Understanding the diversity and complexity of stand structure is important for managing the biodiversity of forest ecosystem, and stand structural diversity is essential for evaluating forest management activities. Based on the relationship of adjace...
Forest stand structure can be described through stand structural parameters as well as using stand structural indices. However, to date, there is still much uncertainty regarding how stand structural indices and parameters are intercorrelated. The an...
Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is not simply affected by a single factor or a few factors, but also by the interaction between them in complex ways across multiple spatial scales. Understanding the joint effect of stand structural characteristics a...
Throughfall kinetic energy (TKE) is a physically based index of raindrop-driven splash erosion potential in forest ecosystems. In Japanese cypress plantations, TKE shows substantial spatial heterogeneity beneath the canopy, but the stand structural f...
Forests are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems for the protection of biodiversity, but at the same time they are under heavy production pressures. In many cases, management optimized for timber production leads to a simplification of fo...
In order to study the multi-factor coupling relationships between typical Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. mixed plantations in the Caijiachuan basin of the Loess Plateau of Shanxi Province, West China, 136 sample plots were sele...
The carbon storage in forest ecosystems is closely linked to biomass, and its dynamic changes are of significant importance for assessing forest structure and function, as well as their response to global climate change. Recently, the research on the...
Tropical old-growth forests are essential for global carbon regulation. Although there is increasing evidence that species and functional diversity, stand structural diversity, functional compositions, and elevation play roles in ecosystem functionin...
Revealing the interactions between stand structure factors and ecosystem functions is crucial for enhancing forest soil and water conservation, as well as carbon storage. However, the optimal stand structure configuration for achieving superior ecolo...
Based on the single-photon structure model, the standing wave electric 4-photon (SWE4-P) composite, the standing wave magnetic 4-photon (SWM4-P) composite in one-dimensional longitudinal constraint space, and the standing wave 8-photon (SW8-P) compos...
Intensifying forest management and a reduction in the rotation period necessitates the development of intensive biodiversity conservation strategies, such as the triad concept, which aims at ensuring habitat connectivity. Such an approach depends on...
Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) serves as a crucial indicator of productivity and carbon storage capacity. While the impact of stand structure on AGB is well-documented for pure moso bamboo stands, the specific structural factors influencing AGB and...
Wood production is one of the most important ecosystem service that forests provide to society. However, under changing climatic conditions, this appears to be subject to increasing uncertainties. In the present study we analyzed how long-term produc...
The enhancement of the ecological functions of forests through stand structure optimization is a key issue for high-quality forestry and its sustainable development on the Loess Plateau. In this study, fifty standard plots of Pinus tabuliformis Carr....
Forest trees exhibit a large variation in the basal area increment (BAI), and the variation is attributed to the stand density, biodiversity, and stand spatial structure. Studying and quantifying the effect of these above variables on tree growth is...
The management of stand structure and the protection of species diversity are crucial to forest ecosystem service functions. Changbai Mountain is one of the three major forest regions in Northeast China, and understanding the characteristics of stand...
Airborne LiDAR provides a powerful framework for objectively describing forest structure across multiple spatial scales. From LiDAR points to a unit of area, to descriptors of individual trees, to cohorts of trees, to the stand, or at a landscape lev...
Forest productivity (increment of above-ground biomass) is determined by biodiversity but also by stand structure attributes. However, the relative strengths of these drivers in determining productivity remain controversial in subtropical forests. In...
Forest productivity (FP) depends not only on tree species diversity but also on functional traits, stand structure, and environmental factors; however, causation and relative importance remain controversial. The effects of tree species diversity (spe...
In the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, uneven-aged stands of fir and beech are very important from the economic and ecological points of view. A major lack of information on the simple structure of stands is that it cannot be used to draw valid...
Silver fir is one of the most threatened conifer species in Croatia, especially at the western edge of its spread in Croatian Dinarides, where the decline in fir trees has resulted in significant ecological and economic issues. The aim of this study...
The immediate roof of Shanxi sedimentary bauxite is hard clay rock, which maintain stable difficultly in goaf. It is necessary to ensure the stability of the goaf during the mine production period. The relevant research objects did not involve soft r...
This study proposes a multi-objective stand structure optimization scheme based on deep reinforcement learning, demonstrating the strengths of deep reinforcement learning in solving multi-objective optimization problems and providing innovative insig...
Ash dieback is a major issue affecting European ash populations, including narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl). An important factor contributing to the decline of narrow-leaved ash is the fungal disease caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. H...
Stand structural configuration dictates ecosystem functional performance. Mangrove ecosystems, located in ecologically sensitive coastal ecotones, require efficient acquisition of stand structure parameters and health assessments based on these param...
The spatial structure of forest stands significantly influences inter-tree competition and the overall stability of the stand’s ecological dynamics, and a profound understanding of forest stand spatial structure is essential for both effective...
The present research was carried out in stands of Scots pine and black pine, pure or mixed with deciduous trees, installed on degraded lands from the Curvature Subcarpathian area, Romania, in a representative network of permanent research plots and f...
The study investigates the links and interactions between soil properties, soil microorganisms and the structure of a primary beech forest. The study was performed in the reserve Havešová (Bukovské vrchy Mts., Slovakia). On 40 sa...
Michelia macclurei, a valuable native broad-leaved species with good ecological and economic benefits and a key afforestation tree in South China, is facing progressive stand degradation and soil fertility decline with age. To investigate age-depende...
The forest spatial structure and diversity of tree species, as the important evaluation indicators of forest quality, are key factors affecting forest carbon storage. To analyze the impacts of biodiversity indices and stand spatial structure on fores...
Species diversity is a crucial index used to evaluate the stability and complexity of forest ecosystems. Studying the relationship between stand structure and understory herbaceous plants species diversity is useful for managers to formulate the best...
Although oak woodlands are a characteristic landscape component in the Swat Hindukush Mountain ranges, little is known about their current or historical stand population structure and regeneration dynamics related to environmental variables. Therefor...
The recent research has indicated that restoration of old-growth attributes such as large-sized living trees and snags contributes to sustaining biodiversity on the landscape level. The extent to which these attributes are restored, maintained, or di...
Soil enzyme activities regulate organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling and are widely used as indicators of microbial functioning and ecosystem processes. However, the mechanisms underlying their spatial heterogeneity, particularly the rol...
The environmental, social and economic potential of Dinaric uneven-aged forests along with the complex stand dynamics influenced by different long-term management approaches and environmental factors require comprehensive forest monitoring. This stud...
Larix gmelinii is the fourth most important tree species in China and a typical zonal climax species in the cold temperate region, with high ecological and resource value. However, intensive logging, high-density afforestation, and insufficient scien...
Forest stand structure (the characteristics and interrelationships of live trees) and site conditions (the physical and environmental characteristics of a specific location) have been linked to forest regeneration, nutrient cycling, wildlife habitat,...
Significant influences on tree growth and forest functionality are attributed to nitrogen (N) addition. However, limited research has been conducted on the effects of N addition on forest spatial structure. In this study, we examined the effects of d...
We transformed a Pinus massoniana plantation, the most important conifer plantation in southern China, with four different transformation treatments, in which Pinus massoniana was thinned to a density of 70%, and then differing richness and composit...
Among forest management methods, selection cutting puts into practice applications that follow the processes that naturally occur in the ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of selection cutting on the stand structur...
This study examined the structural and ecological drivers of burn severity during the March 2025 wildfire in Uiseong County, Republic of Korea, with a focus on developing a predictive framework using the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). Seve...
Understanding the determinants of tree biomass allocation patterns among organs is crucial for both predicting the rate and potential of forest carbon sinks and guiding future multifunctional forest management. However, it is still not clear how the...
Aircraft stands impose asymmetric spatial and procedural constraints that cannot be represented by geometric free space alone. This study proposes a Structured Operation Corridor for unmanned ground support equipment (SOC-UGSE), which converts existi...
Tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus) is one of the most widespread and abundant associates of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), but little is known about the structural relationships between these two species. Knowle...
Monitoring forest stands using sampling techniques offers a valuable alternative to conventional forest condition assessment methods in Central Europe. While these designs are optimized for assessing production parameters, their effectiveness for str...
The stand structure of ancient tea tree (Camellia taliensis) communities is critical for maintaining their structural and functional stability. Therefore, this study employed backpack laser scanning (BLS) technology to extract individual tree paramet...
Mangrove replantation is widely implemented as a rehabilitation-oriented response to coastal degradation, yet many replanted stands remain poorly assessed after plantation. This study provides a preliminary dry-season post-plantation habitat characte...
The relationship between the spatial structure of shelter forests and the diversity of understory herbaceous plants in desert–oasis ecotones is important for maintaining biodiversity indices and protecting the oasis ecosystem. In this paper, we...
Research Highlights: Long-term observations reveal a shift in stand species composition and regeneration, including an increasing importance of shade-tolerant species and weak oak recruitment in protected oak–hornbeam forests of northeastern Po...
The goal of this study is to compare the diversity of the stand structure of open P. brutia forests in areas of different productivity at middle elevations in central Cyprus. This will help us figure out how much biodiversity they can hold. Two plots...
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