCWs) is a major hazard all over the world. Prevention requires a reliable risk assessment. The rate of HCWs reporting a violent event varies considerably across multi-year retrospective studies compared to periodic surveys. We conducted a rapid observational study to demonstrate that data collection methods are more important than socio-cultural and healthcare organizational differences in determining the frequency of reported violence. Methods: In June 2025, in a cross-sectional observational comparison, we examined a total of 236 nurses divided into three groups: the first two were recruited online from Brescia (Italy) and Trollhättan (Sweden), while the third group was composed of Latium (Italy) nurses participating in a sleep health promotion program who answered the same questions on WV online. All the workers reported the frequency of violent incidents experienced in the previous 12 months using the Violent Incident Form (VIF), occupational stress using the Effort/Reward Imbalance questionnaire (ERI), and work ability via the Work Ability Score (WAS). Results: In the three samples, WV was correlated positively with stress and inversely with work ability (p < 0.01), while no significant difference was found between Italian and Swedish nurses in relation to the spot surveys. The nurses questioned directly about WV were significantly younger and reported significantly higher rates of physical aggression (28% vs. 5%, p < 0.001) and all forms of violence (73% vs. 20%, p < 0.001) than those questioned indirectly during the census of all the HCWs. In a multivariate linear regression model, the WV experienced and poor work ability were highly significant predictors of work-related stress (p < 0.001). Nurses who had experienced WV in the previous year had an increased odds ratio (OR = 8.94; Confidence Interval 95% = 4.43; 18.01) of reporting a state of distress. Conclusions: Experience has shown that specific questioning about violence—the commonest method used—encourages respondents to report violent events and may induce overreporting. This method also tends to involve younger workers who are more exposed to WV. On the other hand, prospective studies based on official reports may be influenced by underreporting. Monitoring WV during health promotion interventions included in occupational health surveillance could minimize both phenomena. Systematic studies and meta-analyses which rely mainly on “ad hoc” studies may be biased. Full article

Background: Malnutrition is common among older adults with cognitive impairment and contributes to frailty and poorer health outcomes. Many individuals with dementia require mealtime assistance, yet differences in caregiving practices across hospital and nursing home settings remain underexplored. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare eating encouragement practices, feeding skills, feeding difficulties, and nutritional status between family caregivers in hospitals and professional caregivers in nursing homes. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between June 2020 and December 2023 in New South Wales, Australia. The study included 82 older adults (≥65 years) with cognitive impairment: 31 hospital patients supported by family caregivers and 51 nursing home residents supported by assistant nurses. Eating encouragement, feeding skills, and feeding difficulties were assessed using structured observation tools, and nutritional status was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form (MNA-SF). Group differences were analysed using chi-square tests and independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: Family caregivers in hospitals demonstrated stronger relational and engagement-based practices, including consistent handwashing (χ² = 31.945, p < 0.001), encouraging self-feeding (χ² = 21.678, p < 0.001), verbal cueing (χ² = 12.083, p = 0.002), touch prompting (χ² = 51.817, p < 0.001), and sitting face to face (χ² = 38.697, p < 0.001). Nursing home caregivers showed more advanced technical skills, such as task simplification (χ² = 54.135, p < 0.001), mirroring (χ² = 78.456, p < 0.001), hand-over-hand guidance (χ² = 73.076, p < 0.001), mouth- and lip-opening techniques (both χ² = 81.000, p < 0.001), and stronger choking management (p < 0.001). Feeding difficulties also differed: refusal behaviours were more common in nursing homes, while distraction and oral–motor issues were more frequent in hospitals. Overall, nursing home residents had significantly poorer nutritional status (t = −12.592, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Family caregivers provide stronger relational support, whereas professional caregivers demonstrate superior technical competence. Integrating these complementary strengths may enhance mealtime care and reduce malnutrition among cognitively impaired older adults. Full article

Background/Objectives: Workplace violence in the healthcare sector is a growing global concern. Defined as incidents where staff are abused, threatened, or assaulted in work-related contexts, this issue affects over half of healthcare personnel worldwide, with nurses being particularly vulnerable. The consequences are far-reaching, leading to diminished service quality, workforce turnover, reduced healthcare access, and increased costs. Despite its physical and psychological impact, workplace violence remains underreported, especially in its psychological forms, which have historically been underestimated. Methods: This study applies Per Isdal’s typology of violence to analyze incident reports from a hospital setting. By doing so, it offers a structured framework for understanding the multifaceted nature of workplace violence. By categorizing and examining how different forms of violence co-occur and manifest in daily professional interactions, the study aims to contribute to more systematic documentation and theoretical understanding of the field. Results: In total, 247 incidents were analyzed. Physical violence was the most frequently reported type with 167 incidents, followed by psychological violence with 125 cases. Material violence accounted for 28 reports, sexual violence for 10, and latent violence for 4, indicating that physical and psychological aggression dominates the spectrum of workplace violence in this context. Conclusions: The prevalence and complexity of violent incidents targeting healthcare personnel highlight the pressing need for actionable policies and evidence-based interventions that prioritize staff safety and psychological well-being. Establishing clear definitions of violence, alongside fostering a culture of reporting, is essential to create safer and more resilient healthcare environments. Full article

Background: Many nurses and physicians report difficulties with breaking bad news to their patients due to the lack of adequate skills and training. This study aimed to explore the communication skills, knowledge, and self-perceived difficulties of healthcare professionals working in oncology and hematology settings in Italy, in relation to their self-perceived stress levels when communicating bad news. Methods: An “ad hoc” questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale were administered online to both physicians and nurses registered by two important professional associations between October 2023 and September 2024. Results: A total of 221 Italian physicians and nurses were enrolled in the study. Most participants reported learning how to conduct difficult conversations from a mentor (61.1%) or through specific courses (56.6%). However, many of the recruited subjects declared having difficulty in giving bad news to the patient and family members (84.2%), and many of them did not know the SPIKES method (63.8%). A moderate level of stress was perceived by the great majority of participants, and the stress level was significantly increased in healthcare professionals who had difficulties in using evidence-based tools (e.g., SPIKES) for bad news communication. Moderate stress was “often” experienced by participants when presenting themselves during the first approach (p = 0.006), when attempting to anticipate the patient’s reactions (p = 0.044), when the patient refused to receive information (p = 0.006), when they had to remain assertive and confident regardless of the patient’s response (p = 0.013), and when managing post-communication consequences (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The limited knowledge and application of specific tools for bad news communication could exacerbate stressful conditions at this sensitive time among healthcare providers. The present findings could be used by health institutions to develop ad hoc training programs for both physicians and nurses, as well as to strengthen their organizational culture. Full article

Background/Objectives: Shift-working healthcare professionals are exposed to high psychophysiological demands associated with occupational stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Salivary chromogranin A (sCgA) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) are non-invasive biomarkers reflecting sympathetic nervous system activation and mucosal immune function, respectively, and are increasingly used to assess biological stress responses. This study examined changes in these biomarkers and their associations with anxiety and depression. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative observational study was conducted among healthcare professionals working 12-h shifts (n = 95) and non-shift-working controls (n = 95) and included a within-shift pre-post assessment, with saliva samples collected before and after the work shift. Salivary biomarkers were determined using ELISA methods. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Data were analyzed with t-tests, correlation, and multiple linear regression. Statistical analyses included between- and within-group comparisons, correlation analyses, and multiple linear regression models to examine independent associations between salivary biomarkers and psychological outcomes. Results: After a 12-h shift, healthcare professionals showed increased sCgA (3.82 ± 0.95 vs. 4.68 ± 1.02 ng/mL; p < 0.001) and decreased sIgA (165.3 ± 32.4 vs. 142.6 ± 29.8 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Psychological scores were higher in healthcare professionals than in controls (p < 0.001). Salivary sCgA correlated positively with anxiety and depression (r = 0.41 to 0.45), while sIgA correlated negatively (r = −0.29 to −0.36). Regression analysis confirmed occupational group (healthcare professionals vs. controls) as the strongest predictor, with independent contributions of sCgA and sIgA to psychological scores. Conclusions: A 12-h work shift in healthcare professionals leads to increased salivary chromogranin A, indicating sympathetic activation, and decreased secretory IgA, reflecting reduced mucosal immune activity. The combined assessment of sCgA and sIgA provides a sensitive and non-invasive approach for monitoring occupational stress and identifying early risks of anxiety and depressive symptoms among shift-working healthcare professionals. Full article

Background/Objectives: The nursing profession is experiencing a global shortage of nurses. Early-Career Nurses (ECNs) assist in addressing the shortage; however, a significant number are leaving their workplaces and the profession. The aim of the review is to explore the factors that impact early-career nurses thriving at work, including their motivation and intention to stay in employment and the profession. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. The objectives, analysis, and inclusion and exclusion criteria were informed by PRISMA for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) to ensure accurate and complete reporting of findings. The target population were ECNs who are in the first five years of practice. Databases including CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify the literature on ECN thriving between 1985 and 2025. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of the identified studies were screened by two independent reviewers, and thematic analysis was undertaken to analyse the data. Results: A total of 190 studies was initially identified, and after screening and review, a total of 16 articles met the inclusion criteria and explored factors related to thriving and retention. Key themes identified within the literature that contribute to ECNs thriving at work encompass the work environment, work–life balance, and education, where generational differences may also create unique nuances between ECNs. Conclusions: ECNs encounter many challenges in the early stages of their nursing career. Organisational support may be responsive and provide conducive work environments that nurture growth, career development, and thriving for ECNs. However, future research is needed to further confirm drivers of thriving, along with understanding the impact of targeted interventions to better support ECN thriving and retention. Future search will include stakeholders to validate the findings. Full article

Background/Objectives: This review aimed to explore the pathways of nursing and midwifery education in Tanzania and compare them with global perspectives. The goal was to identify similarities, differences, and areas for potential improvement to align with international standards. Methods: A narrative literature review was carried out through databases with published studies in nursing and gray literature. The database search included Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, PsycINFO, clinical nursing, and gray literature from January 2014 up to December 2024. The search process was carried out by the authors with the following key words: admission, pathway to nursing profession, delivery mode, generative dynamic, and learning models. The search strategy included studies from selected countries in East Africa, Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia. The inclusion criteria were (1) published papers or reviews addressing the review topics; (2) studies published in the English language; (3) gray literature on the reviewed topics; (4) studies originating from Tanzania, East Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. The selected countries served as a source for comparison of nursing and midwifery education in Tanzania with the globe. Results: A total of 758 articles were reviewed from the selected databases. Finally, 27 studies and 11 gray literature sources were included. In Tanzania, the overall duration of nursing education from primary education to a bachelor’s degree for diploma graduates is relatively long. Students complete approximately 14 years of schooling from primary education to the completion of a diploma, including three years at the diploma level. To enroll in a degree program, candidates are required to have two years of professional experience, followed by four years of academic training and a mandatory one-year internship. Globally, the duration of educational programs is generally decreasing due to generational shifts and advancements in technology. Conclusions: Whilst nursing and midwifery education is regulated in Tanzania, the current admission criteria and duration of the program do not align with the global standards. Future studies that provide the comparison of curriculums among universities in Tanzania with global standards would provide a deep understanding of the competencies, teaching models, learning environment, duration, and desired learning outcomes for nursing and midwifery education. Full article