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17,455 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
9,653 Views
21 Pages

A Review of Multi-Source Data Fusion and Analysis Algorithms in Smart City Construction: Facilitating Real Estate Management and Urban Optimization

  • Binglin Liu,
  • Qian Li,
  • Zhihua Zheng,
  • Yanjia Huang and ,
  • Shuguang Deng,
  • Qiongxiu Huang and
  • Weijiang Liu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

8 January 2025

In the context of the booming construction of smart cities, multi-source data fusion and analysis algorithms play a key role in optimizing real estate management and improving urban efficiency. In this review, we comprehensively and systematically re...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algorithms for Smart Cities (2nd Edition))
  • Review
  • Open Access
819 Views
39 Pages

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI), which integrates spatial and continuous spectral information, has shown considerable potential for nondestructive citrus quality assessment. However, HSI data inherently suffer from high dimensionality, strong inter-band...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,698 Views
23 Pages

7 November 2024

Air-cooling technology has been widely used for its water-saving advantage, and the performance of air-cooled condensers (ACC) has an important impact on the operation status of the unit. In this paper, the performance of ACC in a typical coal-fired...

(This article belongs to the Section K: State-of-the-Art Energy Related Technologies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,237 Views
30 Pages

A Synergistic MOEA Algorithm with GANs for Complex Data Analysis

  • Weihua Qian,
  • Hang Xu,
  • Houjin Chen,
  • Lvqing Yang and ,
  • Yuanguo Lin,
  • Rui Xu,
  • Mulan Yang and
  • Minghong Liao
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

5 January 2024

The multi-objective evolutionary algorithm optimization (MOEA) is a challenging but critical approach for tackling complex data analysis problems. However, prevailing MOEAs often rely on single strategies to obtain optimal solutions, leading to conce...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimisation Algorithms and Their Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,413 Views
24 Pages

Formation of Fuzzy Patterns in Logical Analysis of Data Using a Multi-Criteria Genetic Algorithm

  • Igor S. Masich,
  • Margarita A. Kulachenko,
  • Predrag S. Stanimirović,
  • Aleksey M. Popov and ,
  • Elena M. Tovbis,
  • Alena A. Stupina and
  • Lev A. Kazakovtsev
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

17 March 2022

The formation of patterns is one of the main stages in logical data analysis. Fuzzy approaches to pattern generation in logical analysis of data allow the pattern to cover not only objects of the target class, but also a certain proportion of objects...

(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Metaheuristic Computing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,345 Views
19 Pages

Experts in agriculture have conducted considerable work on rice plant protection. However, in-depth exploration of the plant disease problem has not been performed. In this paper, we find the trend of rice diseases by using the cascade parallel rando...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Cross-Disciplinary AI: Theory and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,835 Views
31 Pages

Algorithm for Application of a Basic Model for the Data Envelopment Analysis Method in Technical Systems

  • Mariia Pokushko,
  • Alena Stupina,
  • Inmaculada Medina-Bulo,
  • Svetlana Ezhemanskaya and ,
  • Roman Kuzmich and
  • Roman Pokushko
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

27 September 2023

The aim of this study is to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy complex enterprises. Because such enterprises are complex systems, it is difficult to optimize their work, taking into account all the technical indicators...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,552 Views
26 Pages

Proactive Cooling Control Algorithm for Data Centers Based on LSTM-Driven Predictive Thermal Analysis

  • Jieying Liu,
  • Rui Fan,
  • Zonglin Li,
  • Napat Harnpornchai and
  • Jianlei Qian

The conventional reactive cooling strategy, which relies on static thresholds, has become inadequate for managing dynamically changing heat loads, often resulting in energy inefficiency and increased risk of local hot spots. In this study, we develop...

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of IOT on Manufacturing, Communication and Engineering, 2nd Volume)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,712 Views
16 Pages

Data Encryption Algorithms for Cloud Storage Systems—A Comparative Analysis

  • Abdulsalam Ibrahim Almirdasi and
  • Mohamed Tahar Ben Othman

Cloud storage systems require strong and efficient encryption methods to ensure data security and reliability. However, selecting the most suitable encryption algorithm remains a challenge due to variations in performance, overhead, and reliability....

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Conference on Emerging Tech & Innovation (ICETI))
  • Review
  • Open Access
42 Citations
11,217 Views
35 Pages

17 August 2021

Smart cities connect people and places using innovative technologies such as Data Mining (DM), Machine Learning (ML), big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a bibliometric analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of studi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,008 Views
16 Pages

13 September 2022

Recent research on non-intrusive load monitoring, or load disaggregation, suggests that the performance of algorithms can be affected by factors beyond energy data. In particular, by incorporating non-electric data in load disaggregation analysis, su...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Nonintrusive Load Monitoring Approaches with Meaningful Performance Evaluation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
9,055 Views
17 Pages

Towards Secure Big Data Analysis via Fully Homomorphic Encryption Algorithms

  • Rafik Hamza,
  • Alzubair Hassan,
  • Awad Ali,
  • Mohammed Bakri Bashir and ,
  • Samar M. Alqhtani,
  • Tawfeeg Mohmmed Tawfeeg and
  • Adil Yousif
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

6 April 2022

Privacy-preserving techniques allow private information to be used without compromising privacy. Most encryption algorithms, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, cannot perform computational operations on encrypted data without f...

(This article belongs to the Collection Entropy-Based Applied Cryptography and Enhanced Security for Future IT Environments)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
40 Citations
15,321 Views
6 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Aes and Rsa Algorithms for Data Security in Cloud Computing

  • Sana Fatima,
  • Tanazzah Rehman,
  • Muskan Fatima,
  • Shahmeer Khan and
  • Mir Arshan Ali

With growing technology, the cloud is becoming a center of sensitive information, making it more open to danger, especially when access to users with malicious plans increases. A huge amount of users use the cloud for various reasons, therefore, data...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)
  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,267 Views
45 Pages

Topological Data Analysis: Foundations, Algorithms, and Emerging Applications

  • Dimitrios Georgiou,
  • Sotiris Kotsiantis and
  • Fotini Sereti

19 June 2026

Topological data analysis (TDA) has evolved into a flexible and robust paradigm for obtaining qualitative, geometry-inspired insights from high-dimensional, noisy, and complex data. Grounded in algebraic topology, geometry, statistics, and machine le...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,857 Views
13 Pages

26 October 2023

In this article we deal with the influence of polarization on determining the bending radius in TFBG (tilted fiber Bragg grating) sensors. The spectrum of TFBG structures changes under the influence of many factors at the same time. In the case of be...

(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,658 Views
25 Pages

11 March 2025

Clustering high-dimensional and structural data remains a key challenge in computational biology, especially for complex single-cell and multi-omics datasets. In this study, we present K-volume clustering, a novel algorithm that uses the total convex...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Research for Complex Biological Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,461 Views
12 Pages

Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Procedure-Specific Incidence and Impact on Mortality—An Algorithm-Based Big Data Fusion Analysis

  • Nora Goebel,
  • Micha Christ,
  • Nico Schmid,
  • Carmen Heidrich and ,
  • Joerg Latus,
  • Mark Dominik Alscher,
  • Bartosz Rylski and
  • Moritz Schanz
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

23 April 2026

Background: Acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery is frequent and is associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality. However, the incidence, severity, and impact of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery are still underestimate...

(This article belongs to the Section Critical Care Medicine)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,425 Views
23 Pages

A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Identifying Cultural and Technological Groups in Archaeological Datasets through Clustering Analysis of Homogeneous Data

  • Maurizio Troiano,
  • Eugenio Nobile,
  • Flavia Grignaffini,
  • Fabio Mangini and ,
  • Marco Mastrogiuseppe,
  • Cecilia Conati Barbaro and
  • Fabrizio Frezza
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

Machine learning algorithms have revolutionized data analysis by uncovering hidden patterns and structures. Clustering algorithms play a crucial role in organizing data into coherent groups. We focused on K-Means, hierarchical, and Self-Organizing Ma...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Retrieval and Data Mining)
  • Protocol
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,677 Views
13 Pages

Combining Multiple RNA-Seq Data Analysis Algorithms Using Machine Learning Improves Differential Isoform Expression Analysis

  • Alexandros C. Dimopoulos,
  • Konstantinos Koukoutegos,
  • Fotis E. Psomopoulos and
  • Panagiotis Moulos

27 September 2021

RNA sequencing has become the standard technique for high resolution genome-wide monitoring of gene expression. As such, it often comprises the first step towards understanding complex molecular mechanisms driving various phenotypes, spanning organ d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,749 Views
15 Pages

19 February 2024

For text big data analysis, we preprocessed text data and constructed a document–keyword matrix. The elements of this matrix represent the frequencies of keywords occurring in a document. The matrix has a zero-inflation problem because many ele...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Big Data Analysis for High-Dimensional Internet of Things)
  • Article
  • Open Access
839 Views
37 Pages

8 September 2026

This research presents the development of a predictive model to address student dropout in higher education, using advanced artificial intelligence techniques, specifically in the field of machine learning. To this end, the CRISP-DM methodology is fo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Educational Data Mining and Learning Analytics, Second Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,283 Views
18 Pages

Automated Baseline-Correction and Signal-Detection Algorithms with Web-Based Implementation for Thermal Liquid Biopsy Data Analysis

  • Karl C. Reger,
  • Gabriela Schneider,
  • Keegan T. Line,
  • Alagammai Kaliappan and ,
  • Robert Buscaglia and
  • Nichola C. Garbett
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

24 December 2025

Background/Objectives: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of blood plasma, also known as thermal liquid biopsy (TLB), is a promising approach for disease detection and monitoring; however, its wider adoption in clinical settings has bee...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Analysis and Proteomic Approaches for Biofluid Proteome Profiling in Cancer Diagnostics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
6,013 Views
24 Pages

10 April 2023

There are many state-of-the-art algorithms presented in the literature that perform very well on some evaluation data but are not studied with the data properties on which they are applied; therefore, they could have low performance on data with othe...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Big Data and Process Modelling for Smart Manufacturing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
121 Citations
11,827 Views
18 Pages

Machine Learning Algorithms for Smart Data Analysis in Internet of Things Environment: Taxonomies and Research Trends

  • Mohammed H. Alsharif,
  • Anabi Hilary Kelechi,
  • Khalid Yahya and
  • Shehzad Ashraf Chaudhry

2 January 2020

Machine learning techniques will contribution towards making Internet of Things (IoT) symmetric applications among the most significant sources of new data in the future. In this context, network systems are endowed with the capacity to access variet...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,040 Views
26 Pages

17 January 2023

Machine learning has the potential to enhance damage detection and prediction in materials science. Machine learning also has the ability to produce highly reliable and accurate representations, which can improve the detection and prediction of damag...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensing for Failure Diagnosis in Structures and Machine Components)
  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
8,301 Views
20 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms for Soil Erosion Modelling Based on Remotely Sensed Data

  • Daniel Fernández,
  • Eromanga Adermann,
  • Marco Pizzolato,
  • Roman Pechenkin and ,
  • Christina G. Rodríguez and
  • Alireza Taravat
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

13 January 2023

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of remote-sensing based methods to assess soil erosion, mainly due to the availability of freely accessible satellite data, with successful results on a consistent basis. There would be valuable benefits...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Computational Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,920 Views
15 Pages

Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Pool Data from Meta-Analysis for the Prediction of Countermovement Jump Improvement

  • Indy Man Kit Ho,
  • Anthony Weldon,
  • Jason Tze Ho Yong,
  • Candy Tze Tim Lam and
  • Jaime Sampaio

To solve the research–practice gap and take one step forward toward using big data with real-world evidence, the present study aims to adopt a novel method using machine learning to pool findings from meta-analyses and predict the change of cou...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Sport Performance, Health, and Fitness)
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,547 Views
25 Pages

23 November 2022

Shale gas reservoirs have huge amounts of reserves. Economically evaluating these reserves is challenging due to complex driving mechanisms, complex drilling and completion configurations, and the complexity of controlling the producing conditions. D...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Approaches for Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction and Exploration)
  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
8,021 Views
46 Pages

Numerous real-world applications apply categorical data clustering to find hidden patterns in the data. The K-modes-based algorithm is a popular algorithm for solving common issues in categorical data, from outlier and noise sensitivity to local opti...

(This article belongs to the Topic Big Data Intelligence: Methodologies and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,546 Views
18 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Feature Importance Algorithms for Grassland Aboveground Biomass and Nutrient Prediction Using Hyperspectral Data

  • Yue Zhao,
  • Dawei Xu,
  • Shuzhen Li,
  • Kai Tang and ,
  • Hongliang Yu,
  • Ruirui Yan,
  • Zhenwang Li,
  • Xu Wang and
  • Xiaoping Xin
  • + 4 authors+ 0 author

28 February 2024

Estimating forage yield and nutrient composition using hyperspectral remote sensing is a major challenge. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the optimal wavelength for the analysis of various nutrients in pasture. In this res...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Applications of Remote Sensing and Machine Learning in Smart Agriculture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,093 Views
24 Pages

24 May 2018

In the last few years, a large number of smart meters have been deployed in buildings to continuously monitor fine-grained energy consumption. Meteorological data deeply impact energy consumption, and an in-depth analysis of collected and correlated...

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
  • Article
  • Open Access
166 Citations
15,660 Views
22 Pages

30 July 2015

For identification of forested landslides, most studies focus on knowledge-based and pixel-based analysis (PBA) of LiDar data, while few studies have examined (semi-) automated methods and object-based image analysis (OBIA). Moreover, most of them ar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,264 Views
30 Pages

24 August 2025

In this study, a hybrid sensor-based electronic nose circuit was developed using eight metal-oxide semiconductors and 14 quartz crystal microbalance gas sensors. This study included 100 participants: 60 individuals diagnosed with lung cancer, 20 heal...

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,040 Views
28 Pages

20 November 2023

Symbolic interval data analysis (SIDA) has been successfully applied in a wide range of fields, including finance, engineering, and environmental science, making it a valuable tool for many researchers for the incorporation of uncertainty and impreci...

  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
5,050 Views
19 Pages

25 September 2022

In recent years, machine learning algorithms have been applied in many real-time applications. Crises in the energy sector are the primary challenges experienced today among all countries across the globe, regardless of their economic status. There i...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Time Series Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
2,983 Views
18 Pages

An Enhanced Gas Sensor Data Classification Method Using Principal Component Analysis and Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique Algorithms

  • Xianzhang Zeng,
  • Muhammad Shahzeb,
  • Xin Cheng,
  • Qiang Shen and ,
  • Hongyang Xiao,
  • Cao Xia,
  • Yuanlin Xia,
  • Yubo Huang,
  • Jingfei Xu and
  • Zhuqing Wang
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

16 December 2024

This study addresses the challenge of multi-dimensional and small gas sensor data classification using a gelatin–carbon black (CB-GE) composite film sensor, achieving 91.7% accuracy in differentiating gas types (ethanol, acetone, and air). Key...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,450 Views
29 Pages

Variable Selection in Data Analysis: A Synthetic Data Toolkit

  • Rohan Mitra,
  • Eyad Ali,
  • Dara Varam,
  • Hana Sulieman and
  • Firuz Kamalov

14 February 2024

Variable (feature) selection plays an important role in data analysis and mathematical modeling. This paper aims to address the significant lack of formal evaluation benchmarks for feature selection algorithms (FSAs). To evaluate FSAs effectively, co...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Computation, Data Analysis and Software in Mathematics and Engineering, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
11,190 Views
19 Pages

TRIPOD—A Treadmill Walking Dataset with IMU, Pressure-Distribution and Photoelectric Data for Gait Analysis

  • Justin Trautmann,
  • Lin Zhou,
  • Clemens Markus Brahms,
  • Can Tunca and ,
  • Cem Ersoy,
  • Urs Granacher and
  • Bert Arnrich
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

26 August 2021

Inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable easy to operate and low-cost data recording for gait analysis. When combined with treadmill walking, a large number of steps can be collected in a controlled environment without the need of a dedicated gait an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurements of User and Sensor Data from the Internet of Things (IoT) Devices)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,507 Views
18 Pages

12 June 2024

The quality of hydrological data has a significant impact on hydrological models, where stable and anomaly-free hydrological time series typically yield more valuable patterns. In this paper, we conduct data analysis and propose an online hydrologica...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Mining and Machine Learning in the Era of Big Knowledge and Large Models)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,663 Views
13 Pages

Teachers and students are the two basic elements in educational activities. Students are educated but are not exactly passive recipients of education. With subjective initiative, all educational impacts must be through the initiative of students to a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity for Industry 4.0)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,502 Views
15 Pages

Design and Experiment of a Portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device for Convenient Prediction of Leaf Chlorophyll Content

  • Longjie Li,
  • Junxian Guo,
  • Qian Wang,
  • Jun Wang and ,
  • Ya Liu and
  • Yong Shi
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

19 October 2023

This study designs a spectrum data collection device and system based on the Internet of Things technology, aiming to solve the tedious process of chlorophyll collection and provide a more convenient and accurate method for predicting chlorophyll con...

(This article belongs to the Section Internet of Things)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,249 Views
16 Pages

Rough IPFCM Clustering Algorithm and Its Application on Smart Phones with Euclidean Distance

  • Chih-Ming Chen,
  • Sheng-Chieh Chang,
  • Chen-Chia Chuang and
  • Jin-Tsong Jeng

20 May 2022

New interval clustering technology for symbolic data analysis (SDA) on smart phones is shown to be beneficial for mobile computing devices for smart data analysis in this paper. A new interval clustering method that combined the rough set with interv...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,151 Views
19 Pages

Microparticles are widely used in many industrial sectors. A micromanipulation technique has been widely used to quantify the mechanical properties of individual microparticles, which is crucial to the optimization of their functionality and performa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Micromanipulators and Micromanipulation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,364 Views
14 Pages

Parallel Landscape Driven Data Reduction & Spatial Interpolation Algorithm for Big LiDAR Data

  • Rahil Sharma,
  • Zewei Xu,
  • Ramanathan Sugumaran and
  • Suely Oliveira

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topographic data provide highly accurate digital terrain information, which is used widely in applications like creating flood insurance rate maps, forest and tree studies, coastal change mapping, soil and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,739 Views
15 Pages

Meta-Analytic Gene-Clustering Algorithm for Integrating Multi-Omics and Multi-Study Data

  • Ulrich Kemmo Tsafack,
  • Kwang Woo Ahn,
  • Anne E. Kwitek and
  • Chien-Wei Lin

Gene pathways and gene-regulatory networks are used to describe the causal relationship between genes, based on biological experiments. However, many genes are still to be studied to define novel pathways. To address this, a gene-clustering algorithm...

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
3,660 Views
15 Pages

Transformer Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Incomplete Data and TPE-XGBoost

  • Tonglei Wang,
  • Qun Li,
  • Jinggang Yang,
  • Tianxi Xie and ,
  • Peng Wu and
  • Jiabi Liang
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

26 June 2023

Dissolved gas analysis is an important method for diagnosing the operating condition of power transformers. Traditional methods such as IEC Ratios and Duval Triangles and Pentagon methods are not applicable in the case of abnormal or missing values o...

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,756 Views
20 Pages

14 May 2025

Association rule mining plays a critical role in uncovering item correlations and hidden patterns within transactional data, particularly in e-commerce environments. Despite the widespread use of Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms, few studies offer a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
3,379 Views
33 Pages

Automated Maintenance Data Classification Using Recurrent Neural Network: Enhancement by Spotted Hyena-Based Whale Optimization

  • Mustufa Haider Abidi,
  • Usama Umer,
  • Muneer Khan Mohammed,
  • Mohamed K. Aboudaif and
  • Hisham Alkhalefah

11 November 2020

Data classification has been considered extensively in different fields, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and data mining, and the expansion of classification has yielded immense achievements. The automatic clas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,248 Views
21 Pages

Compared with traditional anomaly analysis, intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) data validity analysis is faced with a variety of data anomalies, including sensor anomalies, driving behavior anomalies, malicious tampering, and so on, which eventually...

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Autonomous Vehicles)

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