Nursing Reports

Introduction: Currently, REBOA (Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta) is an emerging technique for resuscitation in patients presenting severe pathology in hemodynamic shock refractory to conventional treatments. The REBOA technique consists of inserting a balloon through the femoral artery to temporarily occlude the aorta and thus control massive bleeding and improve perfusion of vital organs in critical situations such as hemorrhagic shock. Although it is not a definitive technique, its use buys time before the implementation of a definitive treatment when possible. This makes REBOA an ideal technique for the philosophy of out-of-hospital emergency services and more particularly in the HEMS (Helicopter Emergency Medical Service) environment. On the other hand, REBOA has been postulated as one of the basic pillars in the resuscitation of severe trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock and of the doctrine of damage-control resuscitation in non-compressible torso and lower limb hemorrhage. Objective: To evaluate the potential feasibility of REBOA implementation in patients attended by HEMS teams in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Method: A retrospective observational study was conducted analyzing medical and nursing reports from HEMS units between 1 January and 31 December 2023. A statistical study of the variables collected was carried out using statistical techniques appropriate to the pre-specified study variables. A descriptive analysis of the population was performed. Frequency results are expressed in absolute terms, as percentages and confidence intervals. Continuous variables are expressed as mean (SD) and median (range) according to normality test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). For the study of the relationship between the different variables, Chi-square or Analysis of Variance is used if they are parametric. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using SPSS v24. Results: A total of 103 patients (72.81% men, mean age 57.7 years) were identified as potential REBOA candidates. On arrival of the emergency services the mean SI (shock index) of the patients was 1.36 (SD +/− 0.380). On arrival at the hospital, the mean SI was 1.25 (SD +/− 0.601). Of the series, 57 (55.33%) patients suffered cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) at some point during pre-hospital care. Of the total number of patients, 38 were patients presenting severe trauma criteria (characterized by life-threatening injuries, with RTS score ≤ 11, shock index > 0.9, or ISS ≥ 16, indicating severe physiological or anatomical alterations), of which 26 (68.4%) did not go into CRA, while 12 (31.6%) did. Of the total number of patients, 65 (63.1%) did not meet severe trauma criteria, but did present medical criteria for REBOA placement, of which 55 (53.4%) were patients who at some point during attendance presented CRA. Although the shock index showed a slight decrease after healthcare without statistical significance or relevant correlation, a highly significant association was observed between severe trauma and cardiorespiratory arrest (p < 0.001). Conclusions: It could be affirmed that it may have been feasible to implement REBOA in 4.47% (103) of the patients attended by the HEMS healthcare team of Castilla-La Mancha. This could help to reduce the morbimortality and mortality of critical patients in medical helicopters. More studies are needed to corroborate this assertion. Full article