Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity for Commercial Building Carbon Emissions in China: Based the Dagum Gini Coefficient
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Calculation Methods of CCBCE
2.2. Exploration of Regional Differences
3. Methods
3.1. Calculation of CCBCE
3.2. Dagum Gini Coefficient and Its Decomposition
3.3. Kernel Density Estimation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spatial-Temporal Pattern Changes
4.1.1. Temporal Characteristic of Total CCBCE
4.1.2. Spatial Distribution of CCBCE
4.2. Regional Heterogeneity of CCBCE
4.2.1. Division of Regions
4.2.2. CCBCE in China’s Eight Comprehensive Economic Zones
4.3. Decomposition of Regional Differences
4.3.1. Overall and Intra-Regional Differences in CCBCE
4.3.2. Inter-Regional Differences in CCBCE
4.3.3. Sources of the Differences in CCBCE and Their Contribution Rates
4.4. Dynamic Evolution
5. Conclusions and Policy Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zou, C.; Xue, H.; Xiong, B.; Zhang, G.; Pan, S.; Jia, C.; Wang, Y.; Ma, F.; Sun, Q.; Guan, C.; et al. Connotation, innovation and vision of “carbon neutrality”. Nat. Gas Ind. B 2021, 8, 523–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, L.; Lu, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Hu, H. Analysis of Regional Differences and Influencing Factors on China’s Carbon Emission Efficiency in 2005–2015. Energies 2019, 12, 3081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, X.; Yu, J.; Xia, Y.; Wang, J. Spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emissions in energy-enriched areas and the evolution of regional types. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 7224–7237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, M.; Ouyang, J.; Shi, W. Regional differences in carbon emission of China’s industries and its decomposition effects. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 270, 122528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CAIT. (Climate Analysis Indicators Tool). Available online: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?end_year=2018&start_year=1990 (accessed on 12 December 2021).
- Dong, F.; Hua, Y.; Yu, B. Peak Carbon Emissions in China: Status, Key Factors and Countermeasures—A Literature Review. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, J. Analysis of carbon emission performance and regional differences in China’s eight economic regions: Based on the super-efficiency SBM model and the Theil index. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0250994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Yang, X.; Guo, R. Regional Differences in Fossil Energy-Related Carbon Emissions in China’s Eight Economic Regions: Based on the Theil Index and PLS-VIP Method. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lu, M.; Lai, J. Review on carbon emissions of commercial buildings. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 119, 109545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, J.; Yue, Q.; Li, Y.; Zhao, F.; Wang, H. Driving force analysis of carbon emissions in China’s building industry: 2000–2015. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 60, 102268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CABEE, Chinese Building Energy Consumption Report (2020). 2020. Available online: https://www.cabee.org/site/content/24085.html (accessed on 20 November 2021). (In Chinese).
- Ma, M.; Cai, W.; Cai, W. Carbon abatement in China’s commercial building sector: A bottom-up measurement model based on Kaya-LMDI methods. Energy 2018, 165, 350–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X. Research on Carbon Emissions Trading Mechanism of Urban Public Buildings in China; Beijing Jiaotong University: Beijing, China, 2021. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ma, M.; Cai, W.; Cai, W.; Dong, L. Whether carbon intensity in the commercial building sector decouples from economic development in the service industry? Empirical evidence from the top five urban agglomerations in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 222, 193–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, M.; Cai, W. What drives the carbon mitigation in Chinese commercial building sector? Evidence from decomposing an extended Kaya identity. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 634, 884–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, M.; Cai, W. Do commercial building sector-derived carbon emissions decouple from the economic growth in Tertiary Industry? A case study of four municipalities in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 650, 822–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- NBS (National Bureau of Statistics), The Division of Town and Rural Areas in The Statistical. Available online: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/200610/t20061018_8666.html (accessed on 5 January 2022). (In Chinese)
- IEA (International Energy Agency). Available online: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Building2013_free.pdf%5Cnwww.iea.org/etp/buildings (accessed on 10 January 2022).
- Tsinghua University-Building Energy Research Center. Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency; China Building Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2020. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Huo, T.; Ren, H.; Zhang, X.; Cai, W.; Feng, W.; Zhou, N.; Wang, X. China’s energy consumption in the building sector: A Statistical Yearbook-Energy Balance Sheet based splitting method. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 185, 665–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai Weiguang, C.Y. Research and data analysis on calculation method of National Building Carbon Emission. Res. Constr. Manag. 2019, 2, 61–76. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wu, P.; Song, Y.; Zhu, J.; Chang, R. Analyzing the influence factors of the carbon emissions from China’s building and construction industry from 2000 to 2015. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 221, 552–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, X.; Lai, H.; Gu, B.; Zeng, Y.; Li, H. Carbon emission and abatement potential outlook in China’s building sector through 2050. Energy Policy 2018, 118, 429–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M.; Ma, M.; Lin, Y.; Ma, Z.; Li, K. Carbon Kuznets curve in China’s building operations: Retrospective and prospective trajectories. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 803, 150104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NGV Global. Available online: https://www.chyxx.com/industry/201808/670512.html (accessed on 5 January 2022). (In Chinese).
- Huo, T.; Li, X.; Cai, W.; Zuo, J.; Jia, F.; Wei, H. Exploring the impact of urbanization on urban building carbon emissions in China: Evidence from a provincial panel data model. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2020, 56, 102068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, M.; Liu, W.; Xie, Y.; Jiang, W. Regional disparity and decoupling evolution of China’s carbon emissions by province. Resour. Sci. 2021, 43, 710–721. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- He, Y.; Xing, Y.; Ji, Y.; Zhang, L. On influential factors and regional difference in carbon emissions from power industry at home in China. J. Saf. Environ. 2020, 20, 2343–2350. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Peng, Z. Research on Total Factor Productivity in China’s Transportation Industry under the Constraints of Resource and Environment; Chang’an University: Xi’an, China, 2019. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.; Qiu, P.; Wu, T. The regional disparity of per-capita CO2 emissions in China’s building sector: An analysis of macroeconomic drivers and policy implications. Energy Build. 2021, 244, 111011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FAN Jianshuang, Z.L. Spatiotemporal distribution and provincial contribution decomposition of carbon emissions for the construction industry in China. Resour. Sci. 2019, 41, 897–907. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Xu, B.; Lin, B. How industrialization and urbanization process impacts on CO2 emissions in China: Evidence from nonparametric additive regression models. Energy Econ. 2015, 48, 188–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Xu, C.; Cui, L.; Huang, S.; Song, M. Driving factors of CO2 emissions and inequality characteristics in China: A combined decomposition approach. Energy Econ. 2019, 78, 589–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, G.; Liao, M.; Jiang, J. Research on Agricultural Carbon Emissions and Regional Carbon Emissions Reduction Strategies in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, J.; Ma, J.; Wei, W. Study on Regional Differences of Energy Carbon Emission Efficiency in Eight Economic Areas of China. Quant. Econ. Quant. Econ. 2020, 37, 109–129. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Z.; Li, Y.; Cai, H.; Yang, Y.; Wang, B. Regional difference and drivers in China’s carbon emissions embodied in internal trade. Energy Econ. 2019, 83, 217–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.; Yang, X.; Wu, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, J. Impact of Environmental Regulation on Spatial-temporal Differences of Regional Carbon Emissions: Empirical Analysis Based on 32 Prefecture Level Cities in Northeast China. Acta Sci. Circustantiae 2021, 41, 2029–2038. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.; Wang, Q.; Yao, S. Evaluation and difference analysis of regional energy efficiency in China under the carbon neutrality targets: Insights from DEA and Theil models. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 293, 112958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Gong, X. Analyzing the difference evolution of provincial energy consumption in China using the functional data analysis method. Energy Econ. 2022, 105, 105753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, Y.; Khan, S.U.; Deng, Y.; Zhao, M. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity, convergence and its impact factors: Perspective of carbon emission intensity and carbon emission per capita considering carbon sink effect. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2022, 92, 106699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Si, L.; Wang, C. Regional Economic Disparity, Dynammic Evolution and Convergence of Urban Agglomerations in China- Research Based on Nighttime Light Data of Ten Urban Agglomerations. J. Shanghai Econ. Res. 2021, 10, 38–52. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Han, H.; Ding, T.; Nie, L.; Hao, Z. Agricultural eco-efficiency loss under technology heterogeneity given regional differences in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 250, 119511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.-L.; Xu, R.-Y.; Zhang, F.-Q.; Miao, Z.; Peng, G. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and driving factors of PM2.5 reduction efficiency: An empirical analysis of three urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Ecol. Indic. 2021, 132, 108308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, X.; Kuang, B.; Li, J. Regional difference decomposition and policy implications of China’s urban land use efficiency under the environmental restriction. Habitat Int. 2018, 77, 32–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, L.; TanTai, J.; Jia, S. Resarch and Development of Thermal Insulation Plastic Pipelines. China Plast. 2019, 33, 94–100. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Ma, M.; Zheng, J.; Ma, T. Spatiotemporal characteristics of the impact of new urbanization on China’ s carbon dioxide emissions from a multi-dimensional perspective. Acta Sci. Circumst. 2021, 41, 2474–2486. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Z.; Jin, H.; Wang, C.; Ye, S.; Huang, Y. Measurement of Traffic Carbon Emissions and Pattern of Efficiency in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (1985–2016). Environ. Sci. 2020, 41, 2972–2980. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.; Yang, X.; Wu, X.; Jia, Y. The carbon emission effect of energy-intensive industrial structure evolution from the perspective of time and space. Acta Sci. Circumst. 2021, 41, 2018–2028. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
Economic Regions | Provinces Included in the Region | Economic Regions | Provinces Included in the Region |
---|---|---|---|
Northeast | Heilongjiang & Jilin & Liaoning | Eastern coastal | Shanghai & Jiangsu & Zhejiang |
MRYER | Shaanxi &Shanxi & Henan & Inner Mongolia | Southwest | Yunnan & Guizhou, Sichuan & Chongqing & Guangxi |
Northern coastal | Beijing & Tianjin & Hebei & Shandong | Southern coastal | Fujian & Guangdong & Hainan |
MRYAR | Hubei & Hunan &Jiangxi & Anhui | Northwest | Gansu & Qinghai & Ningxia & Xinjiang & Tibet |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ma, T.; Liu, Y.; Yang, M. Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity for Commercial Building Carbon Emissions in China: Based the Dagum Gini Coefficient. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095243
Ma T, Liu Y, Yang M. Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity for Commercial Building Carbon Emissions in China: Based the Dagum Gini Coefficient. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095243
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Tian, Yisheng Liu, and Meng Yang. 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity for Commercial Building Carbon Emissions in China: Based the Dagum Gini Coefficient" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095243