Two-Layer Low-Carbon Optimal Dispatch of Integrated Energy Systems Based on Stackelberg Game

As a key node of the energy internet, the park-level integrated energy system undertakes the dual functions of improving energy supply reliability and promoting low-carbon development in the transformation of the global energy structure. The need to simultaneously meet terminal energy demand and market regulation requirements constrains operational optimization due to factors such as energy price fluctuations. Future research should focus on supply–demand coordination mechanisms and energy efficiency improvement strategies to advance the high-quality development of such systems. To this end, this study constructs a collaborative optimization framework integrating demand response based on a dual-compensation mechanism and dynamic multi-energy pricing and incorporates it into a Stackelberg game-based low-carbon economic dispatch model. By incorporating a dynamic multi-energy pricing mechanism, the model coordinates and optimizes the interests of the upper-level park integrated energy system operator (PIESO) and the lower-level park users. On the supply side, the model couples a two-stage power-to-gas (P2G) device with a stepwise carbon trading mechanism, forming a low-carbon dispatch system enabling source–grid–load coordination. On the demand side, an integrated demand response mechanism with dual compensation is introduced to enhance the coupling intensity of multi-energy flows and the adjustability of price elasticity. The simulation results show that, compared with traditional models, the proposed optimization framework achieves improvements in three dimensions: carbon emissions, economic benefits, and user costs. Specifically, the carbon emission intensity is reduced by 28.04%, the operating income of the PIESO is increased by 29.53%, and the users’ energy consumption cost is decreased by 13.05%, which verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model.