Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Literature
2. Experimental Test Bench for Battery with Cold-Plates
3. Mathematical and Numerical Modelling
3.1. Li-ion (P2D) Battery Model
3.2. Conjugate Heat Transfer Model
- -
- Mass conservation equation:
- -
- Momentum conservation equation:
- -
- Energy conservation equation:
3.3. Geometry and Mesh
3.4. Grid Independence Study
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Battery Electrical Response
4.2. Battery Thermal Response
- The maximum temperature () and the temperature difference () across the battery surface rose with an increase in discharge C-rate at the given coolant inlet temperature (). At medium coolant inlet (25 °C), and at all C-rates, the predicted values of and are in good agreement with the measured values.
- At low coolant inlet (15 °C), the Li-ion model under-predicted the values of and at 1 C and 2 C. However, at high coolant inlet (35 °C), the model slightly over-predicted the values and at 4 C in comparison to the measured values.
- Furthermore, the percentage difference between the predicted and measured values of maximum surface temperature at all C-rates are within 2.6% at high coolant inlet (35 °C), within 4.8% at medium coolant inlet (25 °C), and within 14.6% at low coolant inlet (15 °C).
5. Summary
- Both and increase with an increase in the C-rate, and the rise in is high at low in contrast to high , and is attributed to more heat generation at low .
- increases linearly with an increase in . However, is more (i.e., non-uniformity) at low than at high .
- Predicted temperatures are in close agreement with the measured data at 3 C discharge rate. However, at low C-rates (1–2 C) the model slightly under-predicted the temperatures and slightly over-predicted at high C-rate (4 C).
- The current BTMS shows best performance meeting the desired operating range () at nominal discharge capacity (1 C) and at all coolant temperatures studied.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Discharge C-Rate | Maximum Surface Temperature (°C) | ||
---|---|---|---|
3.5 Million Mesh Elements | 4.2 Million Mesh Elements | 5.4 Million Mesh Elements | |
1 C | 17.00 | 16.75 | 16.74 |
2 C | 19.90 | 19.56 | 19.50 |
3 C | 23.82 | 22.67 | 22.65 |
Material Property (Unit) | Positive Electrode | Negative Electrode |
---|---|---|
Solid phase lithium diffusivity (m2/s) | 1 × 10−13 | 3.9 × 10−14 |
Particle radius (m) | 12.5 × 10−6 | 8 × 10−6 |
Electrolyte phase volume fraction | 0.444 | 0.357 |
Electrode phase volume fraction | 0.297 | 0.471 |
Filler phase volume fraction | 0.259 | 0.172 |
Max solid phase concentration (mol/m3) | 22,806 | 31,370 |
Initial concentration of active material (mol/m3) | 14,870 | 14,870 |
Solid phase conductivity (S/m) | 3.8 | 100 |
Thickness (µm) | 183 | 117 |
Other data | ||
Initial electrolyte salt concentration (mol/m3) | 1000 | |
Bruggeman coefficient | 1 | |
Thickness of separator (µm) | 52 |
Material/Property | Density (kg/m3) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) | Specific Heat (J/kg-K) |
---|---|---|---|
Active battery | 2092 | 18.2 | 678 |
Positive tab | 2719 | 202.0 | 871 |
Negative tab | 8978 | 387.6 | 381 |
Cold-plate | 2702 | 237.0 | 903 |
Water Inlet T (°C) | Discharge C-Rate | Maximum Battery Surface Temperature, Tmax (°C) | Battery Surface Temperature Difference, ΔT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiments | Li-ion Model | Experiments | Li-ion Model | ||
15 | 1 C | 19.6 | 16.74 | 4.0 | 1.74 |
15 | 2 C | 22.9 | 20.46 | 7.3 | 5.46 |
15 | 3 C | 25.4 | 25.49 | 9.8 | 10.49 |
15 | 4 C | 28.0 | 31.14 | 12.4 | 16.14 |
25 | 1 C | 27.6 | 26.44 | 3.1 | 1.44 |
25 | 2 C | 30.4 | 29.3 | 5.9 | 4.3 |
25 | 3 C | 32.6 | 33.02 | 8.1 | 8.02 |
25 | 4 C | 35.2 | 36.88 | 10.7 | 11.88 |
35 | 1 C | 35.9 | 36.13 | 2.4 | 1.13 |
35 | 2 C | 38.2 | 38.15 | 4.7 | 3.15 |
35 | 3 C | 40.3 | 40.17 | 6.8 | 5.17 |
35 | 4 C | 42.3 | 43.38 | 8.8 | 8.38 |
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Akkaldevi, C.; Chitta, S.D.; Jaidi, J.; Panchal, S.; Fowler, M.; Fraser, R. Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery. Electrochem 2021, 2, 643-663. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040040
Akkaldevi C, Chitta SD, Jaidi J, Panchal S, Fowler M, Fraser R. Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery. Electrochem. 2021; 2(4):643-663. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040040
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkkaldevi, Chaithanya, Sandeep Dattu Chitta, Jeevan Jaidi, Satyam Panchal, Michael Fowler, and Roydon Fraser. 2021. "Coupled Electrochemical-Thermal Simulations and Validation of Minichannel Cold-Plate Water-Cooled Prismatic 20 Ah LiFePO4 Battery" Electrochem 2, no. 4: 643-663. https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2040040