Search Results (66)

As global warming intensifies, urban heat stress is increasing. Urban blue–green spaces (UBGSs) reduce heat exposure, and refined planning can enhance cooling in space-limited cities. Yet drivers and mechanisms at the urban-agglomeration scale remain unclear. This study quantified the cooling intensity (CI) of 162 UBGS across 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta using summer 2020 land surface temperature data (June–August). CI is defined as the average temperature difference (ΔLST) between the UBGS and its surrounding buffer. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) methods were applied to analyze the driving factors. Key findings include (1) the top five factors by SHAP value: Area (0.38), buffer NDBI (0.16), lake/river landscape shape index (0.07), buffer tree height (0.06), and buffer population (0.06). (2) CI rises with Area only up to 50 hm² and then plateaus at ~6 °C. Buffer NDBI strengthens CI, with faster gains when buffer NDBI < −0.2. Water-shape effects are stepwise, and a lake/river shape index of 5–8 delivers near-optimal cooling. Interactions indicate stronger cooling in large parks with high water coverage and in sites combining complex water edges with dominant grassland patches. These findings support structure-focused UBGS design and targeted mitigation in dense urban areas. Full article

Mining-resource-based cities, as distinctive human–environment systems, face urgent challenges from intensified urbanization and mining, leading to land imbalance and ecosystem service degradation. To enhance resilience, it is essential to identify the evolution and drivers of ecosystem services and construct targeted ecological compensation models. This study focuses on Xinzhou, a representative mining city in China, and systematically analyzes three aspects: (1) spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and ecosystem service value (ESV) from 2000 to 2023 using Markov chains, equivalent factor method, hotspot and sensitivity analyses; (2) identification of ESV driving mechanisms through an integrated “stepwise regression + geographical detector” framework; and (3) formulation of ecological compensation models via quantification of priority indices, demand intensity coefficients, and compensation standards. Key findings indicate that land conversion was concentrated in coalfield zones and surrounding built-up areas, involving 2,518,341.75 hm² (35.76% of total area), primarily characterized by a reduction in farmland and expansion of forest, grassland, and construction land. ESV showed a striped spatial pattern, with higher values in mountainous zones and lower values in valleys and basins with frequent human activity. The northwest coalfield region experienced an initial decline followed by a recovery in ESV. Annual mean temperature emerged as the dominant driver, while DEM influence increased annually. All factor interactions exhibited synergistic effects, with natural variables exerting greater influence than socio-economic ones. Ecological compensation demand was high overall, especially in Wutai, Kelan, and Pianguan counties, with high-value compensation areas mainly distributed in the eastern and central parts of Xinzhou. Looking ahead, a compensation framework prioritizing ecological–economic optimization should be developed, guided by zoned, typological, and dynamic configurations. By analyzing ecosystem governance from the perspective of a mining-resource-based city, this study enhances global ecosystem service evaluation frameworks and offers a replicable model to advance transnational ecological cooperation and green urban transformation. Full article

Conservative management of rotator cuff disorders remains challenging, with no comprehensive, evidence-based framework integrating diagnosis, prognosis, rehabilitation, and biological therapies. Existing recommendations usually address isolated components of care, leading to inconsistent treatment strategies. This article proposes a global, pragmatic protocol for the non-surgical management of rotator cuff lesions, from initial assessment to long-term follow-up. Drawing on clinical expertise supported by recent literature, we outline a stepwise approach that begins with a comprehensive diagnostic process that combines history, clinical examination, and targeted imaging. Based on lesion type, associated shoulder or neurogenic conditions, and patient profile, rotator cuff disorders are stratified into three prognostic categories under conservative care: good, borderline, and poor prognosis, highlighting factors that require treatment adaptation or early surgical consideration. Rehabilitation objectives are structured around four domains: (1) inflammation and pain control, (2) mobility and scapular kinematics, (3) strengthening and motor control with tendon-sparing strategies, and (4) preservation or restoration of anatomy. For each prognostic category, we define a monitoring plan integrating clinical reassessment, ultrasound follow-up, and functional milestones, including return-to-play criteria for athletes. This comprehensive narrative review demonstrates that precise diagnosis and individualized rehabilitation can optimize medical follow-up, active strengthening, and complementary or regenerative therapies. Aligning therapeutic decisions with prognostic and functional goals allows clinicians to optimize patient satisfaction and recovery, providing a clear, evidence-informed roadmap for conservative management of rotator cuff disorders. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants with widespread global distribution, continuously accumulating in soils and posing risks of cross-media pollution. Current soil MP detection methods lack unified standards, suffering from high inter-laboratory variability and cost, which become key bottlenecks limiting data comparability and global microplastics pollution control. Here, we systematically reviewed soil MPs studies (2020–2024) and based on stepwise verification, we established a standardized, reproducible detection method: soil samples were dried at 80 °C for 12 h; density separation was performed in Erlenmeyer flasks with decantation, 10 s glass rod stirring, and 12 h settling, repeated five times; digestion was conducted using a 1:2 volume ratio of H₂O₂ to supernatant at 80 °C for 8 h; and MPs were quantified via stereo-microscopy combined with ImageJ. It should be noted that the use of NaCl limits the recovery of high-density polymers (e.g., PVC, PET), and the minimum detectable particle size is approximately 127 µm. The method was validated in sandy, loam, and clay soils, achieving an average recovery rate of 96.4%, with a processing time of 68 h and a cost of USD 9.77 per sample. In contrast to previous fragmented, non-standardized protocols, this workflow synergistically optimizes high recovery efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and broad applicability, offering a low-cost, efficient, and widely applicable approach for soil MPs monitoring, supporting data comparability across studies and contributing to global pollution assessment and the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

Making advancements in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling is crucial for predicting biological activities in new compounds. Traditional 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR methods often face challenges in terms of computational efficiency and predictive accuracy. This study introduces a machine learning approach using 3D Discrete Tchebichef Moments (3D-DTM) to address these issues. The 3D-DTM method offers efficient computation, robust descriptor generation, and improved interpretability, making it a promising alternative to conventional QSAR techniques. By capturing global 3D shape information, this method provides better representation of molecular interactions essential for biological activities. We applied the 3D-DTM model to a dataset of 46 molecules derived from the Dihydrophenanthrene scaffold, screened against the enzymatic activity of 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, a key antiviral target. Principal Component Analysis and k-means clustering refined descriptors, followed by stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (step-MLR), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS-R), and Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) techniques for 3DTMs-QSAR model development. The results showed high correlation and predictive accuracy, with significant validation from internal and external tests. The step-MLR model emerged as the optimal method due to its balance of predictive power and simplicity. Validation through y-Randomization and applicability domain analysis confirmed the model’s robustness. Virtual screening of 100 novel compounds identified 32 with improved pIC₅₀ values. This study highlights the potential of 3D-DTMs in QSAR modeling, providing a scalable and reliable tool for computational chemistry and drug discovery. A user-friendly software tool was also developed to facilitate 3D-DTM extraction from input 3D molecular images. Full article

As a key node of the energy internet, the park-level integrated energy system undertakes the dual functions of improving energy supply reliability and promoting low-carbon development in the transformation of the global energy structure. The need to simultaneously meet terminal energy demand and market regulation requirements constrains operational optimization due to factors such as energy price fluctuations. Future research should focus on supply–demand coordination mechanisms and energy efficiency improvement strategies to advance the high-quality development of such systems. To this end, this study constructs a collaborative optimization framework integrating demand response based on a dual-compensation mechanism and dynamic multi-energy pricing and incorporates it into a Stackelberg game-based low-carbon economic dispatch model. By incorporating a dynamic multi-energy pricing mechanism, the model coordinates and optimizes the interests of the upper-level park integrated energy system operator (PIESO) and the lower-level park users. On the supply side, the model couples a two-stage power-to-gas (P2G) device with a stepwise carbon trading mechanism, forming a low-carbon dispatch system enabling source–grid–load coordination. On the demand side, an integrated demand response mechanism with dual compensation is introduced to enhance the coupling intensity of multi-energy flows and the adjustability of price elasticity. The simulation results show that, compared with traditional models, the proposed optimization framework achieves improvements in three dimensions: carbon emissions, economic benefits, and user costs. Specifically, the carbon emission intensity is reduced by 28.04%, the operating income of the PIESO is increased by 29.53%, and the users’ energy consumption cost is decreased by 13.05%, which verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model. Full article

Amid rising global energy demand and Taiwan’s transition toward a non-nuclear and low-carbon future, identifying an optimal renewable energy (RE) mix has become essential. This study analyzes eight RE sources using a three-model framework—Pearson correlation, Stepwise Regression Analysis (SRA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)—based on 60 monthly observations from 2019 to 2023. The results show that geothermal energy (GE) and solar photovoltaics (SP) exhibit strong positive correlations with total RE generation. Both SRA and PCA consistently identify conventional hydropower (CH), SP, and offshore wind power (OSW) as Taiwan’s most effective RE combination, while PCA provides superior predictive performance and reduces multicollinearity. In contrast, OWP, SB, BG, and WTE show limited contribution to overall RE output. Policy recommendations suggest prioritizing SP under resource constraints, and jointly expanding CH, SP, and OSW when resources permit, to achieve a balanced and sustainable RE structure. Full article

Global climate change has led to frequent extreme weather events such as high temperatures and droughts, severely threatening the heat and water balance during the growing season of summer maize. To adapt to these changes, adjusting planting dates to optimize crop development has become a key agronomic measure for mitigating climate stress and ensuring yield. Against this backdrop, precise monitoring of leaf area index (LAI) is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of planting date regulation and achieving precision management. To reveal the impact of planting date variations on summer maize LAI inversion and address the limitations of single data sources in comprehensively reflecting complex environmental conditions affecting crop growth, this study examined summer maize at different planting dates across the North China Plain. Through stepwise regression analysis (SRA), multiple vegetation indices (VIs) and 0–2nd order fractional order derivatives (FODs), spectral parameters were dynamically screened. These were then integrated with effective accumulated temperature (EAT) to optimize model inputs. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Adaptive Boosting Regression (AdaBoot) algorithms were employed to construct LAI inversion models for summer maize across different planting dates and mixed planting dates. Results indicate that, compared to empirical VIs and “tri-band” parameters, randomly selected dual-band combination VIs exhibit the strongest correlation with summer maize LAI. Key bands identified through SRA screening concentrated in the 0.7–1.2 order range, primarily distributed across the red edge and near-infrared bands. Multi-feature models incorporating EAT significantly improved retrieval accuracy compared to single-feature models. Optimal models and feature combinations varied across planting dates. Overall, the VIs + EAT combination exhibited the highest stability across all models. Ensemble learning algorithms RF and AdaBoost performed exceptionally well, achieving average R² values of 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. The model accuracy for the 20-day delayed planting (S4) decreased significantly, with an average R² of 0.62, while the average R² for other planting dates exceeded 0.90. This indicates that the altered environmental conditions during the later growth stages of LAI due to delayed planting hindered LAI estimation. This study provides an effective method for estimating summer maize LAI across different planting dates under climate change, offering scientific basis for optimizing adaptive cultivation strategies for maize in the North China Plain. Full article

Universalism, as defined in Schwartz’s theory of basic human values, reflects a motivational orientation toward understanding, appreciation, and protection of all people and nature. This study examines the psychological foundations of ethical concern and ecological sensitivity among university students, focusing on the role of transcendence strengths. A cross-sectional correlational design was employed and a total of 1240 students from five Spanish universities participated in the study, completing validated instruments designed to assess both transcendence strengths—spirituality, gratitude, hope/optimism, humor, and appreciation of beauty—and universalism. Stepwise regression analysis identified four strengths—gratitude, appreciation of beauty, hope/optimism, and spirituality—as significant predictors of ethical concern for others and nature, explaining 20.1% of the variance. These findings contribute to the growing body of research linking positive psychological traits with ethical engagement and environmental responsibility. They also suggest that fostering transcendence-related strengths in educational settings may enhance students’ capacity for global empathy and moral development. Moreover, rather than functioning in isolation, spirituality interacts dynamically with other transcendence strengths. The study highlights the importance of integrating transcendental dimensions into sustainability discourse. Future research should explore these relationships across cultures and developmental stages to inform policy and educational practice. Full article

Hybrid PV-TEG systems can harvest both solar electrical and thermoelectric power, but their operating point drifts with irradiance, temperature gradients, partial shading, and load changes—often yielding multi-peak P-V characteristics. Conventional MPPT (e.g., P&O) and fixed-structure integer-order PID struggle to remain fast, stable, and globally optimal in these conditions. To address fast, robust tracking in these conditions, we propose an adaptive fractional-order PID (FOPID) MPPT whose parameters (K_p, K_i, K_d, λ, μ) are auto-tuned by the red-billed blue magpie optimizer (RBBMO). RBBMO is used offline to set the controller’s search ranges and weighting; the adaptive law then refines the gains online from the measured ΔV, ΔI slope error to maximize the hybrid PV-TEG output. The method is validated in MATLAB R2024b/Simulink 2024b, on a boost-converter–interfaced PV-TEG using five testbeds: (i) start-up/search, (ii) stepwise irradiance, (iii) partial shading with multiple local peaks, (iv) load steps, and (v) field-measured irradiance/temperature from Shanxi Province for spring/summer/autumn/winter. Compared with AOS, PSO, MFO, SSA, GHO, RSA, AOA, and P&O, the proposed tracker is consistently the fastest and most energy-efficient: 0.06 s to reach 95% MPP and 0.12 s settling at start-up with 1950 W·s harvested (vs. 1910 W·s AOS, 1880 W·s PSO, 200 W·s P&O). Under stepwise irradiance, it delivers 0.95–0.98 kJ at t = 1 s and under partial shading, 1.95–2.00 kJ, both with ±1% steady ripple. Daily field energies reach 0.88 × 10⁻³, 2.95 × 10⁻³, 2.90 × 10⁻³, 1.55 × 10⁻³ kWh in spring–winter, outperforming the best baselines by 3–10% and P&O by 20–30%. Robustness tests show only 2.74% power derating across 0–40 °C and low variability (Δv^max typically ≤ 1–1.5%), confirming rapid, low-ripple tracking with superior energy yield. Finally, the RBBMO-tuned adaptive FOPID offers a superior efficiency–stability trade-off and robust GMPP tracking across all five cases, with modest computational overhead. Full article

We address issues in existing house layout generation methods, including chaotic room layouts, limited iterative refinement, and restricted style diversity. We propose Graph-RWGAN, a generative adversarial network based on a multi-relational graph attention mechanism, to automatically generate reasonable and globally consistent house layouts under weak constraints. In our framework, rooms are represented as graph nodes with semantic attributes. Their spatial relationships are modeled as edges. Optional room-level objects can be added by augmenting node attributes. This allows for object-aware layout generation when needed. The multi-relational graph attention mechanism captures complex inter-room relationships. Iterative generation enables stepwise layout optimization. Fusion of node features with building boundaries ensures spatial accuracy and structural coherence. A conditional graph discriminator with Wasserstein loss constrains global consistency. Experiments on the RPLAN dataset show strong performance. FID is 92.73, SSIM is 0.828, and layout accuracy is 85.96%. Room topology accuracy reaches 95%, layout quality 90%, and structural coherence 95%, outperforming House-GAN, LayoutGAN, and MR-GAT. Ablation studies confirm the effectiveness of each key component. Graph-RWGAN shows strong adaptability, flexible generation under weak constraints, and multi-style layouts. It provides an efficient and controllable scheme for intelligent building design and automated planning. Full article

As the urbanization and industrialization processes in developing countries continue to advance, environmental issues caused by carbon dioxide emissions (CDEs) have become a significant research topic in the field of sustainable development. However, existing research has primarily focused on macro and meso scales such as global, national, and urban levels, and due to limitations in data precision, in-depth exploration of spatial heterogeneity within cities remains insufficient. To address this, this study utilizes China high-resolution emission gridded data (CHRED) to establish a theoretical analytical framework for spatial zoning of urban carbon emissions. The main innovations of this study are as follows: first, a stepwise analysis method matching carbon emissions with spatial patterns was designed based on CHRED data; second, by establishing a “ring-layer and direction” model, the study systematically revealed the spatial differentiation characteristics of carbon emissions within cities. Empirical research using Shenzhen as a case study shows that the city’s CDE intensity (CDEI) is generally at a medium-to-low level, but exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with Nanshan District and Kuiyong District forming two major high-emission core areas. Further analysis reveals that during the processes of urbanization and industrialization, population density, nighttime light intensity index, and the proportion of construction land are the key drivers influencing the spatial pattern of carbon emissions. This study provides scientific basis and decision-making references for optimizing urban spatial layout to achieve the “dual carbon” goals. Full article

With the global surge in patent filings, accurately evaluating similarity between patent documents has become increasingly critical. Traditional similarity assessment methods—primarily based on unimodal inputs such as text or bibliographic data—often fall short due to the complexity of legal language and the semantic ambiguity that is inherent in technical writing. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel multimodal patent similarity evaluation framework that integrates weak AI techniques and conceptual similarity analysis of patent drawings. This approach leverages a domain-specific pre-trained language model optimized for patent texts, statistical correlation analysis between textual and bibliographic information, and a rule-based classification strategy. These components, rooted in weak AI methodology, significantly enhance classification precision. Furthermore, the study introduces the concept of conceptual similarity—as distinct from visual similarity—in the analysis of patent drawings, demonstrating its superior ability to capture the underlying technological intent. An empirical evaluation was conducted on 9613 patents in the manipulator technology domain, yielding 668,010 document pairs. Stepwise experiments demonstrated a 13.84% improvement in classification precision. Citation-based similarity assessment further confirmed the superiority of the proposed multimodal approach over existing methods. The findings underscore the potential of the proposed framework to improve prior art searches, patent examination accuracy, and R&D planning. Full article

Optimization of injection molding process parameters is essential for improving product quality and production efficiency. Traditional methods, which rely heavily on operator experience, often result in inconsistencies, high time consumption, high defect rates, and suboptimal energy consumption. In this study, an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm was proposed, integrating dynamic inertia weight adjustment, adaptive acceleration coefficients, and position constraints to address the issue of premature convergence and enhance global search capabilities. A dual-model architecture was implemented: a constraint validation mechanism based on support vector machine (SVM) was enforced per iteration cycle to ensure stepwise quality compliance, while a fitness function derived by extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was formulated to minimize cycle time as the optimization objective. The results demonstrated that the average injection cycle time was reduced by 9.41% while ensuring that the product was qualified. The SVM and XGBoost models achieved high performance metrics (accuracy: 0.92; R²: 0.93; RMSE: 1.05), confirming their robustness in quality classification and cycle time prediction. This method provides a systematic and data-driven solution for multi-objective optimization in injection molding, significantly improving production efficiency and energy utilization. Full article

The increasing integration of wind and photovoltaic energy into power systems brings about large fluctuations and significant challenges for power absorption. Wind–solar–hydro–storage multi-energy complementary systems, especially joint dispatching strategies, have attracted wide attention due to their ability to coordinate the advantages of different resources and enhance both flexibility and economic efficiency. This paper develops a capacity optimization model for a wind–solar–hydro–storage multi-energy complementary system. The objectives are to improve net system income, reduce wind and solar curtailment, and mitigate intraday fluctuations. We adopt the quantum particle swarm algorithm (QPSO) for outer-layer global optimization, combined with an inner-layer stepwise simulation to maximize life cycle benefits under multi-dimensional constraints. The simulation is based on the output and load data of typical wind, solar, water, and storage in Yunnan Province, and verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that after the wind–solar–hydro–storage multi-energy complementary system is optimized, the utilization rate of new energy and the system economy are significantly improved, which has a wide range of engineering promotion value. The research results of this paper have important reference significance for the construction of new power systems and the engineering design of multi-energy complementary projects. Full article