Feature Papers in Electrochemistry

A special issue of Electrochem (ISSN 2673-3293).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 361719

Special Issue Editor


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Collection Editor
Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
Interests: electrodeposition; electrochemistry; nanomaterials; metallurgy; sensor technology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the Editor-in-Chief of Electrochem, I am pleased to announce this Collection titled “Feature Papers in Electrochemistry”. This topic will be a collection of high-quality papers from editorial board members, guest editors, and leading researchers invited by the editorial office and the Editor-in-Chief. Both original research articles and comprehensive review papers are welcome. The papers will be published with full open access after peer review.

Prof. Dr. Masato Sone
Collection Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electrochemical sensor
  • electrochemical device
  • electrochemical analysis
  • single-molecule detection
  • single-atom detection
  • molecular level monitoring
  • bio-electrochemistry

Published Papers (90 papers)

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12 pages, 2307 KiB  
Article
Role of Electrochemical Precipitation Parameters in Developing Mixed-Phase Battery-Grade Nickel Hydroxide
by Chinmaya Kumar Sarangi, G. Lilishree Achary, Tondepu Subbaiah, Raja Kishore Paramguru and Sanat Kumar Roy
Electrochem 2025, 6(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem6010002 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 612
Abstract
There is a high demand for nickel hydroxide as an engineering material used in the positive electrode of nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) rechargeable batteries. These batteries are extensively used in various small instruments, disposable batteries, and electric vehicles. The structure of nickel hydroxide [...] Read more.
There is a high demand for nickel hydroxide as an engineering material used in the positive electrode of nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) rechargeable batteries. These batteries are extensively used in various small instruments, disposable batteries, and electric vehicles. The structure of nickel hydroxide significantly influences the discharge capacity and energy density, key properties of Ni-MH batteries, and this structure is primarily determined by the synthesis method used. In this study, nickel hydroxide was synthesized using an electrochemical precipitation method, with current density acting as a parameter to control the desired phase of the product, whether α-nickel hydroxide, β-nickel hydroxide, or a combination of both. At a current density of 50 A/m2, the synthesized nickel hydroxide demonstrated a smaller particle size and a superior discharge electrochemical property in comparison to that generated at 500 A/m2. The effect of agitation in catholyte was also investigated to examine the change in discharge property of the precipitated material. The product synthesized at 500 A/m2 from an agitated catholyte exhibited a tap density of 1.24 g/cc and an improved discharge capacity of 254 mAh per gram of Ni(OH)2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 4285 KiB  
Article
Full Tailored Metal Content NCM Regeneration from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Mixture Under Mild Condition
by Alpha Chi Him Tsang, Shaobo Ouyang, Yang Lv, Chi Chung Lee, Chi-Wing Tsang and Xiao-Ying Lu
Electrochem 2024, 5(4), 546-559; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5040035 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 835
Abstract
Mild conditioned, second-life ternary nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) black powder regeneration from spent lithium-ion batteries’ (LIBs) black powder mixture was demonstrated after mild conditioned p-toluenesulphuric acid (PTA)-assisted wet leaching. The NCM ratio was tailored to several combinations (333, 523, 532, and 622) by adding a [...] Read more.
Mild conditioned, second-life ternary nickel–cobalt–manganese (NCM) black powder regeneration from spent lithium-ion batteries’ (LIBs) black powder mixture was demonstrated after mild conditioned p-toluenesulphuric acid (PTA)-assisted wet leaching. The NCM ratio was tailored to several combinations (333, 523, 532, and 622) by adding a suitable amount of metal (Ni, Co, Mn)-sulphate salt to the leachate. Regenerated NCM was obtained by co-precipitation with sodium hydroxide pellets and ammonia pH buffering solution, followed by lithium (Li) sintering under ambient air and size sieving. The obtained regenerated NCM powder was used for the energy storage materials (ESM) in coin cell (Li half-cell, CR2032) evaluation. Systematic characterization of regenerated NCM showed that the NCM ratio was close to the target value as assigned in the tailored process, and regenerated 622 (R622) exhibited strong activity in CR2032 coin cell testing among all four ratios with a maximum discharge capacity of 196.6 mAh/g. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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30 pages, 7900 KiB  
Article
A Carbon-Particle-Supported Palladium-Based Cobalt Composite Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction (EOR)
by Keqiang Ding, Weijia Li, Mengjiao Li, Ying Bai, Xiaoxuan Liang and Hui Wang
Electrochem 2024, 5(4), 506-529; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5040033 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 757
Abstract
For the first time, carbon-particle-supported palladium-based cobalt composite electrocatalysts (abbreviated as PdxCoy/CPs) were prepared using a calcination–hydrothermal process–hydrothermal process (denoted as CHH). The catalysts of PdxCoy/CPs prepared using CoC2O4·2H2O, [...] Read more.
For the first time, carbon-particle-supported palladium-based cobalt composite electrocatalysts (abbreviated as PdxCoy/CPs) were prepared using a calcination–hydrothermal process–hydrothermal process (denoted as CHH). The catalysts of PdxCoy/CPs prepared using CoC2O4·2H2O, (CH3COO)2Co·4H2O, and metallic cobalt were named catalyst c1, c2, and c3, respectively. For comparison, the catalyst prepared in the absence of a Co source (denoted as Pd/CP) was identified as catalyst c0. All fabricated catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, EDS, XPS, and FTIR, indicating that PdO, metallic Pd, carbon particles, and a very small amount of cobalt oxide were the main components of all produced catalysts. As demonstrated by the traditional electrochemical techniques of CV and CA, the electrocatalytic performances of PdxCoy/CP towards the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) were significantly superior to that of Pd/CP. In particular, c1 showed an unexpected electrocatalytic activity for EOR; for instance, in the CV test, the peak f current density of EOR on catalyst c1 was 129.3 mA cm−2, being about 10.7 times larger than that measured on Pd/CP, and in the CA test, the polarized current density of EOR recorded for c1 after 7200 s was still about 2.1 mA cm−2, which was larger than that recorded for Pd/CP (0.6 mA cm−2). In the catalyst preparation process, except for the elements of C, O, Co, and Pd, no other elements were involved, which was thought to be the main contribution of this preliminary work, being very meaningful to the further exploration of Pd-based composite EOR catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 5515 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide Using Composite Bismuth Oxide/Bismuth Oxyselenide Nanostructures: Antagonistic Influence of Tungsten Doping
by Pooja D. Walimbe, Rajeev Kumar, Amit Kumar Shringi, Obed Keelson, Hazel Achieng Ouma and Fei Yan
Electrochem 2024, 5(4), 455-469; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5040030 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1109
Abstract
This study investigates the underlying mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) sensing using a composite material of bismuth oxide and bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2OxSey). The antagonistic effect of tungsten (W)-doping on the electrochemical behavior was also examined. Undoped, 2 [...] Read more.
This study investigates the underlying mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) sensing using a composite material of bismuth oxide and bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2OxSey). The antagonistic effect of tungsten (W)-doping on the electrochemical behavior was also examined. Undoped, 2 mol%, 4 mol%, and 6 mol% W-doped Bi2OxSey nanostructures were synthesized using a one-pot solution phase method involving selenium powder and hydrazine hydrate. W-doping induced a morphological transformation from nanosheets to spherical nanoparticles and amorphization of the bismuth oxyselenide phase. Electrochemical sensing measurements were conducted using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). H₂O₂ detection was achieved over a wide concentration range of 0.02 to 410 µM. In-depth CV analysis revealed the complex interplay of oxidation-reduction processes within the bismuth oxide and Bi2O2Se components of the composite material. W-doping exhibited an antagonistic effect, significantly reducing sensitivity. Among the studied samples, undoped Bi2OxSeγ demonstrated a high sensitivity of 83 μA μM⁻1 cm⁻2 for the CV oxidation peak at 0 V, while 6 mol% W-Bi2OxSey became completely insensitive to H2O2. Interestingly, DPV analysis showed a reversal of sensitivity trends with 2 and 4 mol% W-doping. The applicability of these samples for real-world analysis, including rainwater and urine, was also demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 3075 KiB  
Article
Pseudospherical Bismuth Oxychloride-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Determination of Quinine in Beverages
by Tijana Mutić, Vesna Stanković, Miloš Ognjanović, Vladimir B. Nikolić, Guanyue Gao, Neso Sojic and Dalibor Stanković
Electrochem 2024, 5(4), 407-420; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5040027 - 15 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1182
Abstract
The extensive use of the alkaloid quinine (QN) in the cosmetic and food industries has induced major concerns relating to its impact on human health, considering its potential toxicity. Therefore, developing sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors is crucial for monitoring QN in environmental, [...] Read more.
The extensive use of the alkaloid quinine (QN) in the cosmetic and food industries has induced major concerns relating to its impact on human health, considering its potential toxicity. Therefore, developing sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors is crucial for monitoring QN in environmental, food, and pharmaceutical samples. To respond to this need, a surfactant-supported green synthesis approach, based on a straightforward, organic solvent-free hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize highly crystalline pseudospherical bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanoparticles. This material was used for the enrichment of carbon paste electrodes and its further utilization for the detection and quantification of quinine. They have superior electrocatalytic performance, due to their size and morphology, and facilitate the interactions of the target with the electrode surface. Under optimal operating conditions, differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated a remarkable feature: a broad linear working range of 10 to 140 μM, a detection limit of 0.14 μM, and a high sensitivity of 1.995 μA μM−1 cm−2. The suggested method’s satisfactory sensitivity, along with its good stability, repeatability, and reproducibility, strongly point to a possible use for identifying quinine in real samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 1732 KiB  
Article
Low-Volume Electrochemical Sensor Platform for Direct Detection of Paraquat in Drinking Water
by Durgasha C. Poudyal, Manish Samson, Vikram Narayanan Dhamu, Sera Mohammed, Claudia N. Tanchez, Advaita Puri, Diya Baby, Sriram Muthukumar and Shalini Prasad
Electrochem 2024, 5(3), 341-353; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030022 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1479
Abstract
Direct testing of pesticide contaminants in drinking water is a challenge. Portable and sensitive sensor platforms are desirable to test water contaminants directly at farm and consumer levels. In this study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of an electrochemical sensor for the direct [...] Read more.
Direct testing of pesticide contaminants in drinking water is a challenge. Portable and sensitive sensor platforms are desirable to test water contaminants directly at farm and consumer levels. In this study, we have demonstrated the feasibility of an electrochemical sensor for the direct detection of paraquat (PQ) in drinking water samples. An immunoassay-based sensing platform was fabricated using PQ-specific antibody immobilized on the surface of the electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified screen-printed carbon electrode (rGO-SPCE). Using non-faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a detection tool, the sensor platform demonstrated a dynamic response for PQ concentration in drinking water ranging from 0.05 ng/mL to 72.9 ng/mL (0.19 to 243.8 nM), with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.997 and a limit of detection of 0.05 ng/mL (0.19 nM). Percentage recovery within ±20% error was obtained, and the sensor cross-reactivity test showed a selective response against glyphosate antigen. With the flexibility to use single-frequency EIS and low sample volume, the developed sensor demonstrated testing in water samples directly without any sample pre-processing. This low-volume electroanalytical sensor platforms can be translated into portable testing tools for the detection of various water contaminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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11 pages, 5575 KiB  
Article
Nanowire Electrode Structures Enhanced Direct Extracellular Electron Transport via Cell-Surface Multi-Heme Cytochromes in Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5
by Xiao Deng, Wipakorn Jevasuwan, Naoki Fukata and Akihiro Okamoto
Electrochem 2024, 5(3), 330-340; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030021 - 13 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1291
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, enables bacterial interactions with minerals, which are vital for biogeochemical cycling and environmental chemistry. Here, we explore the direct EET mechanisms through outer-membrane cytochromes (OMCs) using IS5 as a model [...] Read more.
Extracellular electron transfer (EET) by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, enables bacterial interactions with minerals, which are vital for biogeochemical cycling and environmental chemistry. Here, we explore the direct EET mechanisms through outer-membrane cytochromes (OMCs) using IS5 as a model SRB. We employed nanostructured electrodes arrayed with 0, 50, 200, and 500 nm long nanowires (NWs) coated with indium–tin–doped oxide to examine the impact of electrode morphology on the direct EET efficacy. Compared to flat electrodes, NW electrodes significantly enhanced current production in IS5 with OMCs. However, this enhancement was diminished when OMC expression was reduced. Differential pulse voltammetry revealed that NW electrodes specifically augmented redox peaks associated with OMCs without affecting those related to redox mediators, suggesting that NWs foster direct EET through OMCs. Scanning electron microscopy observations following electrochemical analyses revealed a novel vertical cell attachment and aggregation on NW electrodes, contrasting with the horizontal monolayer cell attachment on flat electrodes. This study presents the first evidence of the critical role of electrode nanoscale topography in modulating SRB cell orientation and aggregation behavior. The findings underscore the significant influence of electrode morphology on the direct EET kinetics, highlighting the potential impact of mineral morphology on mineral reduction and biogeochemical processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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16 pages, 10346 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Two-Dimensional Layered Nickel Disulfide (NiS2)@PEDOT:PSS Nanocomposites as Battery-Type Electrodes for Battery-Type Supercapacitors with High Energy Density
by Susmi Anna Thomas, Jayesh Cherusseri and Deepthi N. Rajendran
Electrochem 2024, 5(3), 298-313; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030019 - 17 Jul 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Battery-type hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) (otherwise known as supercapatteries) are novel electrochemical energy storage devices bridge the gap between rechargeable batteries and traditional SCs. Herein, we report the synthesis of layered two-dimensional (2D) nickel disulfide (NiS2) nanosheets (NSNs) modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate [...] Read more.
Battery-type hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) (otherwise known as supercapatteries) are novel electrochemical energy storage devices bridge the gap between rechargeable batteries and traditional SCs. Herein, we report the synthesis of layered two-dimensional (2D) nickel disulfide (NiS2) nanosheets (NSNs) modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and their successful implementation in battery-type SCs. Initially, a layered 2D NSN is synthesized via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and further used as a template to coat PEDOT:PSS in order to prepare NiS2@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite electrodes by a facile drop-casting method. This is the first-time report on the synthesis of a hierarchical NiS2@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite electrode for battery-type HSC applications. An asymmetric battery-type HSC fabricated with NSN@PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite as positrode and activated carbon as negatrode delivers a maximum energy density of 52.1 Wh/kg at a current density of 1.6 A/g with a corresponding power density of 2500 W/kg. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 1108 KiB  
Article
Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated Titanium Nitride Nanorod Array Electrodes for Electrochemical Applications
by Md Shafiul Islam, Alan Branigan, Dexian Ye and Maryanne M. Collinson
Electrochem 2024, 5(3), 274-286; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5030017 - 3 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1844
Abstract
This work describes the fabrication and characterization of a new high surface area nanocomposite electrode containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium nitride (TiN) for electrochemical applications. This approach involves electrochemically depositing rGO on a high surface area TiN nanorod array electrode to [...] Read more.
This work describes the fabrication and characterization of a new high surface area nanocomposite electrode containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and titanium nitride (TiN) for electrochemical applications. This approach involves electrochemically depositing rGO on a high surface area TiN nanorod array electrode to form a new nanocomposite electrode. The TiN nanorod array was first formed by the glancing angle deposition technique in a DC (Direct Current) sputtering system. GO flakes of ~1.5 μm in diameter, as confirmed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), were electrodeposited on the nanostructured TiN electrode via the application of a fixed potential for one hour. The surface morphology of the as-prepared rGO/TiN electrode was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the presence of rGO on TiN was confirmed by Raman Microscopy. The CV shows an increase in the capacitive current at rGO/TiN as compared to TiN. The rGO decorated TiN electrode was then used for analyzing the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and dopamine, and the reduction of nitrate by CV and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), respectively. CV or LSV show that the electrochemical kinetics of these three analytes are significantly faster on rGO/TiN than TiN itself. Overall, the rGO/TiN electrode showed better electrochemical behavior for biomolecules like ascorbic acid and dopamine as well as another target analyte, nitrate ions, compared to TiN by itself. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 2501 KiB  
Article
Detection of Ovarian Cancer Biomarker Lysophosphatidic Acid Using a Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor
by Nataliia Ivanova, Soha Ahmadi, Edmund Chan, Léa Fournier, Sandro Spagnolo and Michael Thompson
Electrochem 2024, 5(2), 243-257; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5020015 - 18 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are valued for their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting biological molecules. Having the advantage of generating signals that can be directly or indirectly proportional to the concentration of the target analyte, these biosensors can achieve specificity by utilizing a specific biorecognition [...] Read more.
Electrochemical biosensors are valued for their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting biological molecules. Having the advantage of generating signals that can be directly or indirectly proportional to the concentration of the target analyte, these biosensors can achieve specificity by utilizing a specific biorecognition surface designed to recognize the target molecule. Electrochemical biosensors have garnered substantial attention, as they can be used to fabricate compact, cost-effective devices, making them promising candidates for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices. This study introduces a label-free electrochemical biosensor employing a gold screen-printed electrode (SPE) to detect lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a potential early ovarian cancer biomarker. We employed the gelsolin–actin system, previously introduced by our group, in combination with fluorescence spectrometry, as a biorecognition element to detect LPA. By immobilizing a gelsolin–actin complex on an SPE, we were able to quantify changes in current intensity using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, which was directly proportional to the LPA concentration in the solution. Our results demonstrate the high sensitivity of the developed biosensor for detecting LPA in goat serum, with a limit of detection (LOD) and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.9 µM and 2.76 µM, respectively, highlighting its potential as a promising tool for early-stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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20 pages, 12050 KiB  
Article
High C-Rate Performant Electrospun LiFePO4/Carbon Nanofiber Self-Standing Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Debora Maria Conti, Claudia Urru, Giovanna Bruni, Pietro Galinetto, Benedetta Albini, Vittorio Berbenni and Doretta Capsoni
Electrochem 2024, 5(2), 223-242; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5020014 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
In the present study, LiFePO4/CNF self-standing cathodes for LIBs are synthesized by electrospinning. A lower active material amount (12.3 and 34.5 wt%) is used, compared to the conventional tape-casted cathodes (70–85 wt%). The characterization techniques (XRPD, SEM, TEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, [...] Read more.
In the present study, LiFePO4/CNF self-standing cathodes for LIBs are synthesized by electrospinning. A lower active material amount (12.3 and 34.5 wt%) is used, compared to the conventional tape-casted cathodes (70–85 wt%). The characterization techniques (XRPD, SEM, TEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry) confirm that the olivine-type structure of LiFePO4 is maintained in the binder-free electrodes, and the active material is homogeneously dispersed into and within the carbon nanofibers. The electrochemical investigation demonstrates that higher Li+ diffusion coefficients (1.36 × 10−11 cm2/s) and improved reversibility are reached for free-standing electrodes, compared to the LiFePO4 tape-casted cathode (80 wt% of active material) appositely prepared for comparison. The 34.5 wt% LiFePO4 self-standing cathode displays a lower capacity fading, good reversibility and stability, enhanced capacity values at C-rates higher than 5C, and a good lifespan when cycled 1000 cycles at 1C and further cycled up to 20C, compared to the tape-casted counterpart. Notably, the improved electrochemical performances are obtained by only the 34.5 wt% of active material. The results evidence the relevant role of the CNF matrix suitable to host LiFePO4, to promote electrolyte permeation and contact with the active material, and to increase the electronic conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 2708 KiB  
Article
High-Rate Performance of a Designed Si Nanoparticle–Graphite Nanosheet Composite as the Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Vahide Ghanooni Ahmadabadi, Md Mokhlesur Rahman and Ying Chen
Electrochem 2024, 5(2), 133-145; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5020009 - 9 Apr 2024
Viewed by 2076
Abstract
A silicon nanoparticle–graphite nanosheet composite was prepared via a facile ball milling process for use as the anode for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The size effect of Si nanoparticles on the structure and on the lithium-ion battery performance of the composite is evaluated. SEM [...] Read more.
A silicon nanoparticle–graphite nanosheet composite was prepared via a facile ball milling process for use as the anode for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The size effect of Si nanoparticles on the structure and on the lithium-ion battery performance of the composite is evaluated. SEM and TEM analyses show a structural alteration of the composites from Si nanoparticle-surrounded graphite nanosheets to Si nanoparticle-embedded graphite nanosheets by decreasing the size of Si nanoparticles from 250 nm to 40 nm. The composites with finer Si nanoparticles provide an effective nanostructure containing encapsulated Si and free space. This structure facilitates the indirect exposure of Si to electrolyte and Si expansion during cycling, which leads to a stable solid–electrolyte interphase and elevated conductivity. An enhanced rate capability was obtained for the 40 nm Si nanoparticle–graphite nanosheet composite, delivering a specific capacity of 276 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 C after 1000 cycles and a rate capacity of 205 mAh g−1 at 8 C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 5415 KiB  
Article
The Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Rationally Designed NiFe-Based Glycerates
by Vivek Kumar Singh, Bibhudatta Malik, Rajashree Konar, Efrat Shawat Avraham and Gilbert Daniel Nessim
Electrochem 2024, 5(1), 70-83; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5010005 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an arduous step in water splitting due to its slow reaction rate and large overpotential. Herein, we synthesized glycerate-anion-intercalated nickel–iron glycerates (NiFeGs) using a one-step solvothermal reaction. We designed various NiFeGs by tuning the molar ratio [...] Read more.
The electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an arduous step in water splitting due to its slow reaction rate and large overpotential. Herein, we synthesized glycerate-anion-intercalated nickel–iron glycerates (NiFeGs) using a one-step solvothermal reaction. We designed various NiFeGs by tuning the molar ratio between Ni and Fe to obtain Ni4Fe1G, Ni3Fe1G, Ni3Fe2G, and Ni1Fe1G, which we tested for their OER performance. We initially analyzed the catalytic performance of powder samples immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes using a binder. Ni3Fe2G outperformed the other NiFeG compositions, including NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH). It exhibited an overpotential of 320 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm–2 in an electrolytic solution of pH 14. We then synthesized carbon paper (CP)-modified Ni3Fe2G as a self-supported electrode (Ni3Fe2G/CP), and it exhibited a high current density (100 mA cm−2) at a low overpotential of 300 mV. The redox peak analysis for the NiFeGs revealed that the initial step of the OER is the formation of γ-NiOOH, which was further confirmed by a post-Raman analysis. We extensively analyzed the catalyst’s stability and lifetime, the nature of the active sites, and the role of the Fe content to enhance the OER performance. This work may provide the motivation to study metal-alkoxide-based efficient OER electrocatalysts that can be used for alkaline water electrolyzer applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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28 pages, 12368 KiB  
Article
Identification of the Safe Variation Limits for the Optimization of the Measurements in Low-Cost Electrochemical Air Quality Sensors
by Ioannis Christakis, Elena Sarri, Odysseas Tsakiridis and Ilias Stavrakas
Electrochem 2024, 5(1), 1-28; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5010001 - 21 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1833
Abstract
Nowadays, the study of air quality has become an increasingly prominent field of research, particularly in large urban centers, given its significant impact on human health. In many countries, government departments and research centers use official high-cost scientific instruments to monitor air quality [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the study of air quality has become an increasingly prominent field of research, particularly in large urban centers, given its significant impact on human health. In many countries, government departments and research centers use official high-cost scientific instruments to monitor air quality in their regions. Meanwhile, concerned citizens interested in studying the air quality of their local areas often employ low-cost air quality sensors for monitoring purposes. The optimization and evaluation of low-cost sensors have been a field of research by many research groups. This paper presents an extensive study to identify the safe percentage change limits that low-cost electrochemical air quality sensors can have, in order to optimize their measurements. For this work, three low-cost air quality monitoring stations were used, which include an electrochemical sensor for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (Alphasense NO2-B43F) and an electrochemical sensor for ozone (O3) (Alphasense OX-B431). The aim of this work is to explore the variance of the aforementioned sensors and how this variability can be used to optimize the measurements of low-cost electrochemical sensors, closer to real ones. The analysis is conducted by employing diagrams, boxplot and violin curves of the groups of sensors used, with satisfactory results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 2243 KiB  
Article
Graphene-Oxide-Coated CoP2@C Anode Enables High Capacity of Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Wei Zhang, Hangxuan Xie, Zirui Dou, Zhentao Hao, Qianhui Huang, Ziqi Guo, Chao Wang, Kanghua Miao and Xiongwu Kang
Electrochem 2023, 4(4), 473-484; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4040031 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2122
Abstract
Cobalt diphosphides (CoP2) show a high theoretical capacity and hold great promise as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the large variation in the volume and structure of CoP2 caused during lithium-ion insertion and extraction results in electrode fragmentation [...] Read more.
Cobalt diphosphides (CoP2) show a high theoretical capacity and hold great promise as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the large variation in the volume and structure of CoP2 caused during lithium-ion insertion and extraction results in electrode fragmentation and a compromised solid electrolyte interface, ultimately leading to poor cycling performance. Herein, a composite of CoP2 nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon matrix has been successfully synthesized by carbonization of Co-MOF-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-67) and sequential phosphorization and further wrapped in graphene oxide (CoP2@C@GO). The formation of CoP2 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology of CoP2@C with and without GO wrapping was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that the decoration of GO significantly reduces the polarization of CoP2@C electrodes, enhancing their charge capacity and cycling stability as an anode material for LIBs. After 200 cycles, they deliver a capacity of 450 mAh·g−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 3517 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Properties of Sputtered Ruthenium Oxide Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
by Bitan Chakraborty
Electrochem 2023, 4(3), 350-364; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4030023 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2188
Abstract
A chronically stable electrode material with a low impedance for recording neural activity, and a high charge-injection capacity for functional electro-stimulation is desirable for the fabrication of implantable microelectrode arrays that aim to restore impaired or lost neurological functions in humans. For this [...] Read more.
A chronically stable electrode material with a low impedance for recording neural activity, and a high charge-injection capacity for functional electro-stimulation is desirable for the fabrication of implantable microelectrode arrays that aim to restore impaired or lost neurological functions in humans. For this purpose, we have investigated the electrochemical properties of sputtered ruthenium oxide (RuOx) electrode coatings deposited on planar microelectrode arrays, using an inorganic model of interstitial fluid (model-ISF) at 37 °C as the electrolyte. Through a combination of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) modelling study, we have established the contribution of the faradaic reaction as the major charge-injection contributor within the safe neural stimulation potential window of ±0.6 V vs. Ag|AgCl. We have also established the reversibility of the charge-injection process for sputtered RuOx film, by applying constant charge-per-phase current stimulations at different pulse widths, and by comparing the magnitudes of the leading and trailing access voltages during voltage transient measurements. Finally, the impedance of the sputtered RuOx film was found to be reasonably comparable in both its oxidized and reduced states, although the electronic contribution from the capacitive double-layer was found to be slightly higher for the completely oxidized film around 0.6 V than for its reduced counterpart around −0.6 V. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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9 pages, 2957 KiB  
Communication
Electrochemical Oxidation Profile of Anthocyanin Keracyanin on Glassy and Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes
by Emad F. Newair, Aboelhasan G. Shehata and Menna Essam
Electrochem 2023, 4(2), 273-281; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4020018 - 6 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3112
Abstract
A study of keracyanin chloride (KC) electrochemical behavior in an aqueous buffer solution using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) was performed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to analyze the electrochemical response of KC under studied [...] Read more.
A study of keracyanin chloride (KC) electrochemical behavior in an aqueous buffer solution using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) was performed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to analyze the electrochemical response of KC under studied conditions. A clear redox wave was observed for KC, primarily due to the oxidation of the catechol 3′,4′-dihydroxyl group of its ring B, with a minor redox wave from oxidation of the hydroxyl groups in ring A. Compared to GCEs, using modified SPCEs resulted in two-fold amplification in the electrochemical oxidation signal of KC. Using SPCEs as a working electrode could provide high sensitivity in the quantification of KC and the ability to gauge KC quantification to significantly lower detection limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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31 pages, 5994 KiB  
Article
Trends and Opportunities in Enzyme Biosensors Coupled to Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): An Advanced Bibliometric Analysis
by Misael Bessa Sales, José Gadelha Lima Neto, Ana Kátia De Sousa Braz, Paulo Gonçalves De Sousa Junior, Rafael Leandro Fernandes Melo, Roberta Bussons Rodrigues Valério, Juliana de França Serpa, Ana Michele Da Silva Lima, Rita Karolinny Chaves De Lima, Artemis Pessoa Guimarães, Maria Cristiane Martins de Souza, Ada Amélia Sanders Lopes, Maria Alexsandra de Sousa Rios, Leonardo Farias Serafim and José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos
Electrochem 2023, 4(2), 181-211; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4020014 - 7 Apr 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
The unique properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) such as their large surface area and high porosity have attracted considerable attention in recent decades. The MOFs are a promising class of materials for developing highly efficient biosensors due to these same properties. This bibliometric [...] Read more.
The unique properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) such as their large surface area and high porosity have attracted considerable attention in recent decades. The MOFs are a promising class of materials for developing highly efficient biosensors due to these same properties. This bibliometric analysis focused on the use of MOFs as enzyme-coupled materials in biosensor construction and aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the research field by analyzing a collected database. The analysis included identifying the countries that have published the most, the most prominent applications, and trends for future directions in the field. The study used three databases with different numbers of documents, differentiated by research areas, with refinements made to the search as needed. The results suggest that MOF-derived biosensors are a growing field, with the Republic of China emerging as a significant contributor to research in this area. The study also used computational processing of trend analysis and geocoding to reveal these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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10 pages, 6797 KiB  
Article
Impact of Ni Content on the Electrochemical Performance of the Co-Free, Li and Mn-Rich Layered Cathode Materials
by Gongshin Qi, Jiazhi Hu, Michael Balogh, Lei Wang, Devendrasinh Darbar and Wei Li
Electrochem 2023, 4(1), 21-30; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4010002 - 12 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3263
Abstract
Li and Mn-rich layered cathode (LLC) materials show great potential as the next generation cathode materials because of their high, practical and achievable specific capacity of ~250 mAh/g, thermal stability and lower raw material cost. However, LLC materials suffer from degradation of specific [...] Read more.
Li and Mn-rich layered cathode (LLC) materials show great potential as the next generation cathode materials because of their high, practical and achievable specific capacity of ~250 mAh/g, thermal stability and lower raw material cost. However, LLC materials suffer from degradation of specific capacity, voltage fading due to phase transformation upon cycling and transition-metal dissolution, which presents a significant barrier for commercialization. Here, we report the effects of Ni content on the electrochemical performance, structural and thermal stability of a series of Co-free, LLC materials (Li1.2NixMn0.8-xO2, x = 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, 0.30 and 0.36) synthesized via a sol-gel method. Our study shows that the structure of the material as well as the electrochemical and thermal stability properties of the LLC materials are strongly dependent on the Ni or Mn content. An increase in the Ni to Mn ratio results in an increase in the average discharge voltage and capacity, as well as improved structural stability but decreased thermal stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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11 pages, 3120 KiB  
Article
Development of a Chemically Modified Electrode with Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MagMIP) for 17-β-Estradiol Determination in Water Samples
by Daniela Nunes da Silva and Arnaldo César Pereira
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 809-819; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040053 - 2 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2217
Abstract
The present work consisted of the development of an electrode based on carbon paste modified with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (CPE-MagMIP) for 17-β-estradiol (E2) detection. The incorporation of magnetic material (MagMIP) improved sensor performance, an increase of over 317%. The proposed method resulted [...] Read more.
The present work consisted of the development of an electrode based on carbon paste modified with magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (CPE-MagMIP) for 17-β-estradiol (E2) detection. The incorporation of magnetic material (MagMIP) improved sensor performance, an increase of over 317%. The proposed method resulted in a linear response range from 0.5 to 14.0 μM, and the detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) were equal to 0.13 and 0.44 μM, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor obtained satisfactory parameters in E2 determination in water samples, demonstrating selectivity, accuracy, and precision, making it a promising method for monitoring E2 in environmental samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 1453 KiB  
Article
Application of Phanerochaete chrysopsorium-Based Carbon Paste Electrode as an Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Detection of Hg (II) in Chlor-Alkali Industrial Effluent
by Maria Zaib, Umar Farooq and Muhammad Makshoof Athar
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 746-759; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040049 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2003
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the monitoring of Hg (II) at trace levels by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry has been reported. Basically the electrochemical sensor is a Phanerochaete chrysosporium-based carbon paste electrode. Here, Phanerochaete chrysosporium has played a [...] Read more.
In this study, an electrochemical sensor for the monitoring of Hg (II) at trace levels by using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry has been reported. Basically the electrochemical sensor is a Phanerochaete chrysosporium-based carbon paste electrode. Here, Phanerochaete chrysosporium has played a new vital role in electrochemical detection of heavy metal apart from its known contribution in their removal. Optimal voltammetric response was observed at −0.7 V deposition potential l, 5% biomass concentration ratio (w/w), and neutral pH conditions with 12 min as the accumulation time. Selectivity was evaluated in the presence of different interfering cations. Linear range was observed for 5–50 µgL−1 of metal concentration with a detection limit of 4.4 µgL−1. The equivalence of new and reference analytical methods was statistically assessed in mercury samples collected from chlor-alkali industrial effluent by correlation of results (Pearson’s product-moment correlation), weighted Deming regression analysis, paired comparison test, relative standard deviation (RSD), median relative error (MRE), root mean square error (RMSE), and predicted residual sum of square (PRESS). This work presented a simple, efficient, and promising analytical tool in trace level detection of Hg (II), as compared to previously reported carbon paste electrodes based on biological material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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18 pages, 23949 KiB  
Article
Validation of Voltammetric Methods for Online Analysis of Platinum Dissolution in a Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Stack
by Lena Birkner and Maik Eichelbaum
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 728-745; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040048 - 7 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3186
Abstract
Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and [...] Read more.
Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy in the product water of fuel cells. We validated the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and non-toxic bismuth film electrodes for the voltammetric determination of platinum for this purpose. Bismuth films were prepared by reductive deposition on both a glassy carbon solid state electrode and on a screen-printed electrode (film on-chip electrode). Both bismuth film electrodes could be successfully validated for the determination of platinum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An LOD of 7.9 μg/L and an LOQ of 29.1 μg/L were determined for the bismuth film solid state electrode, values of 22.5 μg/L for the LOD and of 79.0 μg/L for the LOQ were obtained for the bismuth film on-chip electrode. These numbers are still much higher than the results measured with the HMDE (LOD: 0.76 ng/L; LOQ: 2.8 ng/L) and are not sufficient to detect platinum in the product water of a fuel cell run in different load tests. The amount of dissolved platinum produced by a 100 W fuel cell stack upon dynamic and continuous high load cycling, respectively, was in the range of 2.9–4.1 ng/L, which could only be detected by the HMDE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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15 pages, 4829 KiB  
Article
Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid as a Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 Solution
by Hari Bhakta Oli, Jamuna Thapa Magar, Nawaraj Khadka, Anup Subedee, Deval Prasad Bhattarai and Bishweshwar Pant
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 713-727; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040047 - 1 Nov 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3290
Abstract
Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer’s and Dragendroff’s) test and spectroscopic (UV [...] Read more.
Using natural plant extracts on metallic substances is the most frequently studied green corrosion inhibition approach in corrosion science. In this work, Coriaria nepalensis Stem Alkaloid (CNSA) has been successfully extracted and characterized by qualitative chemical (Mayer’s and Dragendroff’s) test and spectroscopic (UV and FTIR) measurement. CNSA has been employed as a green inhibitor for Mild Steel (MS) corrosion subjected to 1 M H2SO4 solution. The corrosion inhibition efficacy has been assessed by weight loss and polarization measurement methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, immersion period, and temperature on the inhibition efficiency for the MS immersed in both acid and inhibitor solutions of different concentrations have been investigated. The maximum inhibition effect observed for CNSA is 96.4% for MS immersed in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution for 6 h at 18 °C by the weight loss measurement method. Similarly, the polarization measurement method observed a 97.03% inhibition efficiency for MS immersed for 3 h. The adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the MS surface aligns with the Langmuir model. The free energy of adsorption obtained is −28.75 kJ/mol indicating physical adsorption dominance over chemical adsorption. These findings suggested that CNSA has greater potential as an efficient green inhibitor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 1199 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Analysis of Mass Transfer Behavior in Fixed-Bed Electrochemical Reactors: Akbari-Ganji’s Method
by Ponraj Jeyabarathi, Lakshmanan Rajendran, Michael E. G. Lyons and Marwan Abukhaled
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 699-712; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040046 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2521
Abstract
The theoretical model for a packed porous catalytic particle of the slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries shape in fixed-bed electrochemical reactors is discussed. These particles have internal mass concentration and temperature gradients in endothermic or exothermic reactions. The model is based on a [...] Read more.
The theoretical model for a packed porous catalytic particle of the slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries shape in fixed-bed electrochemical reactors is discussed. These particles have internal mass concentration and temperature gradients in endothermic or exothermic reactions. The model is based on a nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation containing a nonlinear term with an exponential relationship between intrinsic reaction rate and temperature. The porous catalyst particle’s concentration is obtained by solving the nonlinear equation using Akbari-Ganji’s method. A simple and closed-form analytical expression of the effectiveness factor for slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries was also reported for all values of Thiele modulus, activation energy, and heat reaction. The accordance with results of a reliable numerical method shows the good accuracy that their approximate solution yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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20 pages, 50286 KiB  
Article
Acacia catechu Bark Alkaloids as Novel Green Inhibitors for Mild Steel Corrosion in a One Molar Sulphuric Acid Solution
by Rajaram Karki, Ajay Kumar Bajgai, Nawaraj Khadka, Onisha Thapa, Tanka Mukhiya, Hari Bhakta Oli and Deval Prasad Bhattarai
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 668-687; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040044 - 11 Oct 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3142
Abstract
In situ corrosion inhibition in acid cleaning processes by using green inhibitors is at the forefront of corrosion chemistry. Plant extracts, especially alkaloids, are known to be good corrosion inhibitors against mild steel corrosion. In this research, alkaloids extracted from Acacia catechu have [...] Read more.
In situ corrosion inhibition in acid cleaning processes by using green inhibitors is at the forefront of corrosion chemistry. Plant extracts, especially alkaloids, are known to be good corrosion inhibitors against mild steel corrosion. In this research, alkaloids extracted from Acacia catechu have been used as green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in a 1 M H2SO4 solution. Qualitative chemical tests and FTIR measurements have been performed to confirm the alkaloids in the extract. The inhibition efficiency of the extract has been studied by using weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. A weight-loss measurement has been adopted for the study of inhibitor’s concentration effect, with a variation employed to measure the inhibition efficiency for time and temperature. The weight-loss measurement revealed a maximum efficiency of 93.96% after 3 h at 28 °C for a 1000 ppm alkaloid solution. The 1000 ppm inhibitor is effective up to a temperature of 48 °C, with 84.39% efficiency. The electrochemical measurement results revealed that the alkaloids act as a mixed type of inhibitor. Inhibition efficiencies of 98.91% and 98.54% in the 1000 ppm inhibitor concentration solution for the as-immersed and immersed conditions, respectively, have been achieved. The adsorption isotherm has indicated the physical adsorption of alkaloids. Further, the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption processes have been indicated by the thermodynamic parameters. The results show that alkaloids extracted from the bark of Acacia catechu can be a promising green inhibitors for mild steel corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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20 pages, 3278 KiB  
Article
Experimental Validation of an Active Fault Tolerant Control Strategy Applied to a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
by Etienne Dijoux, Nadia Yousfi Steiner, Michel Benne, Marie-Cécile Péra and Brigitte Grondin-Perez
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 633-652; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040042 - 8 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2400
Abstract
Reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a major issue for large industrialization and commercialization. Indeed, performance can be degraded due to abnormal operating conditions, namely, faults, which lead either to a transient decay of the fuel cell performance or to [...] Read more.
Reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is a major issue for large industrialization and commercialization. Indeed, performance can be degraded due to abnormal operating conditions, namely, faults, which lead either to a transient decay of the fuel cell performance or to permanent damage that cannot be recovered. The literature shows that long-time exposure to faults leads to fuel cell degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that can not only diagnose these faulty conditions, but also modify the fuel cell operations to recover a healthy operating point. For that purpose, one approach is the Active Fault Tolerant Control (AFTC) strategy which is composed of three functions. First, a diagnosis part allows fault detection and identification. Then a decision part, which is an algorithm aiming at finding a new operating point that mitigates the occurring fault. Finally, a control part applies the mitigation strategy established by the decision algorithm. The present work focuses on the decision part. and aims to bring a new contribution to PEMFCs reliability improvement and address water management issues, namely, the cell flooding and membrane drying out with the developed AFTC tool. The strategy is tested and validated on a single PEMFC cell and results are presented, analyzed, and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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11 pages, 3197 KiB  
Article
Lab-on-a-Chip Electrochemical Immunosensor Array Integrated with Microfluidics: Development and Characterisation
by Shifa Felemban, Patricia Vazquez, Thanih Balbaied and Eric Moore
Electrochem 2022, 3(4), 570-580; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3040039 - 23 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2790
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip has recently become an alternative for in situ monitoring for its portability and simple integration with an electrochemical immunoassay. Here, we present an electrochemical cell-on-a-chip configured in a three-electrode system to detect benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in water. 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), a self-assembled monolayer [...] Read more.
Lab-on-a-chip has recently become an alternative for in situ monitoring for its portability and simple integration with an electrochemical immunoassay. Here, we present an electrochemical cell-on-a-chip configured in a three-electrode system to detect benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in water. 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), was used to modify a gold chip surface to reduce the randomness of antibody binding. A carboxylic acid group was activated with -ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) (EDC) in combination with N-hyrodsuccinimide (NHS) before antibody immobilisation. The mechanism of the electrochemical reactions on a gold surface and SAM formation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and contact angle measurements. The data revealed a lower contact angle in the modified chip and a scan rate of 50 mV/s. Through the addition of modification layers and thiol end groups to the SAM, our design allowed the chip surface to became more insulated. All were tested by amperometric detection using the developed Q-sense system. This novel technique detected multiple samples, and completed the analysis reasonably quickly. While the integrated system proved successful in a lab setting, the aim of the research is to use this system for in situ analysis, which can be brought into a water environment to carry out tests with existing processes. In this way, any issues that may arise from an environmental setting can be rectified in an efficient manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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21 pages, 3416 KiB  
Article
Mass Transport Limitations in Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Formic Acid at High Pressure
by Selvaraj Chinnathambi, Mahinder Ramdin and Thijs J. H. Vlugt
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 549-569; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030038 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3967
Abstract
Mass transport of different species plays a crucial role in electrochemical conversion of CO2 due to the solubility limit of CO2 in aqueous electrolytes. In this study, we investigate the transport of CO2 and other ionic species through the electrolyte [...] Read more.
Mass transport of different species plays a crucial role in electrochemical conversion of CO2 due to the solubility limit of CO2 in aqueous electrolytes. In this study, we investigate the transport of CO2 and other ionic species through the electrolyte and the membrane, and its impact on the scale-up process of HCOO/HCOOH formation. The mass transport of ions to the electrode and the membrane is modelled at constant current density. The mass transport limitations of CO2 on the formation of HCOO/HCOOH is investigated at different pressures ranges from 5–40 bar. The maximum achievable partial current density of formate/formic acid is increased with increasing CO2 pressure. We use an ion exchange membrane model to understand the ion transport behaviour for both the monopolar and bipolar membranes. The cation exchange (CEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) model show that ion transport is limited by the electrolyte salt concentrations. For 0.1 M KHCO3, the AEM reaches the limiting current density more quickly than the CEM. For the BPM model, ion transport across the diffusion layer on either side of the BPM is also included to understand the concentration polarization across the BPM. The model revealed that the polarization losses across the bipolar membrane depend on the pH of the electrolyte used for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The polarization loss on the anolyte side decreases with an increasing pH, while, on the cathode side, it increases with increasing catholyte pH. With this combined model for the electrode reactions and the membrane transport, we are able to account for the various factors influencing the polarization losses in the CO2 electrolyzer. To complete the analysis, we simulated the full cell polarization curve and fitted with the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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11 pages, 2116 KiB  
Article
Effect of Recombinant Antibodies and MIP Nanoparticles on the Electrical Behavior of Impedimetric Biorecognition Surfaces for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Short Report
by Douglas Vieira Thomaz, Riccardo Goldoni, Gianluca Martino Tartaglia, Cosimino Malitesta and Elisabetta Mazzotta
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 538-548; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030037 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3050
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors are often described as innovative strategies to tackle urgent epidemiological needs, such as the detection of SARS-CoV-2 main biomarker, the spike glycoprotein. Nevertheless, there is a great variety of receptors, especially recombinant antibodies, that can be used to develop these biosensing [...] Read more.
Electrochemical immunosensors are often described as innovative strategies to tackle urgent epidemiological needs, such as the detection of SARS-CoV-2 main biomarker, the spike glycoprotein. Nevertheless, there is a great variety of receptors, especially recombinant antibodies, that can be used to develop these biosensing platforms, and very few reports compare their suitability in analytical device design and their sensing performances. Therefore, this short report targeted a brief and straightforward investigation of the performance of different impedimetric biorecognition surfaces (BioS) for SARS-CoV-2, which were crafted from three commonly reported recombinant antibodies and molecularly-imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles (nanoMIP). The selected NanoMIP were chosen due to their reported selectivity to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Results showed that the surface modification protocol based on MUDA and crosslinking with EDC/NHS was successful for the anchoring of each tested receptor, as the semicircle diameter of the Nyquist plots of EIS increased upon each modification, which suggests the increase of Rct due to the binding of dielectric materials on the conductive surface. Furthermore, the type of monoclonal antibody used to craft the BioS and the artificial receptors led to very distinct responses, being the RBD5305 and the NanoMIP-based BioS the ones that showcased the highest increment of signal in the conditions herein reported, which suggests their adequacy in the development of impedimetric immunosensors for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 5738 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Hybrid Nanostructures of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles/Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for High-Performance Supercapacitors
by Bin Zhao
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 507-519; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030035 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2060
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) hybrid nanostructure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles uniformly anchored on vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) was fabricated by a facile two-step method. Assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), the Fe precursor was firstly absorbed on CNT surface and [...] Read more.
A three-dimensional (3D) hybrid nanostructure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles uniformly anchored on vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) was fabricated by a facile two-step method. Assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2), the Fe precursor was firstly absorbed on CNT surface and then transformed into Fe3O4 nanoparticles by vacuum thermal annealing. Owing to the synergetic effects of well-distributed Fe3O4 nanoparticles (~7 nm) and highly conductive VACNTs, the hybrid electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 364.2 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 within the potential range from −0.9 to +0.1 V in Na2SO3 electrolyte and an excellent cycling stability of 84.8% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at a current density of 4 A/g. This 3D hybrid architecture consisting of aligned CNTs and pseudocapacitive metal oxide may be a promising electrode for high-performance supercapacitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 1345 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Irreversible Homogeneous Reaction on Finite Diffusion Layers
by Singaravel Anandhar Salai Sivasundari, Rathinam Senthamarai, Mohan Chitra Devi, Lakshmanan Rajendran and Michael E. G. Lyons
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 479-491; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030033 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2218
Abstract
The mathematical model proposed by Chapman and Antano (Electrochimica Acta, 56 (2010), 128–132) for the catalytic electrochemical–chemical (EC’) processes in an irreversible second-order homogeneous reaction in a microelectrode is discussed. The mass-transfer boundary layer neighbouring an electrode can contribute to the electrode’s measured [...] Read more.
The mathematical model proposed by Chapman and Antano (Electrochimica Acta, 56 (2010), 128–132) for the catalytic electrochemical–chemical (EC’) processes in an irreversible second-order homogeneous reaction in a microelectrode is discussed. The mass-transfer boundary layer neighbouring an electrode can contribute to the electrode’s measured AC impedance. This model can be used to analyse membrane-transport studies and other instances of ionic transport in semiconductors and other materials. Two efficient and easily accessible analytical techniques, AGM and DTM, were used to solve the steady-state non-linear diffusion equation’s infinite layers. Herein, we present the generalized approximate analytical solution for the solute, product, and reactant concentrations and current for the small experimental values of kinetic and diffusion parameters. Using the Matlab/Scilab program, we also derive the numerical solution to this problem. The comparison of the analytical and numerical/computational results reveals a satisfactory level of agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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16 pages, 2461 KiB  
Article
Carbon-α-Fe2O3 Composite Active Material for High-Capacity Electrodes with High Mass Loading and Flat Current Collector for Quasi-Symmetric Supercapacitors
by Maedeh Najafi, Sebastiano Bellani, Valerio Galli, Marilena Isabella Zappia, Ahmad Bagheri, Milad Safarpour, Hossein Beydaghi, Matilde Eredia, Lea Pasquale, Riccardo Carzino, Simone Lauciello, Jaya-Kumar Panda, Rosaria Brescia, Luca Gabatel, Vittorio Pellegrini and Francesco Bonaccorso
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 463-478; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030032 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3185
Abstract
In this work, we report the synthesis of an active material for supercapacitors (SCs), namely α-Fe2O3/carbon composite (C-Fe2O3) made of elongated nanoparticles linearly connected into a worm-like morphology, by means of electrospinning followed by a [...] Read more.
In this work, we report the synthesis of an active material for supercapacitors (SCs), namely α-Fe2O3/carbon composite (C-Fe2O3) made of elongated nanoparticles linearly connected into a worm-like morphology, by means of electrospinning followed by a calcination/carbonization process. The resulting active material powder can be directly processed in the form of slurry to produce SC electrodes with mass loadings higher than 1 mg cm−2 on practical flat current collectors, avoiding the need for bulky porous substrate, as often reported in the literature. In aqueous electrolyte (6 M KOH), the so-produced C-Fe2O3 electrodes display capacity as high as ~140 mAh g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1, while showing an optimal rate capability (capacity of 32.4 mAh g−1 at a scan rate of 400 mV s−1). Thanks to their poor catalytic activity towards water splitting reactions, the electrode can operate in a wide potential range (−1.6 V–0.3 V vs. Hg/HgO), enabling the realization of performant quasi-symmetric SCs based on electrodes with the same chemical composition (but different active material mass loadings), achieving energy density approaching 10 Wh kg−1 in aqueous electrolytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 1682 KiB  
Article
A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis
by Samia Alsefri, Thanih Balbaied, Ibtihaj Albalawi, Hanan Alatawi and Eric Moore
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 451-462; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030031 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2844
Abstract
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are a very large group of organic compounds that have between two and ten chlorine atoms attached to the biphenyl. These compounds have an acute impact as environmental pollutants, causing cancer and other adverse health effects in humans. It is [...] Read more.
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are a very large group of organic compounds that have between two and ten chlorine atoms attached to the biphenyl. These compounds have an acute impact as environmental pollutants, causing cancer and other adverse health effects in humans. It is therefore imperative to develop techniques for the cost-effective detection of PCBs at very low concentrations in ecosystems. In this paper, a novel label-free, indirect, competitive electrochemical immunosensor was first developed with a PCB-BSA conjugate. It is shown herein to compete with free PCBs for binding to the anti-PCB polyclonal primary antibody (IgY). Then, we used a secondary antibody to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor for the detection of PCB in a sample. It has been successfully immobilized on an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA)-modified gold electrode via a carbodiimide-coupling reaction using cross-linking 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) on the electrode surface. The immunosensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in a standard solution of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. A linear range of 0.011–220 ng/mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 ng/mL−1 for PCBs detection were achieved by the developed immunosensor, showing advantages over conventional assays. The novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor discussed in this paper is a solution for simple, rapid, cost-effective sample screening in a portable, disposable format. The proposed immunosensor has good sensitivity, and it can prove to be an adequate real-time monitoring solution for PCBs in soil samples or other samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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18 pages, 3466 KiB  
Article
A Biodegradable Polymer-Based Plastic Chip Electrode as a Current Collector in Supercapacitor Application
by Kirti, Rajeev Gupta and Divesh N. Srivastava
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 379-396; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030026 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3430
Abstract
Here, we report the performance of a biodegradable polymer-based Plastic chip Electrode (PCE) as a current collector in supercapacitor applications. Its production was evaluated using two redox materials (conducting polymers polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)) and a layered material, rGO. The conducting polymers were [...] Read more.
Here, we report the performance of a biodegradable polymer-based Plastic chip Electrode (PCE) as a current collector in supercapacitor applications. Its production was evaluated using two redox materials (conducting polymers polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)) and a layered material, rGO. The conducting polymers were directly deposited over the Eco-friendly PCE (EPCE) using the galvanostatic method. The rGO was prepared in the conventional way and loaded over the EPCE using a binder. Both conducting polymers and rGO showed proper specific capacitance compared to previous studies with regular current collectors. Electrodes were found highly stable during experiments in high acidic medium. The supercapacitive performance was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge measurements, and impedance spectroscopy. The supercapacitive materials were also characterized for their electrical and microscopic properties. Polyaniline and PEDOT were deposited over EPCEs showing >150 Fg−1 and >120 Fg−1 specific capacitance, respectively, at 0.5 Ag−1. rGO continued to show higher particular capacitance of >250 Fg−1 with excellent charge–discharge cyclic stability. The study concludes that EPCs can be used as promising electrodes for electrical energy storage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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18 pages, 1471 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Biotrickling Filters for Treatment of NOx Analytical Expressions for the NOx Concentration in Both Gas and Biofilm Phases
by Ramasamy Umadevi, Ponraj Jeyabarathi, Kothandapani Venugopal, Michael E. G. Lyons and Lakshmanan Rajendran
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 361-378; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030025 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2173
Abstract
A mathematical model of an ideal biotrickling filter (BF) system that inoculates a recently identified strain of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 and brings about efficient nitrogen oxide treatment is discussed. The proposed model is based on nonlinear mass transport equations at the gas–biofilm interface. [...] Read more.
A mathematical model of an ideal biotrickling filter (BF) system that inoculates a recently identified strain of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 and brings about efficient nitrogen oxide treatment is discussed. The proposed model is based on nonlinear mass transport equations at the gas–biofilm interface. Using Akbari–Ganji’s technique, approximate analytical expressions for the nitric oxide concentration in the gaseous and biofilm phases were developed for all feasible system parameters. In addition, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the system, a numerical analysis of the problem is provided using MATLAB tools. To demonstrate this new approach, graphical data are provided and quantitatively discussed. This theoretical result has good agreement with the numerical simulation (MATLAB) results for the experimental values of parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 2667 KiB  
Article
Reactivities of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives Involving Caffeic Acid toward Electrogenerated Superoxide in N,N-Dimethylformamide
by Tatsushi Nakayama and Bunji Uno
Electrochem 2022, 3(3), 347-360; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3030024 - 5 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
Reactivity of (2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (caffeic acid), classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivative, toward electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2•−) was investigated through cyclic voltammetry, in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrometry, and in situ electrolytic ultraviolet–visible spectrometry in [...] Read more.
Reactivity of (2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (caffeic acid), classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivative, toward electrogenerated superoxide radical anion (O2•−) was investigated through cyclic voltammetry, in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrometry, and in situ electrolytic ultraviolet–visible spectrometry in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), aided by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The quasi-reversible redox of dioxygen/O2•− is modified in the presence of caffeic acid, suggesting that O2•− is scavenged by caffeic acid through proton-coupled electron transfer. The reactivities of caffeic acid toward O2•− are mediated by the ortho-diphenol (catechol) moiety rather than by the acryloyl group, as experimentally confirmed in comparative analyses with other HCAs. The electrochemical and DFT results in DMF suggested that a concerted two-proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism proceeds via the catechol moiety. This mechanism embodies the superior kinetics of O2•− scavenging by caffeic acid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Current Response and Sensitivity of Oxidase Enzyme Electrodes, Monitored Amperometrically by the Consumption of Oxygen
by Pandy Pirabaharan, M. Chitra Devi, Rajagopal Swaminathan, Lakshmanan Rajendran and Michael E. G. Lyons
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 309-321; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020021 - 2 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2465
Abstract
Biosensor behaviour is characterised by non-linear differential equations that describe well-defined physical, chemical, and biological processes. Mathematical modelling of these biosensors is highly desirable since they have many applications. These models enable the prediction of a variety of their properties. In this study, [...] Read more.
Biosensor behaviour is characterised by non-linear differential equations that describe well-defined physical, chemical, and biological processes. Mathematical modelling of these biosensors is highly desirable since they have many applications. These models enable the prediction of a variety of their properties. In this study, the cyclic conversion of the substrate in an amperometric biosensor with an oxidase enzyme membrane electrode is studied using a mathematical model. The governing parameters for the Michaelis–Menten kinetics of enzymatic reactions are the enzyme kinetic and diffusion rates across the enzymatic layer. In this paper, we solved the non-linear equations analytically and numerically for all experimental values of parameters. This problem is simulated in MATLAB® v2016b software using the PDE solver. Our analytical solutions are compared to simulation results to validate the proposed model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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9 pages, 1870 KiB  
Communication
Efficacy of the PlasmaShield®, a Non-Thermal, Plasma-Based Air Purification Device, in Removing Airborne Microorganisms
by Harriet Whiley, Thilini P. Keerthirathne, Emma J. Kuhn, Muhammad Atif Nisar, Alex Sibley, Peter Speck and Kirstin E. Ross
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 276-284; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020019 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3531
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms play a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases. As such, improving indoor microbial air quality can enhance infection control in numerous settings. This study examined the efficacy of the PlasmaShield® air purification device to remove airborne microorganisms under [...] Read more.
Airborne microorganisms play a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases. As such, improving indoor microbial air quality can enhance infection control in numerous settings. This study examined the efficacy of the PlasmaShield® air purification device to remove airborne microorganisms under laboratory conditions. Pure cultures of model microorganisms at varying concentrations were aerosolized using a 1-jet Collison nebulizer through stainless-steel removable piping prior to reaching the PlasmaShield® device. The surviving microorganisms were captured using the Staplex® MBS-6 Six Stage Microbial Air Sampler and enumerated via culture on agar plates. The positive-hole-corrected colony/plaque-forming units were compared with the negative control (microorganisms aerosolized through an empty PlasmaShield® casing). The PlasmaShield® statistically significantly (p < 0.05) reduced airborne Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacteriophage MS2 and Cladosporium sp. compared with the negative control. The maximum removal achieved was estimated to be 4 × log10E. coli (99.99% removal), 4 × log10S. epidermidis (99.97% removal), 7 × log10 MS2 (99.99998% removal) and 5 × log10Cladosporium sp. (99.999% removal). Scanning electron microscope images of the surviving microorganisms showed that the PlasmaShield® damaged the cell membrane of these model microorganisms. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence to support the use of this technology to improve indoor microbial air quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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17 pages, 6275 KiB  
Article
Performance Study on the Effect of Coolant Inlet Conditions for a 20 Ah LiFePO4 Prismatic Battery with Commercial Mini Channel Cold Plates
by Jeevan Jaidi, Sandeep Dattu Chitta, Chaithanya Akkaldevi, Satyam Panchal, Michael Fowler and Roydon Fraser
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 259-275; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020018 - 25 May 2022
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 3402
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries are widely used in renewable energy storage and automotive powertrain systems, and therefore, an efficient thermal management system is imperative for maximum battery life and safety. Battery heat generation and dissipation rates primarily depend on the battery surface temperatures, which [...] Read more.
Rechargeable Li-ion batteries are widely used in renewable energy storage and automotive powertrain systems, and therefore, an efficient thermal management system is imperative for maximum battery life and safety. Battery heat generation and dissipation rates primarily depend on the battery surface temperatures, which are affected by the coolant system design and coolant inlet conditions. In this paper, a two-way coupled electrochemical-thermal simulation with selected experimental validation has been performed and analyzed the effect of water coolant inlet conditions on the effectiveness of commercial mini-channel cold-plates for 20 Ah LiFePO4 prismatic batteries. Three coolant inlet temperatures (25–45 °C) and four flow rates (150–600 mL/min) are tested at three different discharge rates (2–4 C) and the performance of coolant system design has been analyzed in terms of battery peak (maximum) temperature and temperature difference (i.e., non-uniformity) across the battery. The predicted results indicate that the coolant flow rate has a profound effect on the battery temperature non-uniformity, while the coolant inlet temperature has a significant effect on the battery peak temperature. At high coolant flow rates, the battery surface temperature difference is within the acceptable range (ΔT < 5 °C), but the maximum temperatures are high at all discharge rates. Further, at the low coolant inlet temperature of 25 °C and the high coolant flow rate of 600 mL/min, the battery temperature rise at the top and bottom locations during the constant current discharge process is high, indicating that the battery heat generation rate is high at a low coolant inlet temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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9 pages, 2492 KiB  
Article
Chitosan/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Film for Bisphenol A Electrochemical Sensing
by Leandro A. Almeida, Bruno V. M. Rodrigues, Debora T. Balogh, Rafaela C. Sanfelice, Luiza A. Mercante, Amanda F. Frade-Barros and Adriana Pavinatto
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 239-247; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020016 - 4 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine-disrupting compound and can cause toxicological effects, even at low doses. The development of sensitive and reliable sensors that would allow the detection of such contaminant is highly pursued. Herein, we report an electrochemical sensing strategy based [...] Read more.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is considered an endocrine-disrupting compound and can cause toxicological effects, even at low doses. The development of sensitive and reliable sensors that would allow the detection of such contaminant is highly pursued. Herein, we report an electrochemical sensing strategy based on a simple and low-cost nanocomposite film sensor platform for BPA detection. The platform was developed by modifying a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode with layer-by-layer (LbL) films of chitosan (Chi) and gold nanoparticles functionalized with a polythiophene derivative (AuNPs:PTS). The growth of the Chi/AuNPs:PTS LbL films was monitored by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the three-bilayer film exhibited the highest electrocatalytic performance and differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements demonstrated that the modified electrode was suitable for BPA detection through a quasi-reversible and adsorption-controlled electrochemical oxidation and reduction process. The developed sensor exhibited a linear response range from 0.4 to 20 μmol L−1, with a detection limit of 0.32 μmol L−1. The sensor showed good reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 2.12% and 3.73% to intra- and inter-electrode, respectively. Furthermore, the platform demonstrated to be suitable to detect BPA in real water samples, as well as selective for BPA detection in solutions with 100-fold excess of common interfering compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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10 pages, 4965 KiB  
Article
N-Graphene Sheet Stacks/Cu Electrocatalyst for CO2 Reduction to Ethylene
by Peteris Lesnicenoks, Ainars Knoks, Sergei Piskunov, Laimonis Jekabsons and Janis Kleperis
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 229-238; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020015 - 1 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3295
Abstract
Renewable energy resources (wind, solar) are unpredictable, so it is wise to store the electricity they generate in an energy carrier X. Various PtX (power to useful energy-intensive raw material such as hydrogen, synthetic natural gas, fuel) applications have been proposed. At the [...] Read more.
Renewable energy resources (wind, solar) are unpredictable, so it is wise to store the electricity they generate in an energy carrier X. Various PtX (power to useful energy-intensive raw material such as hydrogen, synthetic natural gas, fuel) applications have been proposed. At the heart of our work is widely used idea to convert residual CO2 from biogas plant into higher hydrocarbons using electricity from renewables (e.g., sun, wind, hydro). The specific goal is to produce ethylene-highly demanded hydrocarbon in plastics industry. The process itself is realised on electrocatalytic carbon/copper cathode which must be selective to reaction: 2CO2 + 12e + 12H+→C2H4 + 4H2O. We propose a bottom-up approach to build catalyst from the smallest particles-graphene sheet stacks (GSS) coated with metallic copper nanocrystals. Composite GSS-Cu structure functions as a CO2 and proton absorber, facilitating hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions on Cu-nanocluster/GSS for the formation of C2H4. In our design electrocatalytic electrode is made from nitrogen-doped graphene sheet stacks coated with copper nanostructures. The N-GSSitself can be drop-casted or electrophoretically incorporated onto the carbon paper and gas diffusion electrode. Electrochemical deposition method was recognized as successful and most promising to grow Cu nanocrystals on N-GSS incorporated in conducting carbon substrate. Gaseous products from CO2 electro-catalytic reformation on the cathode were investigated by mass-spectrometer but the electrode surface was analysed by SEM/EDS and XRD methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 10292 KiB  
Article
Alkaloid of Rhynchostylis retusa as Green Inhibitor for Mild Steel Corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 Solution
by Amrita Chapagain, Debendra Acharya, Anju Kumari Das, Kisan Chhetri, Hari Bhakta Oli and Amar Prasad Yadav
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 211-224; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020013 - 18 Apr 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3623
Abstract
Alkaloids are aromatic hydrocarbons with nitrogen as heteroelements in the ring structure that are responsible for bonding with the metal surface and help to reduce corrosion of metals such as mild steel (MS) in an acidic medium. In this study, the alkaloid of [...] Read more.
Alkaloids are aromatic hydrocarbons with nitrogen as heteroelements in the ring structure that are responsible for bonding with the metal surface and help to reduce corrosion of metals such as mild steel (MS) in an acidic medium. In this study, the alkaloid of Rhynchostylis retusa (RR) was extracted by solvent extraction method and confirmed by chemical test as well as FTIR spectroscopic test. Extracted alkaloids were tested as green inhibitors for the MS corrosion in a 1.0 M H2SO4 solution. The inhibition efficiency (IE) of alkaloid extracts of RR was studied by the weight loss measurement method and electrochemical polarization method. Results showed that the maximum IE in the gravimetric method was 87.51% in 1000 ppm solution at 6 h immersion time. Open circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization results indicated that the extracted alkaloids acted as a mixed type of inhibitor. IE by polarization method was found to be 93.24% for the sample immersed for 6 h. The temperature effect study reveals that inhibitors can work only below 35 °C. Alkaloids of RR can be successfully extracted and used as corrosion inhibitors for MS in an acidic medium below 35 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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13 pages, 11118 KiB  
Article
Electrodeposition and Micro-Mechanical Property Characterization of Nickel–Cobalt Alloys toward Design of MEMS Components
by Yiming Jiang, Chun-Yi Chen, Xun Luo, Daisuke Yamane, Masanori Mizoguchi, Osamu Kudo, Ryu Maeda, Masato Sone and Tso-Fu Mark Chang
Electrochem 2022, 3(2), 198-210; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020012 - 13 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2804
Abstract
Nickel–cobalt alloys were prepared by alloy electrodeposition with a sulfamate bath, and the mechanical properties on the micro-scale were evaluated for the application as micro-components in miniaturized electronic devices. Nickel bromide and a commercially available surface brightener were used as the additives. The [...] Read more.
Nickel–cobalt alloys were prepared by alloy electrodeposition with a sulfamate bath, and the mechanical properties on the micro-scale were evaluated for the application as micro-components in miniaturized electronic devices. Nickel bromide and a commercially available surface brightener were used as the additives. The cobalt content increased from 21.5 to 60.1 at.% after addition of nickel bromide into the bath, and the grain size refined from 21.1 to 13.2 nm when the surface brightener was used. The mechanical properties on the micro-scale were evaluated by micro-compression test using micro-pillar type specimens fabricated by a focused ion beam system to take the sample size effect into consideration. The yield strength of the nickel–cobalt alloy having an average grain size at 13.9 nm and cobalt content of 66.6 at.% reached 2.37 GPa, revealing influences from the sample size, grain boundary strengthening, and solid solution strengthening effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 3056 KiB  
Article
Ferrocene-Based Porous Organic Polymer (FPOP): Synthesis, Characterization and an Electrochemical Study
by Željko Petrovski, Mateus P. Moreira, Andreia F. M. Santos, Sunny K. S. Freitas, Noémi Jordão, Renata A. Maia, Ana V. M. Nunes, Luis C. Branco, Hugo Cruz and Pierre M. Esteves
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 184-197; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010011 - 27 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4063
Abstract
Ferrocene-based porous organic polymers (FPOPs) were prepared from phenol-formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite) and phenol as starting materials; and two possible mechanisms for polymerization were discussed. Solid-state 13C CP-MAS NMR, FTIR, powder XRD, elemental analysis and ICP (Fe, Na, B) were performed to characterize [...] Read more.
Ferrocene-based porous organic polymers (FPOPs) were prepared from phenol-formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite) and phenol as starting materials; and two possible mechanisms for polymerization were discussed. Solid-state 13C CP-MAS NMR, FTIR, powder XRD, elemental analysis and ICP (Fe, Na, B) were performed to characterize the prepared materials. The two synthetic approaches produced polymers with different pore sizes: the FPOP synthesized through Bakelite presented a higher surface area (52 m2 g−1) when compared to the one obtained by the bottom-up polymerization from phenol (only 5 m2 g−1). Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the thermal stability of the material, which decomposed at 350 °C. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the new FPOP on modified electrodes, in ACN and 0.1 M TBAP as an electrolyte, showed fully reversible electron transfer, which is similar to that observed for the ferrocene probe dissolved in the same electrolyte. As a proof-of-concept for an electrochromic device, this novel material was also tested, with a color change detected between yellow/brownish coloration (reduced form) and green/blue coloration (oxidized form). The new hybrid FPOP seems very promising for material science, energy storage and electrochromic applications, as well as for plastic degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 2304 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Bond Donors Influence on the Electrochemical Performance of Composite Graphene Electrodes/Deep Eutectic Solvents Interface
by Ana T. S. C. Brandão, Renata Costa, A. Fernando Silva and Carlos M. Pereira
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 129-142; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010009 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
The development of energy storage devices with better performance relies on the use of innovative materials and electrolytes, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint through the screening of low toxicity electrolytes and solvent-free electrode design protocols. The application of nanostructured carbon materials with [...] Read more.
The development of energy storage devices with better performance relies on the use of innovative materials and electrolytes, aiming to reduce the carbon footprint through the screening of low toxicity electrolytes and solvent-free electrode design protocols. The application of nanostructured carbon materials with high specific surface area, to prepare composite electrodes, is being considered as a promising starting point towards improving the power and energy efficiency of energy storage devices. Non-aqueous electrolytes synthesized using greener approaches with lower environmental impact make deep eutectic solvents (DES) promising alternatives for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. Accordingly, this work proposes a systematic study on the effect of the composition of DES containing a diol and an amide as HBD (hydrogen bond donor: 1,2-propylene glycol and urea), on the electrochemical performance of graphene and graphite composite electrodes/DES electrolyte interface. Glassy carbon (GC) was selected as the bare electrode material substrate to prepare the composite formulations since it provides an electrochemically reproducible surface. Gravimetric capacitance was measured for commercial graphene and commercial graphite/GC composite electrodes in contact with choline chloride, complexed with 1,2-propylene glycol, and urea as the HBD in 1:2 molar ratio. The electrochemical stability was followed by assessing the charge/discharge curves at 1, 2, and 4 A g−1. For comparison purposes, a parallel study was performed using commercial graphite. A four-fold increase in gravimetric capacitance was obtained when replacing commercial graphite (1.70 F g−1) by commercial graphene (6.19 F g−1) in contact with 1,2-propylene glycol-based DES. When using urea based DES no significant change in gravimetric capacitance was observed when commercial graphite is replaced by commercial graphene. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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19 pages, 4288 KiB  
Article
Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Nonlinear Processes in Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes with Cyclic Substrate Conversion
by Vinolyn Sylvia, Rajendran Joy Salomi, Lakshmanan Rajendran and Michael E. G. Lyons
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 70-88; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010005 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3854
Abstract
A theoretical model of amperometric enzyme electrodes has been developed in which chemical amplification occurs in a single enzyme membrane via cyclic substrate conversion. The system is based on non-stationary diffusion equations with a nonlinear factor related to the Michaelis–Menten kinetics of the [...] Read more.
A theoretical model of amperometric enzyme electrodes has been developed in which chemical amplification occurs in a single enzyme membrane via cyclic substrate conversion. The system is based on non-stationary diffusion equations with a nonlinear factor related to the Michaelis–Menten kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. By solving the nonlinear equations using the AGM technique, simple analytical expressions of concentration substrate, product, and amperometric current response are derived. Further, biosensor sensitivity, resistance, and gain are obtained from the current. MATLAB programming was used to carry out the digital simulation. The analytical results are validated with the numerical results. The effect of substrate concentration, maximum enzymatic rate, and membrane thickness on biosensor response was evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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12 pages, 7817 KiB  
Article
Modification of Cu(111) Surface with Alkylphosphonic Acids in Aqueous and Ethanol Solution—An Experimental and Theoretical Study
by Valbonë Mehmeti and Fetah Podvorica
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 58-69; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010004 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3028
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids are well known for their ability to form self-assembled monolayers on hydroxide surfaces. A crucial step to understanding fundamentally how these surfaces are created is the elucidation of the interaction process that leads to such interface creation. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Alkylphosphonic acids are well known for their ability to form self-assembled monolayers on hydroxide surfaces. A crucial step to understanding fundamentally how these surfaces are created is the elucidation of the interaction process that leads to such interface creation. In this study, we employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics to understand this process. The interaction with the Cu(111) surface of three different alkylphosphonic acids (hexyl-, octyl- and decylphosphonic acids) is evaluated in an aqueous acidic and in an ethanol solution by Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations, while EIS measurements are used to put in evidence the impact of the layer made in ethanol on copper protection. Nyquist diagrams of copper samples modified with an alkylphosphonic monolayer showed a higher polarization resistance that mitigates the copper corrosion in an aqueous acid medium. The phase–frequency Bode plots had higher and broader phase maxima for a modified copper surface with phosphonic moieties, which confirmed the ability of this organic layer to prevent copper corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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16 pages, 3697 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning in Battery: State of Charge Estimation Using Feed Forward Neural Network for Sodium-Ion Battery
by Devendrasinh Darbar and Indranil Bhattacharya
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 42-57; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010003 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5243
Abstract
Estimating the accurate State of Charge (SOC) of a battery is important to avoid the over/undercharging and protect the battery pack from low cycle life. Current methods of SOC estimation use complex equations in the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the equivalent circuit [...] Read more.
Estimating the accurate State of Charge (SOC) of a battery is important to avoid the over/undercharging and protect the battery pack from low cycle life. Current methods of SOC estimation use complex equations in the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the equivalent circuit model. In this paper, we used a Feed Forward Neural Network (FNN) to estimate the SOC value accurately where battery parameters such as current, voltage, and charge are mapped directly to the SOC value at the output. A FNN could self-learn the weights with each training data point and update the model parameters such as weights and bias using a combination of two gradient descents (Adam). This model comprises the Dropout technique, which can have many neural network architectures by dropping the neuron/mode at each epoch/training cycle using the same weights and biases. Our FNN model was trained with data comprising different current rates and tested for different cycling data, for example, 5th, 10th, 20th, and 50th cycles and at a different cutoff voltage (4.5 V). The battery used for estimating the SOC value was a Na-ion based battery, which is highly non-linear, and it was fabricated in a house using Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 (NFM) as a cathode and Na metal as a reference electrode. The FNN successfully estimated the SOC value for the highly non-linear nature of the Na-ion battery at different current rates (0.05 C, 0.1 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C), for different cycling data, and at higher cut-off voltage of –4.5 V Na+, reaching the R2 value of ~0.97–~0.99, ~0.99, and ~0.98, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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14 pages, 5423 KiB  
Article
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Efficacy of Pantoprazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in an Acidic Medium
by Avni Berisha
Electrochem 2022, 3(1), 28-41; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3010002 - 6 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a 1 M aqueous sulfuric acid medium in the presence and absence of the drug Pantoprazole was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and quantum chemical calculations as well as Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic simulations. The potentiodynamic [...] Read more.
The corrosion behavior of mild steel in a 1 M aqueous sulfuric acid medium in the presence and absence of the drug Pantoprazole was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and quantum chemical calculations as well as Monte Carlo and molecular dynamic simulations. The potentiodynamic experiments indicated that this molecule, as a result of its adsorption on a mild steel surface, functioned as a mixed inhibitor. The goal of the study was to use theoretical calculations to acquire a better understanding of how inhibition works. The adsorption behavior of the examined compounds on the Fe (1 1 0) surface was calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the molecules were studied using density functional theory (DFT), especially the PBE functional, to determine the relationship between the molecular structure and the corrosion inhibition behavior of the chemical under research. The adsorption energies of Pantoprazole (in its three different protonation states) iron were calculated more precisely using molecular mechanics with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). The predicted theoretical parameters were found to be in agreement with the experimental data, which was a considerable help in understanding the corrosion inhibition mechanism displayed by this chemical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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21 pages, 8855 KiB  
Article
Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery
by Chaithanya Akkaldevi, Sandeep Dattu Chitta, Jeevan Jaidi, Satyam Panchal, Michael Fowler and Roydon Fraser
Electrochem 2021, 2(4), 643-663; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040040 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 88 | Viewed by 5444
Abstract
This paper discusses the quantitative validation carried out on a prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 battery sandwiched between two minichannel cold-plates with distributed flow having a single U-turn. A two-way coupled electrochemical-thermal simulations are performed at different discharge rates (1–4 C) and coolant [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the quantitative validation carried out on a prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 battery sandwiched between two minichannel cold-plates with distributed flow having a single U-turn. A two-way coupled electrochemical-thermal simulations are performed at different discharge rates (1–4 C) and coolant inlet temperatures (15–35 °C). The predicted battery voltage response at room temperature (22 °C) and the performance of the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) in terms of the battery surface temperatures (maximum temperature, Tmax and temperature difference, ΔT) have been analyzed. Additionally, temperature variation at ten different locations on the battery surface is studied during the discharge process. The predicted temperatures are compared with the measured data and found to be in close agreement. Differences between the predicted and measured temperatures are attributed to the assumption of uniform heat generation by the Li-ion model (P2D), the accuracy of electrochemical property input data, and the accuracy of the measuring tools used. Overall, it is suggested that the Li-ion model can be used to design the efficient BTMS at the cell level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Electrochemistry)
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