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Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Mirza Muhammad Ali Baig, Abdul Ghani Abro and Saad Ahmed Qazi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020047 - 21 Oct 2022

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Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Engineering Proceedings, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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Jump to: Editorial

6 pages, 1355 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fully Automatic Weave Identification in Woven Fabrics Using Digital Image Processing

by Muhammad Amir Qureshi, Rizwan Aslam Butt, Muhammad Zuhair Arfeen and Noreen Akram

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020001 - 27 Jul 2022

Viewed by 3405

Abstract

Fabric is an important part and parcel of our lives. In addition to fabric color and texture, fabric weave also determines the physical appearance and physical properties of the fabric. At times, it is necessary to determine the weave type of the fabric, [...] Read more.

Fabric is an important part and parcel of our lives. In addition to fabric color and texture, fabric weave also determines the physical appearance and physical properties of the fabric. At times, it is necessary to determine the weave type of the fabric, for example, at sales outlets, or at customs for tax duty computations. Furthermore, the end-user may be required to confirm the fabric weave type. Conventionally, a manual invasive technique is used to determine the weave type of the fabric, which also requires extensive knowledge of the fabric weaving process. Therefore, in this study, we present an image-processing-based, non-invasive, low-cost fabric weave identification scheme. The experimental results are very encouraging results and show a 90% accuracy in detecting fabric weave type in real-time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 719 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Deepfake Tweets Detection Using Deep Learning Algorithms

by Hina Kirn, Muhammad Anwar, Ashina Sadiq, Hafiz M. Zeeshan, Imran Mehmood and Rizwan Aslam Butt

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020002 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2803

Abstract

The simplicity of contact and the significant improvement in records that are easily accessible through the use of web-based broadcasting methods have made it complicated to distinguish between bogus and genuine information. The unchecked distribution of documents by allocation has resulted in the [...] Read more.

The simplicity of contact and the significant improvement in records that are easily accessible through the use of web-based broadcasting methods have made it complicated to distinguish between bogus and genuine information. The unchecked distribution of documents by allocation has resulted in the significant growth of misrepresentation. Wherever the dissemination of deceptive material is frequent, the validity of internet broadcasting websites is also being questioned. As a result, it has become an exploratory task to naturally check the data in terms of its source, substance, and supplier to sort it as false or true. Despite some limits, artificial intelligence has assumed many common record groupings. This article examines a variety of deep learning approaches for cutting-edge forms of deception and dissemination. The constraint, techniques, and impromptu inventions that may be achieved by deep learning are also studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Chronographic Implementation of Energy Management System in Small-Scale Plastic Industry

by Basit Ali, Adeel Khan, Abdullah Asif, Shehryar Khan and Fahad Imtiaz

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020003 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

The purpose behind this research paper is to recognize the principal achievement factors for the powerful execution, activity, and accreditation of an energy executive’s framework (EnMS) as per ISO 50001, which addresses the quickest-developing norm for board frameworks (International Organization for Standardization, 2018). [...] Read more.

The purpose behind this research paper is to recognize the principal achievement factors for the powerful execution, activity, and accreditation of an energy executive’s framework (EnMS) as per ISO 50001, which addresses the quickest-developing norm for board frameworks (International Organization for Standardization, 2018). Associations are spending a lot of cash on their energy utilization. The shortage of energy assets, alongside their value instability, has become a significant worry for all businesses. Thus, the requirement for overseeing and rationing energy has, as of late, acquired bigger consideration. A decent administration consistently seeks reserve-fund openings with the least speculation; thus, when setting up energy, the board’s situation can show the right way to deal with distinguishing openings and support upgrades. In this paper, the most optimized version of the execution plan is discussed that can be embraced by an association named Sparkle Plastic Product to facilitate the execution and decrease the endeavors. Full article

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6 pages, 2397 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unveiling Surface Recombination Velocity Influence on the Device Characteristics for the Formamidinium Perovskite Solar Cell

by Faisal Saeed, Tauseef Ur Rehman, Abdullah Zohaib, Ahmad Farid, Muhammad Haseeb Khan, Mansoor Ahmad Khan, Haider Ali Tauqeer and Asad Idrees

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020004 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2443

Abstract

Herein, we numerically elucidate the effect of varying surface recombination velocity (

S_{r}_{v}

) at the front and back metal contact on the device performance for our reported lead-free formamidinium tin triiodide (

{FASnI}_{3}

) perovskite solar cell. The [...] Read more.

Herein, we numerically elucidate the effect of varying surface recombination velocity (

S_{r}_{v}

) at the front and back metal contact on the device performance for our reported lead-free formamidinium tin triiodide (

{FASnI}_{3}

) perovskite solar cell. The

S_{r}_{v}

is generally contemplated as a trivial non-radiative recombination loss factor but determinately impacts the characteristics of the solar cell. Given that, we simultaneously varied the

S_{r}_{v}

at the back and front metal contacts in the range of

1 \times 10^{1} - 1 \times 10^{7} cm / s

. Such values for

S_{r}_{v}

can be realized by ideally passivating the perovskite film and with passivated perovskite films or metallic contact resistive nature. It was inferred that at

S_{r}_{v}

of

1 \times 10^{7} cm / s

, the device efficiency was 21.24% and was steeply increased to 21.42% after decreasing the

S_{r}_{v}

rate to

1 \times 10^{1} cm / s

, revealing that recombination losses are enhanced at a higher

S_{r}_{v}

rate because of increased carrier recombination at the defect surface, thereby reducing the efficiency and overall performance of the solar cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 361 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis and Proposed Remedies for Power System Blackouts around the Globe

by Muhammad Amir Raza, Krishan Lal Khatri, Arslan Hussain, Mohammad Huzaifa Ahmed Khan, Ahmed Shah and Hassan Taj

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020005 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3732

Abstract

Stable operation of power systems contributes towards the economic growth of developed and developing countries around the globe. Blackouts due to technical faults put the whole power system in danger. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of power system blackouts, their root causes, [...] Read more.

Stable operation of power systems contributes towards the economic growth of developed and developing countries around the globe. Blackouts due to technical faults put the whole power system in danger. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of power system blackouts, their root causes, and potential impacts on the economy of developed and developing countries around the globe is presented, along with possible approaches to avoid and resolve power system blackouts. The paper also proposes ways to avoid cascaded events in case of power system failure at a single point resulting in cascaded events and a complete blackout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sector-Wise Optimal Energy Demand Forecasting for a Developing Country Using LEAP Software

by Muhammad Amir Raza, Krishan Lal Khatri, Arslan Hussain, Habiba Rehman, Fariha Rubab and Aiman Khan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020006 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2846

Abstract

Energy demand forecasting is a crucial activity in deciding the energy generation requirements of developing countries. Pakistan is one of the developing countries in South Asia. This paper presents an overview of the electric power sector structure of Pakistan with historical data and [...] Read more.

Energy demand forecasting is a crucial activity in deciding the energy generation requirements of developing countries. Pakistan is one of the developing countries in South Asia. This paper presents an overview of the electric power sector structure of Pakistan with historical data and forecasts the energy demand of consumer groups in Pakistan till 2030 based on expected growth in the population and businesses. The proposed model is designed using Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software with two scenarios, which are business-as-usual and energy conservation. Implementation of these scenarios shows that the energy demand of Pakistan will rise three folds by 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1507 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

ITER PF AC/DC Power Supply System Normal Operation Analysis Using TS Fuzzy Controller

by Mahmood Ul Hassan, Atta Ullah Khidrani, Syed Ali Raza Shah, Mati Ullah, Zaffar Nawaz Hayat Khan, Muhammad Humayun, Mudassir Rashid and Peng Fu

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020007 - 28 Jul 2022

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Abstract

A normal operating study of the ITER PF AC/DC converter system commissioning the new Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy controller is presented in this work. The performance of the PI and TS fuzzy controllers is compared. The Mamdani fuzzy controller is studied and examined; however, [...] Read more.

A normal operating study of the ITER PF AC/DC converter system commissioning the new Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy controller is presented in this work. The performance of the PI and TS fuzzy controllers is compared. The Mamdani fuzzy controller is studied and examined; however, it suffers from a huge number of sophisticated fuzzy sets and inference rules. The TS fuzzy controller on the ITER PF system is relatively simple and straightforward to put into practice. The proposed scheme’s current response verifies the step change. Furthermore, the investigation findings show that the TS fuzzy control method outperforms the traditional PI control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1558 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Motor Parametric Calculations for Robot Locomotion

by Abdullah Haider Ali, Syed Murtaza Hassan Kazmi, Hasnain Ali Poonja, Humayun Khan, Muhammad Ayaz Shirazi and Riaz Uddin

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020008 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4370

Abstract

Motor selection is an important step in designing a mobile robot since it governs the payload capacity of the robot. In this paper, a method is presented for the calculation of motor parameters when the robot payload is known and the motor is [...] Read more.

Motor selection is an important step in designing a mobile robot since it governs the payload capacity of the robot. In this paper, a method is presented for the calculation of motor parameters when the robot payload is known and the motor is to be selected. The article also deals with the case when a motor is available and its corresponding payload is to be calculated. A motor load profile with varying speeds is presented to plot its change in torque and mechanical power. This method is employed for the motor selection calculations of a heavyweight mobile robot using a MATLAB graphical user interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Machine-Vision-Based Plastic Bottle Inspection for Quality Assurance

by Majida Kazmi, Basra Hafeez, Hashim Raza Khan and Saad Ahmed Qazi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020009 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7617

Abstract

With the increasing utilization of plastic bottles in the fast-moving consumer goods industry, the efficiency and accuracy of the bottle defect inspection process becomes very important for quality assurance. Deep-learning-based inspection is accurate and robust, but at the same time data hogging and [...] Read more.

With the increasing utilization of plastic bottles in the fast-moving consumer goods industry, the efficiency and accuracy of the bottle defect inspection process becomes very important for quality assurance. Deep-learning-based inspection is accurate and robust, but at the same time data hogging and computationally expensive. Thus, it is not feasible for fast inspection. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient and fast machine-vision-based system for inspecting plastic bottle defects. The system is composed of a chamber which has a camera and illuminators to capture high-resolution images in controlled lighting conditions. Captured images are processed by using simple image processing techniques to identify multiple defects such as seated cap, dents on the body and label alignment on the plastic. The experimental results show that the proposed system is 95% accurate in determining a range of bottle defects. It is highly feasible for fast inspection and does not require high computation power and a large amount of training data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 2615 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis and Efficiency Evaluation of Non-Isolated DC/DC Converter with Wide Input Voltage Range for PV Application

by Saqib Ali Syed, Hassan Abdullah Khalid and Hasaan Farooq

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020010 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

In renewable energy sources, specifically in photovoltaics systems, DC/DC converters play vital roles, as the power generated by PV systems is non-linear and changes with solar irradiance and temperature. Therefore, these systems require converters that have wide input voltage range, high voltage gain, [...] Read more.

In renewable energy sources, specifically in photovoltaics systems, DC/DC converters play vital roles, as the power generated by PV systems is non-linear and changes with solar irradiance and temperature. Therefore, these systems require converters that have wide input voltage range, high voltage gain, high power range and improved efficiency. In this paper, analysis of non-isolated reduced redundant power processing converter topology is presented to evaluate its efficiency and reliability for the photovoltaic system. The proposed converter has very simple design and a low number of circuit elements. The converter is designed in such a way that it always operates in continuous conduction mode. The mathematical modeling of a 3 kW converter is presented to show the theoretical evaluation of the step-up voltage ratio of the converter. For further evaluation of the performance and efficiency of the converter, a simulation study is conducted in PSIM software. Overall converter efficiency is improved for a wide input voltage range and voltage gain, specifically for photovoltaic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analytical and Simulation Comparison of Losses in Non-Isolated DC/DC Converter Using Si and SiC Switches for PV Application

by Saqib Ali Syed, Hassan Abdullah Khalid and Hasaan Farooq

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020011 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

With the growth of renewable energy sources around the world, the demand for cost-effective and efficient converters that can operate at high frequency and have less switching and conduction loss has grown. High efficiency is one of the most difficult goals to attain [...] Read more.

With the growth of renewable energy sources around the world, the demand for cost-effective and efficient converters that can operate at high frequency and have less switching and conduction loss has grown. High efficiency is one of the most difficult goals to attain in power electronic converters. Wideband switches can be used to achieve this purpose, although they add to the system’s cost. In this paper, a comparison between SiC MOSFET and Si MOSFET switches was carried out for a 3 KW I-IIB Buck-boost/Boost non-isolated reduced redundant converter for the photovoltaic system with a wide input voltage range. Mathematical calculations were used to investigate switching and conduction losses, and software simulations in PSIM were used to verify their authenticity. In high-frequency power applications, the results suggest that SiC MOSFET can work more efficiently than Si MOSFET. Si MOSFETs, on the other hand, are still preferred for small voltage and low power applications due to their lower costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Automated Testing with Machine Learning Frameworks: A Critical Analysis

by Sana Fatima, Bisma Mansoor, Laiba Ovais, Sajid Ali Sadruddin and Syed Aun Hashmi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020012 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

As software systems are becoming more and more complex and standard testing practices are exhausting, we need smart solutions to reduce the time, efforts and resources spent on software testing. The aim of this paper was to critically analyze machine learning (ML) frameworks [...] Read more.

As software systems are becoming more and more complex and standard testing practices are exhausting, we need smart solutions to reduce the time, efforts and resources spent on software testing. The aim of this paper was to critically analyze machine learning (ML) frameworks related to software automation. We measured the performance of testing tools on the basis of the manual labor (effort) required, in addition to the test performance, accuracy or error rate, scope, time required and prerequisite knowledge requirements. These factors play a vital role to ensure ML frameworks with automation software can produce great results and hence improve software quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1598 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Analysis of Soiling Loss on PV Module in Cement Plant Environment

by Muhammad Hamid Riaz and Tahir Mahmood

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020013 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

The soiling phenomenon occurs when photovoltaic panels are covered with layers of dust resulting in the reduction of radiation reaching the panels, thus reducing PV performance. This research focuses on the PV performance degradation due to soiling and the chemical composition of dust [...] Read more.

The soiling phenomenon occurs when photovoltaic panels are covered with layers of dust resulting in the reduction of radiation reaching the panels, thus reducing PV performance. This research focuses on the PV performance degradation due to soiling and the chemical composition of dust particles. Four types of dust samples having different physical, chemical, and optical properties were collected for experimental analysis. Three of them were coal, cement, and iron oxide, which are extensively used in cement plants, collected to investigate the impact of darker color dust on albedo and hence on the transmission of sunlight, and the fourth sample was named as panel dust, collected from solar plates installed at a cement plant. The experimental results show that the transmission of sunlight strongly depends on particle size distribution. Fine particles increase the transmission loss and degrade the performance of the solar cell more than larger ones, as these particles leave no empty spaces between grains and hence do not allow sunlight to reach the solar cell, while randomly accumulated larger particles leave voids between grains, allowing light to penetrate. Moreover, albedo and a higher quantity of iron oxide in dust boost the absorption of sunlight and play a significant role in the scattering and attenuation of solar irradiance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1127 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Aes and Rsa Algorithms for Data Security in Cloud Computing

by Sana Fatima, Tanazzah Rehman, Muskan Fatima, Shahmeer Khan and Mir Arshan Ali

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020014 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 13380

Abstract

With growing technology, the cloud is becoming a center of sensitive information, making it more open to danger, especially when access to users with malicious plans increases. A huge amount of users use the cloud for various reasons, therefore, data should be safe [...] Read more.

With growing technology, the cloud is becoming a center of sensitive information, making it more open to danger, especially when access to users with malicious plans increases. A huge amount of users use the cloud for various reasons, therefore, data should be safe and protected. In order to provide a safe environment, the aim of this paper is to analyze the well-known symmetric algorithm of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) asymmetric algorithm based on time complexity, space, resource and power consumption, and suggest a new hybrid encryption process that is a combination of symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic methods. Based on experimental analysis, this paper proposes a AES cryptographic method as a first choice for data encryption processes for cloud applications and data storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1487 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cost Minimization in Radial Distribution System Integrated with Commercial Electric Vehicle Charging Station

by Umbrin Sultana, Abeer Mujahid, Hamza Ahmed Jilani and Uzma Perveen

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020015 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3256

Abstract

Energy-efficient modes of transportation have become essential today due to environmental challenges. However, utilities and decision-making bodies are reluctant to proceed in this direction because of the expected system instability. This paper contributes to minimizing the cost incurred due to energy losses in [...] Read more.

Energy-efficient modes of transportation have become essential today due to environmental challenges. However, utilities and decision-making bodies are reluctant to proceed in this direction because of the expected system instability. This paper contributes to minimizing the cost incurred due to energy losses in an IEEE-37 bus system integrated with a commercial electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) located in Qatar. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for the efficient location allocation of EVCS. The system is analytically examined through the Thukaram Load Flow Algorithm and investigations are conducted to observe the beneficial impacts of load balancing between RES and utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 793 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Text-to-Image Generation Using Deep Learning

by Sadia Ramzan, Muhammad Munwar Iqbal and Tehmina Kalsum

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020016 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 24290

Abstract

Text-to-image generation is a method used for generating images related to given textual descriptions. It has a significant influence on many research areas as well as a diverse set of applications (e.g., photo-searching, photo-editing, art generation, computer-aided design, image reconstruction, captioning, and portrait [...] Read more.

Text-to-image generation is a method used for generating images related to given textual descriptions. It has a significant influence on many research areas as well as a diverse set of applications (e.g., photo-searching, photo-editing, art generation, computer-aided design, image reconstruction, captioning, and portrait drawing). The most challenging task is to consistently produce realistic images according to given conditions. Existing algorithms for text-to-image generation create pictures that do not properly match the text. We considered this issue in our study and built a deep learning-based architecture for semantically consistent image generation: recurrent convolutional generative adversarial network (RC-GAN). RC-GAN successfully bridges the advancements in text and picture modelling, converting visual notions from words to pixels. The proposed model was trained on the Oxford-102 flowers dataset, and its performance was evaluated using an inception score and PSNR. The experimental results demonstrate that our model is capable of generating more realistic photos of flowers from given captions, with an inception score of 4.15 and a PSNR value of 30.12 dB, respectively. In the future, we aim to train the proposed model on multiple datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1212 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of CNC-Based Automated Soldering Machine

by Hafsa Wahid, Hufsa Hashmi, Muhammad Umer Baig, Nawab Ahmed Raza, Muhammad Faizan Sheikh and Muhammad Yousif Bhutto

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020017 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5493

Abstract

Researchers have proposed several designs and techniques to obtain sustainable development for industries for which growth will be escalated by automation in the future. Nowadays, automated soldering for printed circuit boards (PCBs) employs vision-based and artificial intelligence-based techniques which are complex and expensive. [...] Read more.

Researchers have proposed several designs and techniques to obtain sustainable development for industries for which growth will be escalated by automation in the future. Nowadays, automated soldering for printed circuit boards (PCBs) employs vision-based and artificial intelligence-based techniques which are complex and expensive. Computer numeric control (CNC), which has been used for machining, drilling, and milling purposes, is very popular as it proves to be highly accurate, flexible, and precise. In this regard, a low-cost and less complex automated soldering machine is proposed in which a temperature-controlled soldering station and CNC are integrated into a single machine to complete the soldering operation. This design will help minimize the complexity and cost of soldering stations for small-scale and medium-scale production industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1443 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing the Potential of the Feasible Combination for Electrification through Renewable Resources in Commercial and Urban Areas

by Amina Shahab, Naseer Ahmed, Hasaan Farooq, Saad Ullah Aftab and Adnan Aslam

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020018 - 29 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1740

Abstract

According to the global perspective, overpopulated urban areas require increased electric utility and demand. The national and regional energy supply and distribution companies find it difficult to fulfill this increasing demand. This study involves a proper optimization of regional solar potential and capacity [...] Read more.

According to the global perspective, overpopulated urban areas require increased electric utility and demand. The national and regional energy supply and distribution companies find it difficult to fulfill this increasing demand. This study involves a proper optimization of regional solar potential and capacity for a possible hybrid model in the light of variable renewable energy and optimized software-based results, including the Net Present Costs (NPC) and Cost of Electricity (COE) that have been analyzed within HOMER simulations, in light of system performance and system’s durability, operation and maintenance cost, derating factor, lifetime, revenue, and their efficiency including the solar irradiance potential, as an application of electrical energy. Our results showed that if we implement a design of this hybrid model that is analyzed for different plant capacities of 50 MW, 100 MW, 150 MW, and 200 MW and draw a comparative analysis having a lifetime of 25 years, the system with the total power-generating capacity of 200 MW will be the most cost-effective and profitable system. It generates a profit which is four times more than the profit generated by 50 MW and has a lifetime of 25 years. Full article

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6 pages, 2983 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Confinement Specific Design of SOI Rib Waveguides with Submicron Dimensions and Single-Mode Operation

by Abdurrahman Javid Shaikh, Abdul Ghani Abro, Mirza Muhammad Ali Baig, Muhammad Adeel Ahmad Siddiqui and Syed Mohsin Abbas

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020019 - 1 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2390

Abstract

The full-vectorial finite difference method with perfectly matched layer boundaries is used to identify the single-mode operation region of submicron rib waveguides fabricated using silicon-on-insulator material system. Achieving high-mode power confinement factors is emphasized while maintaining the single-mode operation. As opposed to the [...] Read more.

The full-vectorial finite difference method with perfectly matched layer boundaries is used to identify the single-mode operation region of submicron rib waveguides fabricated using silicon-on-insulator material system. Achieving high-mode power confinement factors is emphasized while maintaining the single-mode operation. As opposed to the case of large cross-section rib waveguides, theoretical single-mode conditions have been demonstrated to hold for sub-micron waveguides with accuracy approaching 100%. Both the deeply and the shallowly etched rib waveguides are considered and the single-mode condition for the entire sub-micrometer range is presented while adhering to design specific-mode confinement requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 3159 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Increase the Performance of Wind Energy Systems Using Optimal Layout Planning

by Umbrin Sultana, Maha Aamir, Maha Irfan and Midhat Fatima

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020020 - 1 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

As the years progress, the research focal point has been shifted to an alternative way of generating electricity, employing renewable and environmentally friendly approaches, explicitly using wind energy. Today, wind power plant technologies are experiencing a resurgence, as wind turbine promises to be [...] Read more.

As the years progress, the research focal point has been shifted to an alternative way of generating electricity, employing renewable and environmentally friendly approaches, explicitly using wind energy. Today, wind power plant technologies are experiencing a resurgence, as wind turbine promises to be an imperative substitute for fossil fuels. It has been analyzed that, going from 14781MW in 2004 to 51477MW in 2014, the capacity of producing electricity from wind energy has augmented drastically. However, research is underway to optimize the productivity of wind turbines to the point of saturation, so in addition to those already known, this research will be based on an area described as ‘Increasing Efficiency by Using Optimal Sizing’. Discussion on the best possible geometrical profile of a turbine, in terms of its size and area, is covered. Along with this, the wake effect theory of wind turbines will be discussed in depth, describing how wind turbines extract energy from wind and reduce wind speed behind the rotor. Furthermore, the major parameter, i.e., cost, will also be scrutinized while discussing different countries and their cost liabilities in making wind turbines effective. Additionally, the research shall cover all the fundamental components used in wind turbine design and how its productivity will proliferate in more economic terms for an average consumer of a power plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Earthing Analysis of High Voltage Laboratory at USPCAS-E, NUST

by Muhammad Bilal, Abraiz Khattak, Numan Ahmed and Safian Ahmed Qureshi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020021 - 1 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4698

Abstract

An effective and reliable grounding system is a necessary parameter for ensuring the safety of test equipment and personnel working in a high-voltage laboratory. This paper analyzes the performance of the grounding system of a high-voltage laboratory located at USPCAS-E, NUST. By using [...] Read more.

An effective and reliable grounding system is a necessary parameter for ensuring the safety of test equipment and personnel working in a high-voltage laboratory. This paper analyzes the performance of the grounding system of a high-voltage laboratory located at USPCAS-E, NUST. By using grounding system analysis techniques based on the IEEE standard 80-2013, and programs based on soil-layer models, the grounding system of this high-voltage laboratory is analyzed and solutions to the issues encountered are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1725 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Analysis of Shielding for Denoising Sensitive Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Laboratory

by Safian Ahmed Qureshi, Abraiz Khattak, Safi Ullah Butt and Muhammad Bilal

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020022 - 1 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3420

Abstract

With today’s technological advancements, electromagnetic interference (EMI) in high voltage (HV) Laboratories is extremely important, especially for sensitive Partial Discharge (PD) measurements. To avoid electromagnetic interference during partial discharge studies, the laboratory must be shielded for accurate measurements and findings. There are number [...] Read more.

With today’s technological advancements, electromagnetic interference (EMI) in high voltage (HV) Laboratories is extremely important, especially for sensitive Partial Discharge (PD) measurements. To avoid electromagnetic interference during partial discharge studies, the laboratory must be shielded for accurate measurements and findings. There are number of techniques used for shielding to avoid noise during PD measurements, but all the techniques are very expensive and complex. In order to develop a low-cost, practical solution for denoising sensitive PD measurements, two portable prototype models of shielding enclosures based on the operating principle of Faraday Cages are fabricated and used in this research. A comparative analysis of both portable cages was undertaken and effect of the cage’s material on its denoising performance was observed. Practical experimentation yielded effective average noise reduction up to 0.5 pC for 1 kV by a thin aluminum foil cage, and ways to further improve the denoising capability are also suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 530 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Smart Energy Meters in Renewable-Energy-Based Power Networks: An Extensive Review

by Muhammad Usman Haider, Faisal Mumtaz, Haseeb Hassan Khan, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Shoaib Rashid, Shah Rukh Abbas and Muhammad Zeeshan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020023 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2990

Abstract

The substantial growth in energy utilization, and the expansion of renewable energy resources, mainly winds and solar, poses challenges to the environment and energy security. Therefore, smart energy meters (SEMs) are the bottom-line modules in such renewable-energy-based networks (REBNs). Apart from the measurement [...] Read more.

The substantial growth in energy utilization, and the expansion of renewable energy resources, mainly winds and solar, poses challenges to the environment and energy security. Therefore, smart energy meters (SEMs) are the bottom-line modules in such renewable-energy-based networks (REBNs). Apart from the measurement of energy flows, smart energy meters are capable of the give-and-take of complete information on the utilization of energy and the status of energy networks between end consumers and utilities. Moreover, according to the individual consumer’s commands, the SEMs can also be utilized for the monitoring and control of the consumer’s electrical devices. The presented paper scientifically reviews the present development of SEMs, together with the other meters such as smart gas (SG), smart heat (SH), and electricity (SE) meters. Furthermore, we present the various functions and applications of SEMs. Lastly, this paper provides conclusive remarks and the future direction of SEMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Trust Management Technique Using Blockchain in Smart Building

by Muhammad Saeed, Rashid Amin, Muhammad Aftab and Naeem Ahmed

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020024 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

Security is a big challenge for developing and implementing IoT in smart building situations. In this context, our goal is to create a secure blockchain-based trust management system. To do so we take advantage of the security features that blockchain technology provides in [...] Read more.

Security is a big challenge for developing and implementing IoT in smart building situations. In this context, our goal is to create a secure blockchain-based trust management system. To do so we take advantage of the security features that blockchain technology provides in terms of reliability, traceability, and data integrity. We design and implement a blockchain-based trust strategy that collects trust evidence, assigns each device a trust score, and securely stores and shares them with other devices in the network by integrating them into blockchain exchanges. According to the findings of our performance evaluation, our concept includes security features such as tamper-proofing and assault resistance, reliability, and easy implementation for IoT environments and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 661 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Smart OCR Application for Meter Reading

by Umbrin Sultana, Sannad Bilal, Syed Hamza Abbas Naqvi and Rafay Iqbal

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020025 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7448

Abstract

The typical current meter reading method used by power distribution companies is outdated and complex since it relies on a manual process of capturing images of meter values by a human and then manually updating a server with the new readings. This process [...] Read more.

The typical current meter reading method used by power distribution companies is outdated and complex since it relies on a manual process of capturing images of meter values by a human and then manually updating a server with the new readings. This process is not only complex, but also time consuming, and has a huge margin for human error. The rise in the human population has caused an increase in the total number of electricity meters, thus increasing the number of readings to be manually recorded, which has increased the chances of introducing human error into data. This research presents a prototype of an alternative method to reduce the manual process by replacing the existing method with a smart android application. We are suggesting a smart web application with a web-based server designed to collect data from electricity meters and then transferring them to a database/server for calculation and analysis using optical character recognition. After an image of an electricity meter is taken, the calculated bill will be sent to the customer via e-mail. This process is much easier, and it reduces the workloads of both employees and companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 4284 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Oxygen Concentrator Design: Zeolite Based Pressure Swing Adsorption

by Ahsan Sami, Marium Irfan, Riaz Uddin, Abdullah Haider Ali, Humayun Khan, Erij Khan and Muhammad Sameer

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020026 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8276

Abstract

The ongoing coronavirus and its variants are alarming the world inadequately. Extreme reciprocal pneumonia is the primary element of serious COVID-19, and sufficient ventilator help is vital for patient endurance. Supplemental oxygen is the first fundamental stage for the cure of serious COVID-19 [...] Read more.

The ongoing coronavirus and its variants are alarming the world inadequately. Extreme reciprocal pneumonia is the primary element of serious COVID-19, and sufficient ventilator help is vital for patient endurance. Supplemental oxygen is the first fundamental stage for the cure of serious COVID-19 patients with hypoxemia. In this regard, oxygen concentrators can be used for patients of COVID-19 to supply oxygen. This paper primarily focuses on designing a portable medical device oxygen concentrator using the technology pressure swing adsorption (PSA), which takes air from the atmosphere, adsorbs nitrogen, and supplies oxygen. A detailed study with the simulation has been done to benchmark the outcome of LiX, LiLSX, and 5A zeolite as adsorbents. Results show LiX is the most suitable with better nitrogen to oxygen selectivity ratio with a flow rate of 5LPM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1258 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Stable Reduced-Order Model for Index-3 Second-Order Systems

by Mubashir Rehan, Shafiq Haider, Aamina Bintul Huda, Muhammad Saqlain and Hussain Hadi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020027 - 2 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

A new technique for preserving the stability of a reduced-order model (ROM) for index-3 second-order systems (SOSs) in a limited frequency interval is discussed in this paper. This technique is implemented by making indefinite terms of algebraic Lyapunov equations definite, which can be [...] Read more.

A new technique for preserving the stability of a reduced-order model (ROM) for index-3 second-order systems (SOSs) in a limited frequency interval is discussed in this paper. This technique is implemented by making indefinite terms of algebraic Lyapunov equations definite, which can be used in applications such as signal reconstruction controller design and filter design. The index-3 form is first converted into index-0 form, and then the Lyapunov equations are solved to compute the limited frequency Gramians. The terms that are indefinite can be made definite by assigning them the nearest possible positive eigenvalues. Gramians are balanced to obtain Hankel singular values, which are used later to obtain the ROM using balanced truncation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 847 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Planning of a Photovoltaic-Based Grid-Connected Electric Vehicle Charging System Using Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)

by Umbrin Sultana, Muhammad Umer, Muhammad Shamoon and Muhammad Hasan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020028 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2498

Abstract

In this paper, an energy management schedule is proposed for a renewable energy (RE)-based grid-connected electric vehicle (EV) charging system (commercial charging station). This energy management schedule was converted into an energy management algorithm (EMA) on which teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) was used to [...] Read more.

In this paper, an energy management schedule is proposed for a renewable energy (RE)-based grid-connected electric vehicle (EV) charging system (commercial charging station). This energy management schedule was converted into an energy management algorithm (EMA) on which teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) was used to determine the optimum size of the photovoltaic (PV) array and energy storage unit (ESU) required to charge electric vehicles with the help of the proposed energy management scheme. It was designed in such a way that the EVs are charged without incurring economic losses to the station owner. The objective function of the TLBO was formulated based on a financial model that comprised the grid tariff, EV demand, and the purchasing as well as selling prices of RE and ESU energy. By integrating the financial model with the energy management algorithm (EMA), the TLBO computed the minimum number of PV modules (Npv) and ESU batteries (Nbat) for various vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1932 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design Procedure for Motor Selection in Custom-Made Multi-Axis CNC Machines

by Haziq Iqbal, Muhammad Muhamid Ali Khan, Imtisal Ahmed, Huzaifa Yousuf, Humayun Khan and Riaz Uddin

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020029 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

CNC machining is a high precision computer-controlled subtractive manufacturing technique. In this paper, motor selection for a custom-made, low-cost, multi-axis CNC machine is discussed. The paper also deals with mechanical assembly of the custom-made CNC machine along with the mathematical models for the [...] Read more.

CNC machining is a high precision computer-controlled subtractive manufacturing technique. In this paper, motor selection for a custom-made, low-cost, multi-axis CNC machine is discussed. The paper also deals with mechanical assembly of the custom-made CNC machine along with the mathematical models for the linear and rotary axes movements to manipulate the cutting tool and workpiece. The torque required to rotate the rotary axes with the stock has been decided by a SolidWorks motion study. This work is a part of the design and development of a smart and cost-effective five-axis CNC machine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling the Electric Field Distribution in Polyethylene Nano-Composite to Investigate Electrical Treeing Initiation Using Finite Element Method

by Khola Azhar and Salman Amin

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020030 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2314

Abstract

Electrical treeing is a type of dielectric breakdown in solid insulation when exposed to high voltage. It usually occurs due to non-uniform electric field, or by the presence of foreign particle (impurities) where partial discharge begins. Nanofillers improves dielectric strength by increasing the [...] Read more.

Electrical treeing is a type of dielectric breakdown in solid insulation when exposed to high voltage. It usually occurs due to non-uniform electric field, or by the presence of foreign particle (impurities) where partial discharge begins. Nanofillers improves dielectric strength by increasing the resistance to treeing. In this paper, the electric field distribution is simulated for polyethylene dielectric with needle-plane gap using finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. Using electric field distribution graphs, the electric stress at different points is computed. Filler addition makes the electric field uniform, and less intense which significantly improve electrical properties of polyethylene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1344 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Efficiency Analysis of GaN Based LLC Resonant Converter for PV Applications

by Hasaan Farooq, Hassan Abdullah Khalid, Muhammad Uzair Khalid and Saqib Ali Syed

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020031 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

Due to the increase in renewable energy resources the need for highly efficient power electronics converters at flexible operating conditions has increased. The newly introduced wide bandgap switches, such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) are more suitable mechanically, thermally, and in terms of fast [...] Read more.

Due to the increase in renewable energy resources the need for highly efficient power electronics converters at flexible operating conditions has increased. The newly introduced wide bandgap switches, such as Gallium Nitride (GaN) are more suitable mechanically, thermally, and in terms of fast switching, etc. In this paper, a 3kW LLC resonant converter was designed for PV applications using GaN as switching devices. The converter was designed to achieve zero voltage switching at a wide input voltage range. The proposed system was simulated on PSIM software under different loading conditions. A performance comparison was made between GaN and Si switches. Analysis shows that the GaN converter has better performance compared to Si at higher voltages. The designed converter achieved 98.55% maximum efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1451 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Adoption of Mobile App for Automating Gas Meter Reading in Industry 4.0

by Mehwish Shaikh, Zakaullah Qureshi, Hiba Haque Sheikh and Memoona Sami

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020032 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

The term “Industry 4.0” refers to a new phase of the Industrial Revolution that emphasizes interconnection, automation, machine learning, and real-time data. Reading gas meters is not an easy job and walking to and from the meter can be inconvenient. The process of [...] Read more.

The term “Industry 4.0” refers to a new phase of the Industrial Revolution that emphasizes interconnection, automation, machine learning, and real-time data. Reading gas meters is not an easy job and walking to and from the meter can be inconvenient. The process of reading gas meters is manual, which is time consuming and may lead to human error. To automate this system, an android application is presented that reads gas meters automatically through a mobile camera and analyzes the digits of the meter using optical character recognition technology to obtain the consumption units. This proposed application prototype was tested for 50 gas meters, and it gave 99.89% accuracy results for both digit reading and barcode reading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 2406 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Protection Technique for Microgrid Using Wavelet Packet Transform and Data Mining Classifier

by Shazia Baloch, Saeed Zaman Jamali and Syed Ali Raza Shah

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020033 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

In electrical power systems, the popularity of the microgrid is significantly increasing because of its remarkable advantages. However, the microgrid often exhibits protection problems and seriously affects the reliability of power system. Hence, a proper protection strategy is extremely necessary to solve the [...] Read more.

In electrical power systems, the popularity of the microgrid is significantly increasing because of its remarkable advantages. However, the microgrid often exhibits protection problems and seriously affects the reliability of power system. Hence, a proper protection strategy is extremely necessary to solve the protection issues. Therefore, this manuscript proposes a protection strategy against the faults in microgrids using a wavelet packet transform and data mining classifier. MATLAB/SIMULINK and Python are used to investigate the proposed scheme performance. It was found that the proposed technique can detect and classify different types of faults for the islanded and grid-associated modes of the microgrid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1161 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

High Impedance Faults Detection and Classification in Renewable Energy-Based Distribution Networks Using Time-Varying Kalman Filtering Technique

by Faisal Mumtaz, Muhammad Asif, Haseeb Hassan Khan, Shahrukh Abbas, Kashif Imran, Muhammad Usman Haider, Muhammad Yousif and Asad Ullah

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020034 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2299

Abstract

In the modern world, High Impedance (HI) Faults’ identification is challenging in renewable energy-based distribution networks (REBDNs) due to the low level of the fault current. In this paper, a new HI fault detection/classification strategy is presented for REBDNs, based on the time-varying [...] Read more.

In the modern world, High Impedance (HI) Faults’ identification is challenging in renewable energy-based distribution networks (REBDNs) due to the low level of the fault current. In this paper, a new HI fault detection/classification strategy is presented for REBDNs, based on the time-varying Kalman Filter (TVKF). Initially, TVKF is applied to the voltage and current signal of each phase separately, in order to extract harmonic components. Secondly, the TVKF-based harmonic components are utilized to calculate the single-phase reactive power (SPRP) independently. If the SPRP of any individual phase is greater than a specific threshold value, the corresponding phase is considered faulty. Fault classification is autonomous due to phase segregation. The proposed strategy is tested on the REBDNs’ test system in MATLAB/Simulink software. The results indicate that the proposed scheme detects and classifies HI faults under radial and mesh topologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1577 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Walking Algorithm Using Gait Analysis for Humanoid Robot

by Hasnain Ali Poonja, Muhammad Soleman Ali Shah, Riaz Uddin, Syed Murtaza Hassan Kazmi, Humayun Khan, Abdullah Haider Ali and Muhammad Ayaz Shirazi

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020035 - 4 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6068

Abstract

People have been fascinated with humanoid robots for over two decades. They are expected to assist and collaborate with humans in the future. However, due to the limitations and complications of bipedal humanoids’ walking mechanisms, this goal is still a long way off. [...] Read more.

People have been fascinated with humanoid robots for over two decades. They are expected to assist and collaborate with humans in the future. However, due to the limitations and complications of bipedal humanoids’ walking mechanisms, this goal is still a long way off. In this paper, we have presented a walking mechanism algorithm using gait analysis to mimic the human walking pattern and applied that knowledge to enable the 17-DoF bipedal humanoid robot to walk in a constraint environment. The basic sequence of stance and swing phases of human locomotion is studied and used to control servo motors to perform the walking action of the robot. These robots can be useful for social interaction and collaborative tasks in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 1934 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Saturation and Hue Analysis Using Complex Hadamard Transform

by Dur-e-Jabeen, Tahmina Khan, Sarah Ahmed, Yasir Zaheen and Samiya Asghar

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020036 - 5 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1715

Abstract

This paper presents an overview in relation to observed changes in saturation and hue. The magnitude and phase components of color images are analyzed using the Complex Hadamard Transform. By considering the human visual system, CIE La*b* color space is applied to RGB [...] Read more.

This paper presents an overview in relation to observed changes in saturation and hue. The magnitude and phase components of color images are analyzed using the Complex Hadamard Transform. By considering the human visual system, CIE La*b* color space is applied to RGB images in the transform domain. It is determined that by changing the phase in a sequency domain, the hue varies when the saturation is kept the same, and the opposite occurs when the magnitude is changed. The results are compared with those of the Discrete Fourier Transform in the frequency domain. The above parameters play an integral part in the functioning of color images on different applications using the Complex Hadamard Transform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

High Precision Indoor Positioning System for Mobile Asset Management and Safety

by Hafiza Sundus Fatima, Laeeq Uz Zaman, Huma Zia and Muhammad Khurram

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020037 - 5 Aug 2022

Viewed by 2808

Abstract

Locating a dynamic object in an industrial environment in real time has been a significant scientific problem. The precise localization and positioning of an object are achieved by Satellite communication, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth technologies, etc. The use of the Global Positioning System [...] Read more.

Locating a dynamic object in an industrial environment in real time has been a significant scientific problem. The precise localization and positioning of an object are achieved by Satellite communication, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), Bluetooth technologies, etc. The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been a success for locating an object in an outdoor environment, but indoor positioning has been impractical when using this technology. A good option is to utilize short-range Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology with Time of Flight, Time Difference of Arrival, and Phase difference of Arrival methods for precise ranging applications. In this research paper, we presented an accurate indoor positioning system using a UWB radio-based embedded system. The system deployed multiple fixed positioning stations called anchors, programmed to detect the position of the dynamic object. The presented system in this paper calculates the object position by using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method and the triangulation method. The Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is found to effectively locate the dynamic object in three-dimensional space within an error rate of +/−0.07 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 589 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimal Restoration Sequence of Parallel Power System Using Genetic Algorithm

by Saad Ullah Aftab, Muhammad Numan, Hasaan Farooq, Naseer Ahmed and Zain Ul Hassan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020038 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2065

Abstract

The restoration of power systems is emphasized in the modern electric power system (EPS) due to complex, interconnected networks, and natural catastrophic events. However, large-scale disruptions in the power system result in a partial or complete blackout. Such events have a low probability [...] Read more.

The restoration of power systems is emphasized in the modern electric power system (EPS) due to complex, interconnected networks, and natural catastrophic events. However, large-scale disruptions in the power system result in a partial or complete blackout. Such events have a low probability and high impact, causing significant regional socio-economic losses. Hence, the black start (BS) resource is needed to deliver the cranking power to restart the non-black start (NBS) units, energize the path, load, and restore the complete system with parallel restoration. This paper implemented a novel optimal restoration scheme to restore the power system after partial or complete blackout. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to solve each island’s optimal generation unit’s start-up sequence, priority start of critical load and restoring the maximum load in minimum restoration time using an optimal transmission path with a minimum number of switching actions. A case study based on the IEEE-39 benchmark system validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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9 pages, 490 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An MI-SOCP Model for the Economic Dispatch Problem in BESS Distribution Using Optimal Placement

by Muhammad Hussain, Raja Masood Larik and Kamran Ahmed

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020039 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1649

Abstract

As the demand for electricity increases day by day, the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) has become highly influential when considering power systems. Battery energy storage systems have the advantage of improving the economy of power with environmental benefits. For the [...] Read more.

As the demand for electricity increases day by day, the integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS) has become highly influential when considering power systems. Battery energy storage systems have the advantage of improving the economy of power with environmental benefits. For the successful integration of battery energy storage systems, the optimal placement and economic dispatching of energy is required to avoid problems. A BESS will provide power whenever the DGs are unable to provide power to the system. In the case of solar power, the sun cannot provide light to solar panels all day and wind turbines encounter variations in wind supply. This research proposes optimal placement within a BESS and a reduction in the cost of energy usage from conventional sources by considering BESSs with active power capability via an IEEE-33 bus system using an algorithm called mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MI-SOCP), modeled in MATLAB using MOSEK solver to reduce the cost of energy as an objective function. The MI aspect of the algorithm is used to find out the optimal placement of the BESS and the SOCP part is used to reformulate the economic dispatch problem in an AC-distributed BESS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1430 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Model Reduction of Discrete-Time Index-3 Second-Order Form Systems for Limited Frequency Intervals

by Humaira Rauf Qazi, Shafiq Haider, Aamina Bintul Huda, Muhammad Saqlain and Ahmed Roohullah Arif

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020040 - 5 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1494

Abstract

A model order reduction framework for limited frequency interval response optimization of reduced order models (ROMs) for index-3 second-order form of systems (SOSs) is presented in this paper. Firstly, an index-3 SOS system is transformed into index-0 and the corresponding generalized first-order form. [...] Read more.

A model order reduction framework for limited frequency interval response optimization of reduced order models (ROMs) for index-3 second-order form of systems (SOSs) is presented in this paper. Firstly, an index-3 SOS system is transformed into index-0 and the corresponding generalized first-order form. In order to emphasize ROM response over the required frequency interval, frequency-limited gramians and corresponding generalized Lyapunov equations are presented and balancing of gramians is obtained by solving Lyapunov equations to obtain the required ROM exhibiting a good response in the intended frequency interval. The developments are tested on multiple systems and the superiority of the proposed extension over existing methods is certified. Propositions can be utilized for frequency-limited applications for index-3 SOSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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7 pages, 2884 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis and Protection of 1.5 MW DFIG Wind Turbine Converters

by Muhammad Uzair Khalid, Hassan Abdullah Khalid, Hasaan Farooq and Afzaal Khan

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020041 - 9 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2080

Abstract

Due to rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy resources in the grid, the use of power electronic-based devices is increasing day by day. Whenever a wind farm is installed and integrated with the grid, most of the work and control depends [...] Read more.

Due to rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy resources in the grid, the use of power electronic-based devices is increasing day by day. Whenever a wind farm is installed and integrated with the grid, most of the work and control depends on its electronic converters. Whenever a grid fault occurs, it can cause significant overcurrents and overvoltage, placing the entire facility at risk. It can quickly cause the converter system to deteriorate if countermeasures are not taken. Thus, a proper protection scheme is needed to protect the generator and its converter from faults. In this paper, an asymmetrical fault analysis and protection scheme is presented in which a single line to ground fault is created, followed by a check of its effects on the DFIG, rotor circuit and converters. Then, a proper protection scheme for a crowbar circuit is designed and we assess its operation on a 1.5 MW DFIG-based industrial wind turbine model in EMTDC/PSCAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 689 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Multiple Beams and Mobility-Based Beam Alignment Error on Millimeter Wave Communication

by Hira Mariam, Irfan Ahmed and Muhammad Imran Aslam

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020042 - 9 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1878

Abstract

Millimeter wave (mmwave) is a potential technology to cater to the data requirements of future cellular networks through its wider spectrum and directional beamforming. With such directional communication, exact alignment of communicating beams is crucial. In this paper, the directivity gains with an [...] Read more.

Millimeter wave (mmwave) is a potential technology to cater to the data requirements of future cellular networks through its wider spectrum and directional beamforming. With such directional communication, exact alignment of communicating beams is crucial. In this paper, the directivity gains with an antenna model having a Gaussian main lobe is used and the impact of beam alignment error due to random movement of the user are investigated on the uplink system performance of mmwave cellular network. Using stochastic geometry, we have derived Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) coverage probability. Numerical results show that an optimal number of base station beams exist that maximizes coverage probability at different user velocities and cell radii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1014 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

IOT Application for Energy Management in Smart Homes

by Muhammad Adnan Khan, Intisar Ali Sajjad, Mustanser Tahir and Abdul Haseeb

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020043 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3940

Abstract

Increases in population and industrialization have caused the consumption of electrical energy to perpetually increase. Therefore, it has become necessary to monitor, control, and efficiently utilize the energy consumption. Present power systems cannot monitor and control the flow of power at the distribution [...] Read more.

Increases in population and industrialization have caused the consumption of electrical energy to perpetually increase. Therefore, it has become necessary to monitor, control, and efficiently utilize the energy consumption. Present power systems cannot monitor and control the flow of power at the distribution level efficiently; because of this, financial losses occur. Therefore, a system should be developed which can monitor and control the power system faster and in an efficient way using modern technologies in order to avoid these losses. This paper presents an IOT-based concept for energy management to monitor and control specific loads in buildings. Among many wireless technology protocols, the proposed solution uses Wi-Fi along with the programmable ESP8266 controller in order to monitor the voltage, current, and power of a few home appliances. The IOT scheme also pursues an additional web-server-based monitoring approach for the online visualization, monitoring, and control of electrical parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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5 pages, 1226 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toll Automation System Using RFID and Web Portal

by Zeghum Abbas

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020044 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2534

Abstract

This paper depicts the RFID-based programmed cost assortment framework for the cost entryway. Most of the cost assortment systems consistently used as a piece of Pakistan contain manual trade. By and by, a day’s action has developed a broad scale achieving blockage at [...] Read more.

This paper depicts the RFID-based programmed cost assortment framework for the cost entryway. Most of the cost assortment systems consistently used as a piece of Pakistan contain manual trade. By and by, a day’s action has developed a broad scale achieving blockage at the cost courts. It causes blocked driving conditions and wastage of time and fuel. This undertaking aims to change manual trade to electronic cost gathering with the help of RFID development. Customized cost courts shed wastage of time, and it can keep the customer invigorated about its change by imparting something explicit each time it goes through the cost square. The cost is deducted from the vehicle owner’s pre-paid record each time it goes through it. A 125 KHz RFID per user use for perceiving the confined names used by the customer. Next to an LCD panel that displays all the trade’s snippets of information is, indeed, the barricade's motor. This structure will slash downtime and fuel wastage at the cost courts, offer information to the customer about his/her change as the cloud-based information send, and ensure a smoother travel understanding for the explorers. Moreover, switches have been obliged to invigorate electives if the event of lousy equilibrium ought to emerge. In this case, we use multiple programming languages for obtaining desired output, such as CSS, SQL, PHP, Python, and HTML. Furthermore, it uses different software such as raspberry pi imager, VNC Viewer, and Putty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1616 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Air-MIT: Air Quality Monitoring Using Internet of Things

by Syeda Messan, Asra Shahud, Amna Anis, Roma Kalam, Sundus Ali and Muhammad Imran Aslam

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020045 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4877

Abstract

In both developed and developing countries, air pollution is increasing daily, compromising the air quality index and causing harm to everyone. Some of the reasons for this rapid increase in air pollution include the growing population, rising number of industries, rapid urbanization, and [...] Read more.

In both developed and developing countries, air pollution is increasing daily, compromising the air quality index and causing harm to everyone. Some of the reasons for this rapid increase in air pollution include the growing population, rising number of industries, rapid urbanization, and excessive use of fuel-consuming transportation. Hence, there is an ever-increasing need to monitor air quality using an energy-efficient, ubiquitous and connected manner. In this paper, we are presenting the design, working, and results of our device named Air-MIT, which is an air quality monitoring device, which uses the Internet of Things (IoT) to populate and upload data securely to the cloud server. We have developed a low-cost IoT-based air monitoring system capable of detecting carbon dioxide (CO₂), Carbon Monoxide (CO), methane gas (CH₄), Ammonium (NH₄), with the provision of adding more sensors capable of detecting other harmful gases and particulates in the air as well. The system has been designed to monitor indoor air quality in real-time and to trigger an alarm if any one of the readings crosses the predefined threshold. The device also has the provision of turning on the exhaust fan in the house or kitchen to clear out the air and ventilate the space to minimize the exposure of harmful gases, resulting in avoidance of any accidents or fires. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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6 pages, 1319 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Technical and Economic Evaluation of a 50 MW Solar Power Plant in Quetta

by Gohram Khan, Muhammad Hassan, Mustafa Anwar, Adeel Waqas, Sehar Shakir and Jamsheed Sajid

Eng. Proc. 2022, 20(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020046 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5056

Abstract

Pakistan is a developing country that is facing its worst energy crisis in two decades. In recent years, the gap between demand and supply has multiplied. With increasing demand, this situation has triggered a complete power shutdown in urban areas for 10–12 h [...] Read more.

Pakistan is a developing country that is facing its worst energy crisis in two decades. In recent years, the gap between demand and supply has multiplied. With increasing demand, this situation has triggered a complete power shutdown in urban areas for 10–12 h and rural areas for 16–18 h. The prime objective of this study is to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of a 50 MW solar farm in Quetta, Pakistan. Solar radiation data are collected from radiation devices, i.e., a tier two weather station with a rotating shadow band irradiometer. The devices collected data every 10 min. The data were gathered for one year, and a techno-economic evaluation of the information has been carried out. For the proposed plant’s economic feasibility evaluation, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model is used and estimates that the energy produced by the proposed power plant will cost 6 Pkr/kWh. Technical evaluation of the power plant reveals that 91.980 GWh of electricity can be produced per year at the capital cost of 59.689 million USD, with an O and M cost of 0.9 million USD/year and a 10.5498 discount rate (%). An economic evaluation of the proposed PV plant produces electricity at 0.0385 USD/kWh. The results of this study depict that a 50 MW PV plant will be feasible for Quetta. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference)

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