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Environments
Volume 13
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Environments, Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 64 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Cymopterus sessiliflorus is a rare plant that grows in the southwestern US. Six populations of this rare plant were discovered far from their known range in central Wyoming. We created a species distribution model with the initial locations that guided field surveys over 2 years. These maps were critical in discovering 11 new populations, and measuring the precipitation, geology, soil and landscape variables that influenced their distribution. We also identified the bees that were active while Cymopterus sessiliflorus was flowering to assess potential pollinators. Species distribution models can be useful to guide surveys even when limited initial data is available. View this paper
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22 pages, 6811 KB  
Article
Plant Accumulation of Metals from Soils Impacted by the JSC Qarmet Industrial Activities, Central Kazakhstan
by Bakhytzhan K. Yelikbayev, Kanay Rysbekov, Assel Sankabayeva, Dinara Baltabayeva and Rafiq Islam
Environments 2026, 13(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010064 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Metal pollution from metallurgical emissions poses serious environmental and public health risks in Kazakhstan. A replicated pot-culture experiment (n = 4) in a completely randomized design under controlled phytotron conditions evaluated biomass production and metal accumulation in six crop and forage species, alfalfa [...] Read more.
Metal pollution from metallurgical emissions poses serious environmental and public health risks in Kazakhstan. A replicated pot-culture experiment (n = 4) in a completely randomized design under controlled phytotron conditions evaluated biomass production and metal accumulation in six crop and forage species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), corn (Zea mays), mustard (Brassica juncea), rapeseed (Brassica napus), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus); three ornamental species, purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), marigold (Tagetes spp., ‘Tiger Eyes’), and sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima); and three native wild plants, greater burdock (Arctium lappa), horse sorrel (Rumex confertus), and mug wort (Artemisia vulgaris). Plants were grown in soils collected from the Qarmet industrial zone in Temirtau, central Kazakhstan. Initial soil analysis revealed substantial mixed-metal contamination, ranked as Mn > Ba > Zn > Sr > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > B > Co. Mn reached 1059 mg·kg−1, ~50-fold higher than B (22.7 mg·kg−1). Ba (620 mg·kg−1) exceeded FAO/WHO limits sixfold, Zn (204 mg·kg−1) surpassed the lower threshold, and Pb (41.6 mg·kg−1) approached permissible levels, while Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, and Sr were lower. Biomass production varied markedly among species: corn and sunflower produced the highest shoot biomass (126.8 and 60.9 g·plant−1), whereas horse sorrel had the greatest root biomass (54.4 g·plant−1). Root-to-shoot ratios indicated shoot-oriented growth (>1–8) in most species, except horse sorrel and burdock (<1). Metal accumulation was strongly species-specific. Corn and marigold accumulated Co, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, B, and Ba but showed limited translocation (transfer function, TF < 0.5), whereas sunflower, amaranth, and mug wort exhibited moderate to high translocation (TF > 0.8 to <1) for selected metals. Corn is recommended for high-biomass metal removal, marigold for stabilization, sunflower, horse sorrel, and mug wort for multi-metal extraction, and amaranth and coneflower for targeted Co, Ni, and Cu translocation, supporting sustainable remediation of industrially contaminated soils. Full article
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17 pages, 3165 KB  
Article
Strengthening Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Riverine Total Phosphorus Concentrations by Incorporating Land Surface Temperature
by Sheng Luo, Wei Gao, Yufeng Yang and Yanpeng Cai
Environments 2026, 13(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010063 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 207
Abstract
Direct retrieval of Total Phosphorus (TP) from remote sensing is not possible because TP is not optically active. Unlike optically active parameters, TP does not exhibit spectral signals and relies on indirect correlations with Optically Active Constituents (OACs) such as Chl-a and suspended [...] Read more.
Direct retrieval of Total Phosphorus (TP) from remote sensing is not possible because TP is not optically active. Unlike optically active parameters, TP does not exhibit spectral signals and relies on indirect correlations with Optically Active Constituents (OACs) such as Chl-a and suspended solids. Existing approaches often rely solely on spectral reflectance while neglecting the environmental variables, such as temperature, that can affect the correlations between OACs such as Chl-a and temperature. To address this, this study integrates satellite-derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) with Landsat 8/9 spectral features, utilizing LST as a spatial proxy for the aquatic thermodynamic environment. Focusing on the Dongjiang River, a subtropical river in China, a machine learning framework was constructed based on in situ measurements collected from 2020 to 2023. Feature selection using Pearson’s correlation and Random Forest importance identified the optimal combination of spectral bands and thermal inputs. The results from the model revealed the following: (1) annual mean TP concentrations in the delta were higher than in the main channel, with more pronounced seasonal fluctuations; (2) statistical verification (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.01) confirmed that incorporating LST yielded a certain reduction in retrieval error compared to the spectral-only model; (3) the most influential predictors for TP estimation were a combination of the blue, green, and red spectral bands along with LST; (4) models incorporating LST achieved significantly higher accuracy than those based solely on spectral reflectance, with improved R2 and RMSE values across most TP concentration ranges (except for 0.04–0.06 mg/L). These findings demonstrate that integrating LST with spectral features enhances the accuracy of remote sensing-based TP retrieval in rivers, offering new opportunities for improved large-scale water quality monitoring. Full article
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17 pages, 1563 KB  
Article
Assessing Methane Emission Patterns and Sensitivities at High-Emission Point Sources in China via Gaussian Plume Modeling
by Haomin Li, Ning Wang, Lingling Ma, Yongguang Zhao, Jiaqi Hu, Beibei Zhang, Jingmei Li and Qijin Han
Environments 2026, 13(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010062 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 205
Abstract
Accurate quantification of methane (CH4) emissions from individual point sources is essential for understanding localized greenhouse gas dynamics and supporting mitigation strategies. This study employs satellite-based point-source emission rate data from the Carbon Mapper initiative, combined with ERA5 meteorological reanalysis, to [...] Read more.
Accurate quantification of methane (CH4) emissions from individual point sources is essential for understanding localized greenhouse gas dynamics and supporting mitigation strategies. This study employs satellite-based point-source emission rate data from the Carbon Mapper initiative, combined with ERA5 meteorological reanalysis, to simulate near-surface CH4 dispersion using a Gaussian plume model coupled with Monte Carlo simulations. This approach captures local dispersion characteristics around each emission source. Simulations driven by these emission inputs reveal a highly skewed, heavy-tailed concentration distribution (consistent with log-normal characteristics), where the 95th percentile (1292.1 ppm) significantly exceeds the mean (475.9 ppm), indicating the dominant influence of a small number of super-emitters. Sectoral analysis shows that coal mining contributes the most high-emission sites, while the solid waste and oil & gas sectors present higher per-source intensities, averaging 1931.1 ppm and 1647.6 ppm, respectively. Spatially, emissions are concentrated in North and Northwest China, particularly Shanxi Province, which hosts 62 high-emission sites with an average maximum of 1583.9 ppm. Sensitivity analysis reveals that emission rate perturbations produce nearly linear responses in concentration, whereas wind speed variations induce an inverse and asymmetric nonlinear response, with sensitivity amplified under low wind speed conditions (a ±30% change in wind speed results in more than ±25% variation in concentration). Under stable atmospheric conditions (Class E), concentrations are approximately 1.3 times higher than those under weakly unstable conditions (Class C). Monte Carlo simulations further indicate that output uncertainty peaks within 150–300 m downwind of emission sources. These results provide a quantitative basis for improving uncertainty characterization in satellite-based methane inversion and for prioritizing risk-based monitoring strategies. Full article
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13 pages, 7158 KB  
Article
Quantitative Remote Sensing of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Industrial Plants Using Passive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
by Igor Golyak, Vladimir Glushkov, Roman Gylka, Ivan Vintaykin, Andrey Morozov and Igor Fufurin
Environments 2026, 13(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010061 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 242
Abstract
The remote monitoring and quantification of industrial gas emissions, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), are critical for environmental protection. This research demonstrates an integrated methodology for estimating SO2 emission rates (kg/s) from an industrial chimney using passive Fourier transform infrared [...] Read more.
The remote monitoring and quantification of industrial gas emissions, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), are critical for environmental protection. This research demonstrates an integrated methodology for estimating SO2 emission rates (kg/s) from an industrial chimney using passive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with atmospheric dispersion modeling. Infrared spectra were acquired at a stand-off distance of 570 m within the 7–14 μm spectral range at a resolution of 4 cm−1. Path-integrated SO2 concentrations were determined through cross-sectional scanning of the gas plume. To translate these optical measurements into an emission rate, the atmospheric dispersion of the plume was modeled using the Pasquill–Briggs approach, incorporating source parameters and meteorological data. Over two experimental series, the calculated average SO2 emission rates were 15 kg/s and 22 kg/s. While passive FTIR spectroscopy has long been applied to remote gas detection, this work demonstrates a consolidated framework for retrieving industrial emission rates from stand-off, line-integrated measurements under real industrial conditions. The proposed approach fills a niche between local in-stack measurements and large-scale remote sensing systems, which contributes to the development of flexible ways to monitor industrial emissions. Full article
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20 pages, 1201 KB  
Article
Climate Change Dynamics in the High-Andean Communities of Peru: Social Imaginaries and Adaptation Practices of Agricultural Producers
by Fermin Francisco Chaiña-Chura, Liz Janet Marroquín-Carlo, Edith Liz Ruelas-Ccama, Germán Belizario-Quispe, Dante Atilio Salas-Avila, Wenceslao Quispe-Borda, Beatriz Vilma Mamani-Maron and Edgar Quispe-Mamani
Environments 2026, 13(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010060 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Climate change constitutes a growing challenge for high-Andean communities worldwide, whose livelihoods depend directly on agriculture, livestock farming, and the stability of local ecosystems. In this context, the study seeks to understand the construction of social imaginaries among agricultural producers regarding the dynamics [...] Read more.
Climate change constitutes a growing challenge for high-Andean communities worldwide, whose livelihoods depend directly on agriculture, livestock farming, and the stability of local ecosystems. In this context, the study seeks to understand the construction of social imaginaries among agricultural producers regarding the dynamics of climate variability, with the aim of analyzing both the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities that emerge in their everyday practices. Based on a qualitative approach, supported by 32 interviews with key informants from 16 communities, 04 focus groups, and documentary analysis, field data were collected and processed using Atlas.ti software. The testimonies of community members from Cojata, Puno–Peru, revealed social imaginaries and collective responses linked to this phenomenon. The findings show feelings of concern and uncertainty, diverse interpretations of climate change dynamics, reconfiguration of cultural meanings, and the deployment of hybrid adaptation strategies that combine ancestral knowledge with contemporary resources. Overall, these findings show that social imaginaries play a central role in how communities face the climate crisis, revealing both the persistence of structural inequalities and the need to strengthen intercultural territorial policies that recognize local knowledge, promote communal cooperation, and foster a horizon of resilience and climate justice. Full article
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16 pages, 2390 KB  
Article
Vermicompost and Leachate from Sewage Sludge and Vineyard Pruning Residues: An Exploratory Assessment of Cucumber Germination and Early Seedling Growth
by Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves, Tiago Azevedo, Henda Lopes, Catarina Medeiros, Virgílio Falco, Ana Cláudia Coelho, João R. Sousa, Ana M. Coimbra, Marta Roboredo, Paula A. Oliveira and Maria C. Morais
Environments 2026, 13(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010059 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 260
Abstract
The sustainable management of organic residues remains a major challenge in agriculture. Vermicomposting offers an environmentally friendly strategy to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich, biologically stable biofertilizers. This exploratory study evaluated the effects of vermicompost and its leachate, produced from sewage sludge and [...] Read more.
The sustainable management of organic residues remains a major challenge in agriculture. Vermicomposting offers an environmentally friendly strategy to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich, biologically stable biofertilizers. This exploratory study evaluated the effects of vermicompost and its leachate, produced from sewage sludge and vineyard pruning residues, on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germination and 25-day early seedling growth. Treatments included a control (peat and perlite, CNT), two vermicompost doses, 20 g kg−1 and 40 g kg−1 (VC_D1 and VC_D2, respectively) and a 5% (v/v) vermicompost leachate (VC_L) applied as the sole irrigation source. Foliar nutrient contents and physicochemical properties of the substrate and leachate were determined. Germination was not significantly affected (p > 0.05), but VC_D1 promoted slightly faster and more uniform seed emergence. Growth responses were dose dependent, with VC_D1 significantly enhancing shoot biomass (approximately 15% than the CNT and VC_D2) and providing a balanced foliar nutrient profile, whereas VC_D2 significantly reduced growth, promoted excessive foliar K and P, and lower Ca, Fe, and Mn contents. VC_L enhanced foliar N accumulation but did not significantly (p > 0.05) increase biomass. Both vermicompost and its leachate were pathogen-free, with metal concentrations below regulatory limits. Overall, these findings suggest that, under the tested conditions, vermicomposting these residues can generate potentially safe amendments for cucumber seedling growth, though dose optimization is essential. This exploratory approach supports residue valorization and contributes to circular economy principles and sustainable agriculture goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 1209 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Operating Parameters for Real Landfill Leachate Treatment via Electrocoagulation
by Joana Duarte, Diogo Correia, João Gomes and Eva Domingues
Environments 2026, 13(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010058 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 224
Abstract
Landfill leachate (LL) is a complex wastewater characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and heavy metals, posing significant challenges to conventional treatment technologies. Electrochemical methods, particularly electrocoagulation (ECG), have shown promise for LL treatment; however, issues related to operational optimization and electrode [...] Read more.
Landfill leachate (LL) is a complex wastewater characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and heavy metals, posing significant challenges to conventional treatment technologies. Electrochemical methods, particularly electrocoagulation (ECG), have shown promise for LL treatment; however, issues related to operational optimization and electrode durability remain insufficiently addressed. In this study, a novel electrocoagulation-based approach is proposed that systematically integrates process optimization with an explicit assessment of iron electrode reusability, which is an aspect that has been rarely explored in previous ECG studies on LL. Key operational parameters—current density, pH, inter-electrode distance, electrode surface area, and electrode material—were optimized to enhance treatment performance. Optimal conditions were achieved using iron electrodes at a current density of 256 A/m2, pH 8, an inter-electrode distance of 1 cm, and an effective electrode surface area of 19.5 cm2/L. Under these conditions, removal efficiencies of 100% for zinc, 94.9% for copper, and 54.5% for total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained, demonstrating effective simultaneous removal of inorganic and organic contaminants. The electrode reusability tests showed stable removal efficiencies over ten consecutive operational cycles, highlighting the potential for reduced operational costs and improved process sustainability. Additionally, the treated effluent exhibited reduced phytotoxicity, as evidenced by lower germination inhibition (GI), reduced root growth inhibition (RGI), and enhanced removal of humic substances. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed ECG approach is a robust, flexible, and environmentally sustainable solution for LL treatment, with clear advantages over conventional EC systems in terms of long-term performance and resource efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Water and Wastewater Treatment, 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 3237 KB  
Article
Integrating Satellite Remote Sensing and Field Measurements for Assessing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in Tropical Freshwater Ecosystems of Thailand
by Chuti Rakasachat, Ratcha Chaichana, Peangtawan Phonmat, Pawee Klongvessa, Sitthisak Moukomla and Wirong Chanthorn
Environments 2026, 13(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010057 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 201
Abstract
Eutrophication increasingly threatens tropical freshwater systems, where nutrient enrichment drives harmful algal blooms and rapid water-quality decline. This study presents a validated satellite-based approach for retrieving total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Thai inland waters using Sentinel-2 imagery. A stratified sampling [...] Read more.
Eutrophication increasingly threatens tropical freshwater systems, where nutrient enrichment drives harmful algal blooms and rapid water-quality decline. This study presents a validated satellite-based approach for retrieving total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Thai inland waters using Sentinel-2 imagery. A stratified sampling campaign collected 264 water samples from 50 lentic water bodies during April–May 2024. Results showed that key environmental predictors were identified through correlation analysis and integrated into multiple linear regression (MLR) and polynomial regression (PO) algorithms, with performance evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. PO consistently outperformed MLR for both nutrients. For TN, PO achieved higher calibration accuracy (R2 = 0.63; RMSE = 4.74 mg/L) than MLR (R2 = 0.47; RMSE = 5.73 mg/L) and maintained strong validation performance (R2 = 0.76). For TP, PO likewise yielded superior cross-validation accuracy (R2 = 0.69; RMSE = 0.07 mg/L; IoA = 0.89) compared with MLR (R2 = 0.38; RMSE = 0.10 mg/L; IoA = 0.70). Spatial distributions of TN and TP derived from the imagery reinforced these findings. The PO-derived TN maps effectively captured nutrient hotspots associated with agricultural runoff, whereas the PO-based TP maps produced more stable and consistent spatial patterns. The findings demonstrate that Sentinel-2 can reliably retrieve TN and TP in tropical waters and offer a scalable pathway for improving nutrient surveillance and supporting science-based freshwater management in regions experiencing accelerating eutrophication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Water Resource Management: Controlling Nutrient and Contaminant Transport in Aquatic Systems)
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23 pages, 2851 KB  
Article
Lagged and Temperature-Dependent Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on COPD Hospitalizations in Istanbul
by Enes Birinci, Ali Osman Çeker, Özkan Çapraz, Hüseyin Özdemir and Ali Deniz
Environments 2026, 13(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010056 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with the inhalation of harmful particulate matter in ambient air. This study examined 786,290 COPD-related hospital admissions among patients aged 45–64 in Istanbul from 2013 to 2015, using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with meteorological [...] Read more.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with the inhalation of harmful particulate matter in ambient air. This study examined 786,290 COPD-related hospital admissions among patients aged 45–64 in Istanbul from 2013 to 2015, using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with meteorological variables included as covariates and air pollutant effects evaluated across lag days 0–9. Daily mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were used as air pollution indicators, while average temperature and relative humidity were considered as meteorological variables. Relative risk (RR) and excess relative risk (ERR) estimates were calculated for a 10 μg/m3 increase in pollutant concentrations across the lag period. Significant associations were found between air pollution and COPD-related hospital admissions in overall analyses as well as seasonal assessments, especially for temperature-related effects. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with an ERR of 1.26% in females and 1.07% in males at lag 1, while NO2 exposure showed ERRs of 1.31% in males and 1.30% in females. The effects of PM10 were comparatively smaller, peaking at about 1.13% ERR at lag 5. Stronger associations were observed in both summer and winter seasons. PM2.5 demonstrated the highest overall impact, particularly among females, with an excess risk of 1.7%. Pollutant effects were more pronounced at ambient temperatures around 0 °C and 25 °C. Full article
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22 pages, 2446 KB  
Article
Analysis of the Evolution and Driving Factors of Nitrogen Balance in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021
by Hongwei Yang, Guoxian Huang, Qi Lang and JieHao Zhang
Environments 2026, 13(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010055 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 219
Abstract
With rapid socioeconomic development and intensified human activities, nitrogen (N) loads have continued to rise, exerting significant impacts on the environment. Most existing studies focus on single cities or short time periods, which limits their ability to capture nitrogen dynamics under rapid urbanization. [...] Read more.
With rapid socioeconomic development and intensified human activities, nitrogen (N) loads have continued to rise, exerting significant impacts on the environment. Most existing studies focus on single cities or short time periods, which limits their ability to capture nitrogen dynamics under rapid urbanization. Based on statistical data from multiple cities in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021, this study applied nitrogen balance accounting and statistical analysis to systematically evaluate the spatiotemporal variations in nitrogen inputs, outputs, and surpluses, as well as their driving factors. The results indicate that although nitrogen inputs and outputs fluctuated over the past decade, the overall nitrogen surplus showed an increasing trend, with the nitrogen surplus per unit area rising from 49.89 kg/(ha·a) in 2011 to 62.59 kg/(ha·a) in 2021. Zhejiang’s nitrogen load was higher than the national average but remained below the levels of highly urbanized regions such as the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. Accelerated urbanization and increasing anthropogenic pressures were identified as major contributors to the rising nitrogen surplus, with significant inter-city disparities. Cities like Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, and Jinhua were found to face higher risks of nitrogen pollution. Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis revealed that nitrogen surplus was positively correlated with cropland area, livestock population, total population, precipitation, GDP, and industrial output, further highlighting the dominant role of human activities in nitrogen cycling. This study provides the long-term quantitative assessment of nitrogen balance under multi-city coupling at the provincial scale and identifies key influencing factors. These findings provide scientific support for integrated nitrogen management across multiple environmental compartments in Zhejiang Province, including surface water, groundwater, agricultural systems, and urban wastewater, under conditions of rapid urbanization. Full article
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15 pages, 568 KB  
Review
Trends and Opportunities in Crustacean Shell Waste Valorization: Towards Sustainable Application in Packaging Materials and Wastewater Treatment
by Zorica Tomičić, Senka Popović, Nevena Hromiš, Dragana Lukić, Vesna Vasić and Ivana Čabarkapa
Environments 2026, 13(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010054 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Every year, crustacean shell waste amounts to nearly 8 million tons worldwide, representing both an environmental challenge and a valuable resource. Crustacean shells can be repurposed as raw material for products in various industries, including agriculture, construction, and biomedicine. They are a valuable [...] Read more.
Every year, crustacean shell waste amounts to nearly 8 million tons worldwide, representing both an environmental challenge and a valuable resource. Crustacean shells can be repurposed as raw material for products in various industries, including agriculture, construction, and biomedicine. They are a valuable resource for creating functional materials due to their high content of chitin, protein, and calcium carbonate. These compounds can be extracted and processed to create various products, such as the biopolymer chitosan, antioxidants like astaxanthin, and adsorbents for water treatment, aligning with a circular economy approach by converting waste into valuable by-products. Chitosan films from crustacean waste are promising active packaging materials developed over the last decade, featuring enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Extensive research confirms that crustacean shell waste is an excellent, low-cost adsorbent for removing heavy metals from water. This review analyzes current trends and opportunities for crustacean shell waste utilization in packaging materials and wastewater treatment. Key applications include replacing conventional plastic in biodegradable packaging and improving water treatment, which enhances resource efficiency and minimizes environmental pollution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unlocking Circularity for Active Environmental Bio-Packaging Solutions)
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18 pages, 2998 KB  
Review
Pathways from Source to Human Exposure of Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium: A Comprehensive Review
by Maria Economou-Eliopoulos, George Eliopoulos, Ioannis-Porfyrios Eliopoulos, Federica Zaccarini and Giorgio Garuti
Environments 2026, 13(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010053 - 19 Jan 2026
Viewed by 350
Abstract
The principal global sources of platinum-group elements (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd), collectively referred to as PGEs, are magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits associated with large, layered intrusions, such as the Bushveld Complex. Recent exploration efforts have identified rock types with elevated PGE [...] Read more.
The principal global sources of platinum-group elements (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd), collectively referred to as PGEs, are magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits associated with large, layered intrusions, such as the Bushveld Complex. Recent exploration efforts have identified rock types with elevated PGE concentrations, although their potential remains uncertain. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current knowledge regarding potential sources from both natural magmatic and anthropogenic activities, as well as the environmental risks associated with the Pt, Pd, and Rh sub-group, or PPGEs. The order of Pd > Pt > Rh content in emitted particulates has been documented in dust and soil along roadsides, whereas in Fe-Ni laterite, Pt tends to accumulate residually at the top of profiles due to the higher mobility of Pd compared to Pt and Rh. The greater mobility and transfer of Pd are evidenced by higher bioaccumulation factors for Pd in plants and crops, with a higher Pd content observed in roots than in shoots. The effects of chronic occupational exposure to Pt compounds, such as allergic reactions affecting the skin and respiratory system of workers, are well-documented. Although no established permissible limits for Pt, Pd, and Rh in soil, water, or plants exist within major regulatory frameworks, the increasing applications of PPGEs and the use of Pd in catalytic converters (due to its lower cost) underscore the need for further studies on the recycling of spent catalytic converters, health impacts, ecotoxicological assessments, and the application of current technological advances to mitigate exhaust emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Occurrence, Mobility, Transport, and Fate of Contaminants in Surface and Subsurface Environments)
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29 pages, 6987 KB  
Article
Restoring Functional Soil Depth in Plinthosols: Effects of Subsoiling and Termite Mound Amendments on Maize Yield
by John Banza Mukalay, Jeroen Meersmans, Joost Wellens, Yannick Useni Sikuzani, Emery Kasongo Lenge Mukonzo and Gilles Colinet
Environments 2026, 13(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010052 - 17 Jan 2026
Viewed by 303
Abstract
Soil degradation and limited root-exploitable depth restrict maize productivity in Plinthosols of tropical regions. However, the combined effects of subsoiling and amendments derived from termite mound materials on soil functionality and yield remain insufficiently quantified. This study examines how variations in a functionally [...] Read more.
Soil degradation and limited root-exploitable depth restrict maize productivity in Plinthosols of tropical regions. However, the combined effects of subsoiling and amendments derived from termite mound materials on soil functionality and yield remain insufficiently quantified. This study examines how variations in a functionally exploitable rooting depth, within a management system combining subsoiling and termite mound amendments, are associated with soil physicochemical properties and spatial variability of maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield in the Lubumbashi region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Spatial soil sampling and correlation analyses were used to identify the dominant pedological factors controlling yield variability. The results indicate a reduced vertical stratification of most nutrients within the explored depth, reflecting a more homogeneous distribution of soil properties within the managed profile, although direct causal attribution to specific practices cannot be established in the absence of untreated control plots. Improved rooting conditions were reflected by high and spatially variable productivity (2.3 to 11.1 t ha−1 across blocks), accompanied by a moderate average gain between seasons (<1 t ha−1), while extractable manganese emerged as a consistent negative predictor of yield. These patterns are consistent with a larger functionally exploitable rooting depth and an improved soil environment, although causal contributions of subsoiling and termite mound amendments cannot be isolated in the absence of control plots. Overall, the results highlight the importance of jointly considering structural and chemical soil properties when interpreting productivity gradients in Plinthosols and designing sustainable management strategies for degraded tropical soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Soil Quality: Monitoring Attributes and Productivity)
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23 pages, 1915 KB  
Article
Institutional and Policy Barriers to GIS-Based Waste Management: Evidence from Rural Municipalities in Vhembe District, South Africa
by Aifani Confidence Tahulela and Shervin Hashemi
Environments 2026, 13(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010051 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains a critical environmental governance challenge in rural and peri-urban regions of the Global South, where service delivery gaps exacerbate illegal dumping and public health risks. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly promoted as decision-support tools to improve [...] Read more.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains a critical environmental governance challenge in rural and peri-urban regions of the Global South, where service delivery gaps exacerbate illegal dumping and public health risks. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly promoted as decision-support tools to improve waste collection efficiency and environmental monitoring; however, their adoption in resource-constrained municipalities remains limited. This study investigates the institutional and policy barriers shaping GIS readiness in four rural municipalities within South Africa’s Vhembe District. Using a qualitative case-study design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 municipal officials across managerial and operational levels, complemented by 399 community responses to an open-ended survey question. Thematic analysis, guided by Institutional Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), identified five interrelated themes: waste production and disposal behaviours, collection and infrastructure constraints, institutional and operational challenges, policy and standardisation gaps, and technology readiness. The findings reveal that weak service reliability, fragmented governance structures, limited human and financial capacity, and inconsistent policy enforcement collectively undermine GIS adoption, despite its high perceived usefulness among officials. The study demonstrates that the effectiveness of GIS as an environmental management tool is contingent on institutional readiness rather than technological availability alone and highlights the need for integrated reforms in service delivery, institutional capacity, and policy implementation to enable GIS-supported sustainable waste management. Full article
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18 pages, 1310 KB  
Article
Microplastics in River Water: Features of Analytical Methods for Quantitative Determination
by Yulia S. Sotnikova, Elena V. Karpova, Inna K. Shundrina, Aleksandra E. Osechkova, Dae Il Song, Andrey A. Nefedov, Aleksandr V. Sotnikov, Dmitriy N. Polovyanenko and Elena G. Bagryanskaya
Environments 2026, 13(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010050 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 534
Abstract
Microplastics, defined as particles up to 5 mm in size, present a significant environmental and health concern due to their ubiquity, capacity to accumulate in organisms, and potential to cause toxic effects, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. A major challenge in addressing this issue [...] Read more.
Microplastics, defined as particles up to 5 mm in size, present a significant environmental and health concern due to their ubiquity, capacity to accumulate in organisms, and potential to cause toxic effects, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. A major challenge in addressing this issue is the lack of a universal method for sample preparation and analysis across different environmental matrices. This study addresses this gap by applying a custom-developed method for isolating microplastics from freshwater, followed by a comparative analysis of their abundance using three techniques: spectral (μ-FTIR) and thermal (TGA and pyro-GC-MS). The study was conducted on water samples from the Ob River near Novosibirsk, a major industrial center in Siberia. Field processing entailed filtering 20 L water volumes through a polyamide fabric with a nominal 100 µm pore size. Subsequent characterization established that the entire population of detected particles fell within the 100 to 500 µm interval. The results revealed microplastic concentrations of 0–10,000 particles/m3 (μ-FTIR), 6–19 mg/m3 (TGA), and 0.47–2.96 mg/m3 (pyro-GC-MS). Critically, the data showed spatially variable contamination, with higher microplastic levels identified near industrial wastewater discharge stations and urban recreational areas. Full article
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20 pages, 1978 KB  
Article
Sublethal Nitrite Exposure Alters Redox Status and Metabolic Functions in Adult Zebrafish
by Gianluca Fasciolo, Eugenio Geremia, Carlos Gravato, Adriana Petito, Maria Teresa Muscari Tomajoli, Claudio Agnisola, Paola Venditti and Gaetana Napolitano
Environments 2026, 13(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010049 - 13 Jan 2026
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Nitrite pollution in aquatic environments, often driven by human activity, can disrupt fish physiology. Nitrite is absorbed by freshwater fish through their gills, leading to internal accumulation and interference with nitric oxide (NO) signaling, redox state, and the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The [...] Read more.
Nitrite pollution in aquatic environments, often driven by human activity, can disrupt fish physiology. Nitrite is absorbed by freshwater fish through their gills, leading to internal accumulation and interference with nitric oxide (NO) signaling, redox state, and the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The effects of nitrite are concentration-dependent. Although moderate environmental nitrite levels have little impact on oxygen transport, they may still interfere with NO homeostasis and cellular metabolism. We report the effects of 72 h of exposure to 10 μM nitrite on adult zebrafish blood’s O2-carrying capacity and on muscle mitochondrial activity, metabolism, and redox state. The results show that this environmentally relevant but moderate concentration of nitrite leads to decreases in fish routine oxygen consumption (rMO2) and spontaneous activity, an increase in blood nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbNO), indicating increased NO production in the blood, accumulation of nitrite in muscle tissue, oxidative stress, and changes in muscle aerobic capacity linked to a rise in mitochondrial efficiency. Parallel to these effects, increases in antioxidant capacity, arginase activity, and urea and lactate levels were observed. Globally, these results are consistent with altered NO homeostasis in the fish body induced by nitrite stress. Full article
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28 pages, 2246 KB  
Systematic Review
The Circular Economy as an Environmental Mitigation Strategy: Systematic and Bibliometric Analysis of Global Trends and Cross-Sectoral Approaches
by Aldo Garcilazo-Lopez, Danny Alonso Lizarzaburu-Aguinaga, Emma Verónica Ramos Farroñán, Carlos Del Valle Jurado, Carlos Francisco Cabrera Carranza and Jorge Leonardo Jave Nakayo
Environments 2026, 13(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010048 - 13 Jan 2026
Viewed by 462
Abstract
The growing global environmental crisis calls for fundamental transformations in production and consumption systems, but the understanding of how circular economy strategies translate into quantifiable environmental benefits remains fragmented across sectors and geographies. The objective of this study is to synthesize current scientific [...] Read more.
The growing global environmental crisis calls for fundamental transformations in production and consumption systems, but the understanding of how circular economy strategies translate into quantifiable environmental benefits remains fragmented across sectors and geographies. The objective of this study is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the circular economy as an environmental mitigation strategy, identifying conceptual convergences, methodological patterns, geographic distributions, and critical knowledge gaps. A systematic review combined with a bibliometric analysis of 62 peer-reviewed articles published between 2018 and 2024, retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library, was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The results reveal a marked methodological convergence around life cycle assessment, with Europe dominating the scientific output (58% of the corpus). Four complementary conceptual frameworks emerged, emphasizing closed-loop material flows, environmental performance, integration of economic sustainability and business model innovation. The thematic analysis identified bioenergy and waste valorization as the most mature implementation pathways, constituting 23% of the research emphasis. However, critical gaps remain: geographic concentration limits the transferability of knowledge to diverse socioeconomic contexts; social, cultural and behavioral dimensions remain underexplored (12% of publications); and environmental justice considerations receive negligible attention. Crucially, the evidence reveals nonlinear relationships between circularity metrics and environmental outcomes, calling into question automatic benefits assumptions. This review contributes to an integrative synthesis that advances theoretical understanding of circularity-environment relationships while providing evidence-based guidance for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers involved in transitions to the circular economy. Full article
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16 pages, 2169 KB  
Article
Concentrations and Estimation of Sources of Ultrafine Particles in the City of Belgrade at Ada Marina Urban Background Site
by Željko Ćirović, Danka B. Stojanović, Miloš Davidović, Antonije Onjia, Meritxell Garcia-Marlès, Noemí Pérez Lozano, Andres Alastuey and Milena Jovašević-Stojanović
Environments 2026, 13(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010047 - 12 Jan 2026
Viewed by 394
Abstract
Particulate matter is widely known as a significant air pollutant due to its proven detrimental impact on human health. Furthermore, ultrafine particles (UFPs) are those with diameters smaller than 100 nm, which can cause numerous serious health effects. Thus, identifying the sources of [...] Read more.
Particulate matter is widely known as a significant air pollutant due to its proven detrimental impact on human health. Furthermore, ultrafine particles (UFPs) are those with diameters smaller than 100 nm, which can cause numerous serious health effects. Thus, identifying the sources of UFPs is essential for formulating effective mitigation strategies. Quantifying the contributions of particle sources can be performed by measuring particle number size distributions (PNSDs) for specific size ranges. This study was conducted in the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, and one of the largest cities in the Balkans peninsula, which, within the European framework, belongs to a region and urban area characterized by high levels of atmospheric particulate matter pollution. In addition, there is a lack of studies addressing UFP levels and their sources in Serbia, including Belgrade. Several criteria pollutants were measured, together with the UFPs and equivalent black carbon (BC) at the urban background site in the city of Belgrade, Serbia, for the period from February to August 2024. The particle sources were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of PNSDs along with equivalent BC, PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, NO, NO2 and NOx. Seven source types were identified, characterized, and quantified, including two traffic sources (separated into traffic 1 and traffic 2), mixed traffic, an urban diffuse source, nucleation and nucleation growth sources, and a biomass burning source. Traffic-related sources were found to have the most significant contribution at around 40% of total particles emitted, followed by nucleation-related sources (24%) and biomass burning (20%). This is the first study performed in Serbia and Belgrade that addresses source apportionment of PNSD, for particles in the range 10–400 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Pollutants in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate and Associated Risks)
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14 pages, 1487 KB  
Article
Radiolytic Breakdown of PFOS by Neutron Irradiation: Mechanistic Insights into Molecular Disassembly and Cytotoxicity Reduction
by Jéssica Ingrid Faria de Souza, Pierre Basilio Almeida Fechine, Eduardo Ricci-Junior, Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar, Júlia Fernanda da Costa Araújo, Severino Alves Junior and Ralph Santos-Oliveira
Environments 2026, 13(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010046 - 11 Jan 2026
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent and bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl substance, poses significant environmental and human health risks due to the extraordinary stability of its C–F bonds. Conventional remediation strategies largely fail to achieve mineralization, instead transferring contamination or producing secondary waste streams. In this [...] Read more.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent and bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl substance, poses significant environmental and human health risks due to the extraordinary stability of its C–F bonds. Conventional remediation strategies largely fail to achieve mineralization, instead transferring contamination or producing secondary waste streams. In this study, we investigate neutron irradiation as a potential destructive approach for PFOS remediation in both solid and aqueous matrices. Samples were exposed to thermal neutrons (flux: 3.2 × 109 n·cm−2·s−1, 0.0025 eV) at the Argonauta reactor for 6 h. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that PFOS in powder form remained largely resistant to degradation, with only minor structural perturbations observed. In contrast, aqueous PFOS solutions exhibited pronounced spectral changes, including attenuation of C–F and S–O vibrational signatures, the emergence of carboxylate and carbonyl functionalities, and enhanced O–H stretching, consistent with radiolytic oxidation and partial defluorination. Notably, clear peak shifts were predominantly observed for PFOS in aqueous solution after irradiation (overall displacement toward higher wavenumbers), whereas in powdered PFOS the main spectral signature of irradiation was the attenuation of CF2 and S–O related bands with comparatively limited band relocation. To evaluate the biological relevance of these structural alterations, cell viability assays (MTT) were performed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Non-irradiated PFOS induced marked cytotoxicity at 100 and 50 μg/mL (p < 0.0001), whereas neutron-irradiated PFOS no longer exhibited significant toxicity, with cell viability comparable to the control. These findings indicate a matrix-dependent response: neutron scattering in solids yields negligible molecular breakdown, whereas radiolysis-driven pathways in water facilitate measurable PFOS transformation. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that neutron irradiation promotes sufficient molecular degradation of PFOS in aqueous media to suppress its cytotoxic effects. Although complete mineralization was not achieved under the tested conditions, the combined spectroscopic and biological evidence supports neutron-induced radiolysis as a promising pathway for perfluoroalkyl detoxification. Future optimization of neutron flux, irradiation duration, and synergistic catalytic systems may enhance mineralization efficiency. Because PFOS concentration, fluoride release (F−), and TOC were not quantified in this study, remediation was assessed through spectroscopic fingerprints of transformation and the suppression of cytotoxicity, rather than by mass-balance mineralization metrics. This study highlights neutron irradiation as a promising strategy for perfluoroalkyl destruction in contaminated water sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Contaminant Removal from Water)
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29 pages, 2059 KB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Sewage Sludge Biochar: Characterization Methods and Practical Applications
by Erofili-Vagia Gkogkou, Alkistis Kanteraki, Ekavi Aikaterini Isari, Eleni Grilla, Ioannis D. Manariotis, Ioannis Kalavrouziotis and Petros Kokkinos
Environments 2026, 13(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010045 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 654
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) management and wastewater (WW) treatment remain among the most critical environmental challenges. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge to produce biochar (BC) represents a sustainable and circular strategy for waste valorization and pollution mitigation. This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview [...] Read more.
Sewage sludge (SS) management and wastewater (WW) treatment remain among the most critical environmental challenges. The pyrolysis of sewage sludge to produce biochar (BC) represents a sustainable and circular strategy for waste valorization and pollution mitigation. This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of BC derived from SS (BCxSS), with particular emphasis on how pyrolysis conditions affect key physicochemical characteristics such as yield, ash content, pH, surface area, and functional groups. Although substantial research has focused on the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants using BCxSS, far less attention has been directed toward its potential for pathogen adsorption and inactivation, revealing a notable research gap. Recent studies highlight BCxSS as a versatile material with considerable promise in adsorption and catalysis. However, its application in pathogen removal remains insufficiently investigated, underscoring the need for further investigation into sorption mechanisms and biochar–microbe interactions. Full article
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27 pages, 1493 KB  
Article
Effect of Organic Soil Amendments and Vineyard Topographic Position on the Chemical Composition of Syrah, Trincadeira, Alicante Bouschet, and Antão Vaz Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Alentejo Wine Region
by Matteo Pierini, Shrika G. Harjivan, Nicolò Sieli, Maria João Cabrita, Sérgio Prats, Sofia Catarino and Jorge M. Ricardo-da-Silva
Environments 2026, 13(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010044 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 771
Abstract
Climate change and unsustainable agricultural practices are triggering land degradation in semi-arid Mediterranean regions. Organic amendments, such as mulching materials, have shown promising potential to mitigate these impacts by improving soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, while enhancing grapevine growth and productivity. This [...] Read more.
Climate change and unsustainable agricultural practices are triggering land degradation in semi-arid Mediterranean regions. Organic amendments, such as mulching materials, have shown promising potential to mitigate these impacts by improving soil chemical, physical, and biological properties, while enhancing grapevine growth and productivity. This study evaluated the effects of wheat straw mulch (M) and wheat straw combined with biochar (MB), together with vineyard topography (bottom vs. top), on grape chemical and phenolic composition in four Vitis vinifera L. cultivars (Syrah, Trincadeira, Alicante Bouschet, and Antão Vaz) grown in the Alentejo wine region. Grapes were sampled separately at top and bottom topographic positions, and classical and phenolic parameters were analyzed. The application of M and MB significantly modified must composition, mainly through changes in nitrogen and sugar levels across topographic positions. Only MB exhibited stronger effects, enhancing must quality, while MB and M reduced bottom–top variability. Similar patterns and positional effects were observed for phenolic and color parameters. Both organic treatments lowered total monomeric anthocyanin concentrations, although positional differences with wheat straw mulch were found. The results highlight that combining soil management with topography and variety response can optimize grape phenolic composition and promote sustainable viticulture through targeted, site-specific mulching strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 2307 KB  
Article
Ecological and Microbial Processes in Green Waste Co-Composting for Pathogen Control and Evaluation of Compost Quality Index (CQI) Toward Agricultural Biosafety
by Majda Oueld Lhaj, Rachid Moussadek, Hatim Sanad, Khadija Manhou, M’hamed Oueld Lhaj, Meriem Mdarhri Alaoui, Abdelmjid Zouahri and Latifa Mouhir
Environments 2026, 13(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010043 - 9 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 569
Abstract
Composting represents a sustainable and effective strategy for converting organic waste into nutrient-rich soil amendments, providing a safer alternative to raw manure, which poses significant risks of soil, crop, and water contamination through pathogenic microorganisms. This study, conducted under semi-arid Moroccan conditions, investigated [...] Read more.
Composting represents a sustainable and effective strategy for converting organic waste into nutrient-rich soil amendments, providing a safer alternative to raw manure, which poses significant risks of soil, crop, and water contamination through pathogenic microorganisms. This study, conducted under semi-arid Moroccan conditions, investigated the efficiency of co-composting green garden waste with sheep manure in an open window system, with the objective of assessing pathogen inactivation and evaluating compost quality. The process, conducted over 120 days, maintained thermophilic temperatures exceeding 55 °C, effectively reducing key pathogens including Escherichia coli, total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and sulfite-reducing Clostridia (SRC), while Salmonella was not detected throughout the composting period. Pathogen reductions exceeded 3.52-log despite moderate temperature fluctuations, indicating that additional sanitization mechanisms beyond heat contributed to inactivation. Compost quality, assessed using the CQI, classified Heap 2 (fallen leaves + sheep manure) as good quality (4.06) and Heap 1 (green waste + sheep manure) as moderate quality (2.47), corresponding to differences in microbial dynamics and compost stability. These findings demonstrate that open windrow co-composting is a practical, low-cost, and effective method for safe organic waste management. It supports sustainable agriculture by improving soil health, minimizing environmental and public health risks, and providing guidance for optimizing composting protocols to meet regulatory safety standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities)
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13 pages, 5323 KB  
Article
Balancing Durability and Sustainability: Field Performance of Plastic and Biodegradable Materials in Eastern Oyster Breakwater Reef Restoration
by Marc H. Hanke, Shannon Batte and Rachel C. Goebel
Environments 2026, 13(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010042 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 607
Abstract
With the historical and consistent population declines of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), restoration projects commonly deploy plastic bags (polyethylene) filled with recycled oyster cultch. Oyster cultch bags are utilized as material to stabilize sediment and provide a substrate for oyster [...] Read more.
With the historical and consistent population declines of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), restoration projects commonly deploy plastic bags (polyethylene) filled with recycled oyster cultch. Oyster cultch bags are utilized as material to stabilize sediment and provide a substrate for oyster larval recruitment, which provides a habitat for associated organisms and decreases marsh erosion. In addition to the plastic mesh bags utilized to contain oyster cultch, this study also utilized three different biodegradable oyster bag material types (biopolymer, basalt, and cellulose) to determine (1) the influence of bag type on oyster population dynamics, (2) bag durability over time (<1 year), and (3) the cost–benefits for each bag type, calculated via a Weighted Product Model (WPM), within a subsection of the West Galveston Bay Estuary, Texas. For bag type, the results suggested that plastic bags were the most resilient, followed by biopolymer, basalt, and cellulose bags. Plastic bags supported the highest oyster abundance and growth, demonstrating their effectiveness for establishing breakwater reefs. The WPM analysis indicated that plastic bags are inexpensive to deploy and, due to their longevity, are easily monitored over time. However, degradation of plastic bags may introduce microplastics into the environment, posing ingestion risks for bivalves. Whereas the nature-based solutions degraded quickly, inhibiting continuous monitoring, yet the loose cultch may facilitate the natural formation of reefs over time. The results highlight tradeoffs between maximizing oyster recruitment and growth, minimizing environmental contamination, and balancing ecological performance with material sustainability in oyster reef restoration practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration in Marine Environments)
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25 pages, 4156 KB  
Article
Monitoring Industrial VOC Emissions and Geospatial Analysis
by Sebastian Barbu Barbes, Ana Cornelia Badea and Vlad Iordache
Environments 2026, 13(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010041 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 629
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from petroleum product storage pose not only a significant environmental concern but also a potential threat to occupational health. This study investigates geospatial analysis of VOCs on an industrial platform in Romania, utilizing a combination of portable field [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from petroleum product storage pose not only a significant environmental concern but also a potential threat to occupational health. This study investigates geospatial analysis of VOCs on an industrial platform in Romania, utilizing a combination of portable field detectors and geostatistical modeling techniques. For more than 10 months, we conducted measurements at 41 georeferenced sampling points across three operational zones, using FID/PID instruments calibrated and validated in accordance with national standards. To evaluate dispersion conditions, meteorological data were simultaneously collected. VOC concentrations were measured under varying meteorological scenarios and analyzed using the Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) method in ArcGIS Pro 3.1.0. Maximum concentrations reached up to 229.46 mg/m3 in central tank areas, with some point samples exceeding this level. Peripheral zones generally showed values below 65 mg/m3, although concentrations above 100 mg/m3 were still observed at 10% of the monitoring sites. The results indicate apparent spatial clustering of elevated VOC levels, particularly under low wind speed and high humidity. Our study highlights the relevance of continuous monitoring and site-specific mitigation strategies in high-risk industrial settings in Romania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas, 4th Edition)
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17 pages, 2720 KB  
Article
The Impact of Low Temperature on the Efficiency of Coagulation/Flocculation Process in Drinking Water Treatment
by Petr Filip and Martin Pivokonsky
Environments 2026, 13(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010040 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 541
Abstract
The final stage of the drinking water treatment process yields two distinct outputs: treated water and the resulting sludge. This sludge is composed of raw water impurities, coagulation and flocculation agents, and various other additives. In any volume of processed drinking water, the [...] Read more.
The final stage of the drinking water treatment process yields two distinct outputs: treated water and the resulting sludge. This sludge is composed of raw water impurities, coagulation and flocculation agents, and various other additives. In any volume of processed drinking water, the continuous production of sludge is not negligible, leading to a significant environmental impact. This is particularly concerning when aluminium-based agents are used, as these compounds are strongly implicated in potential detrimental health risks. This situation is significantly worsened when raw water temperature approaches zero, as the treatment process efficiency is greatly diminished. Drinking water treatment at low temperatures faces a culmination of adverse effects, including a lower rate of hydrolysis and a reduced floc size, both of which negatively impact sedimentation. An effective strategy for suppressing the high dosing of chemicals is the suitable choice of ratio between acidity and the basicity of the treated water. Simply maintaining the pH value that was optimised for higher temperatures is detrimental, leading to, among other issues, increased sludge accumulation. Therefore, attention should instead be concentrated on the pOH value. A simple algebraic relation is proposed for converting the optimised pH value for higher temperatures to an optimum value for more moderate or low-temperature conditions. The application of this method results in a reduction in the amount of chemical agents required and consequently a reduction in the volume of sludge produced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Water and Wastewater Treatment, 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 2276 KB  
Article
Eutrophication Risk Assessment vs. Trophic Status: Concordances and Discrepancies in the Trophic Characterization of Ebro Basin Reservoirs
by Juan Víctor Molner, Elena Arnau-López, Noelia Campillo-Tamarit, Rebeca Pérez-González, Manuel Muñoz-Colmenares, María José Rodríguez and Juan M. Soria
Environments 2026, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010039 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 560
Abstract
The vulnerability of reservoirs in Mediterranean regions to eutrophication is attributable to two key factors: strong seasonal hydrological variability and intensive agricultural activity. The present study evaluated the trophic state of 47 reservoirs in the Ebro Basin in Spain using two complementary approaches: [...] Read more.
The vulnerability of reservoirs in Mediterranean regions to eutrophication is attributable to two key factors: strong seasonal hydrological variability and intensive agricultural activity. The present study evaluated the trophic state of 47 reservoirs in the Ebro Basin in Spain using two complementary approaches: the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) classification system and the criteria set out in Royal Decree (RD) 47/2022. Chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and transparency data were monitored from 2023 to 2024. While most of reservoirs were classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic under the OECD thresholds, the RD 47/2022 identified 87% as being at risk of eutrophication. A significant variation in transparency was observed among the different reservoir types (p < 0.05), with high-altitude systems showing higher levels of water transparency. However, chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus had a significant spatial variability, exhibiting only modest correlations. Chlorophyll-a was weakly but significantly correlated to transparency (r = −0.21), while total phosphorus was not significantly associated with either variable, suggesting a decoupling between nutrient availability and phytoplankton biomass. The observed discrepancy between the two classification frameworks is indicative of divergent conceptual approaches (ecological condition versus management risk). It underscores the requirement for integrated monitoring that incorporates chemical, biological and catchment-scale indicators. These findings offer new insight into the trophic dynamics of Mediterranean reservoirs and highlights the importance of adapting regulatory assessment methods to region-specific climatic and hydrological contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil, 2nd Edition)
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27 pages, 1388 KB  
Article
Combined Environmental Impacts and Toxicological Interactions of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Microplastics (MPs)
by Christina M. Brenckman, Ashish D. Borgaonkar, William H. Pennock III and Jay N. Meegoda
Environments 2026, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010038 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1381
Abstract
Pervasive microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) frequently co-occur across aquatic and terrestrial environments due to shared sources, transport pathways, and persistence, yet their interaction-driven effects on environmental fate, bioavailability, and toxicity remain incompletely resolved. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge [...] Read more.
Pervasive microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) frequently co-occur across aquatic and terrestrial environments due to shared sources, transport pathways, and persistence, yet their interaction-driven effects on environmental fate, bioavailability, and toxicity remain incompletely resolved. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the environmental co-occurrence of MPs and PFAS, the physicochemical mechanisms governing their interactions, and the resulting ecological and toxicological consequences across aquatic, terrestrial, and biological systems. Emphasis is placed on sorption and desorption processes; environmental modifiers such as pH, salinity, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and aging; and biological responses under combined exposure scenarios. Across laboratory and field studies, MPs–PFAS co-exposure is frequently associated with altered PFAS partitioning and enhanced organismal uptake, with reported bioaccumulation increases of up to ~2.5-fold relative to PFAS-only exposures. These changes are often accompanied by amplified oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, metabolic disturbance, and reproductive impairment, particularly in aquatic invertebrates and early life stages of fish. Evidence further indicates that the magnitude and direction of combined effects depend on polymer type, particle size, surface aging, and biological context, underscoring the highly system-specific nature of MPs–PFAS interactions. By integrating findings from environmental monitoring, laboratory toxicology, and mechanistic and modeling studies, this review identifies key knowledge gaps related to nanoplastics detection, environmentally realistic exposure conditions, sorption reversibility, and mixture toxicity assessment. Collectively, these insights highlight limitations in current single-contaminant risk frameworks and underscore the importance of incorporating MPs-mediated PFAS transport and bioavailability into exposure assessment and regulatory evaluation. Full article
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19 pages, 764 KB  
Review
Maximum Adsorption Capacity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) on Clays
by Jay N. Meegoda, Ravisha N. Mudalige and Duwage C. Perera
Environments 2026, 13(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010037 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants that persist in soil environments, necessitating reliable models to predict their fate and transport. This study evaluates the performance of three theoretical models in estimating the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of perfluorooctanoic acid [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants that persist in soil environments, necessitating reliable models to predict their fate and transport. This study evaluates the performance of three theoretical models in estimating the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on kaolinite and montmorillonite clay minerals. The models assessed include a van der Waals interaction-based approach, a monolayer adsorption capacity model, and a surface site density model emphasizing reactive hydroxyl groups at mineral edges. Benzene, nitrogen, and glyphosate molecules were used as reference compounds for model validation. Results indicated that the van der Waals model significantly underestimated Qmax (0.0007 mg·g−1 for kaolinite), while the monolayer capacity model produced substantial overestimations (17.51 mg·g−1) compared to the experimental range (0.10–10.0 mg·g−1). The surface site density model provided the most accurate predictions (3.39 mg·g−1 for kaolinite), although it slightly underestimated values for montmorillonite (0.20 mg·g−1) by excluding interlayer adsorption. These discrepancies demonstrate that simplified models cannot adequately capture the complex adsorption behavior of PFAS. Accurate prediction requires site-specific approaches incorporating electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and steric effects. As PFAS accumulation in soil directly contributes to groundwater contamination, improving adsorption models is essential for accurate risk assessment and the development of effective remediation strategies. Full article
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24 pages, 6070 KB  
Article
Water Quality, Environmental Contaminants and Disease Burden in Europe: An Ecological Analysis of Associations with Disability-Adjusted Life Years
by Antonio Pinto, Giuseppa Minutolo, Flavia Pennisi, Lorenzo Stacchini, Emanuele De Ponti, Giovanni Emanuele Ricciardi, Daniele Nucci, Carlo Signorelli, Vincenzo Baldo and Vincenza Gianfredi
Environments 2026, 13(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010036 - 4 Jan 2026
Viewed by 659
Abstract
Rivers and groundwater supply 88% of Europe’s freshwater and are critical for public health. We examined whether cross-country differences in arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel concentrations in groundwater and rivers are associated with disease burden. In an ecological cross-sectional study of 24 European [...] Read more.
Rivers and groundwater supply 88% of Europe’s freshwater and are critical for public health. We examined whether cross-country differences in arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel concentrations in groundwater and rivers are associated with disease burden. In an ecological cross-sectional study of 24 European countries, nationally aggregated concentrations from the European Environment Agency’s Waterbase Water Quality (2016–2019) were linked to cause-specific disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 for six disease groups. Variables were z-standardized. Associations were assessed using Pearson correlations and linear regression with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Missing concentrations were addressed via multiple imputation by chained equations using 1980–2025 monitoring records, and models were sequentially adjusted for health system, demographic, and economic indices. In groundwater, lead was positively associated with diabetes and kidney disease DALYs and remained significant after imputation and adjustment (β = 0.60, p = 0.011). In rivers, arsenic was positively associated with all-cause, cardiovascular, and neoplasm DALYs in unadjusted analyses but attenuated after adjustment and/or imputation. No consistent associations were observed for mercury or nickel. These continent-wide, non-causal findings can help prioritize monitoring and risk management and support progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6. Full article
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21 pages, 2101 KB  
Article
Life Cycle Assessment of PFAS Removal from Landfill Leachate at the Laboratory Scale
by Federico Bedogni, Francesco Arfelli, Matteo Picchietti, Massimo Facchini, Luca Ciacci, Daniele Cespi and Fabrizio Passarini
Environments 2026, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010035 - 4 Jan 2026
Viewed by 601
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of emerging organic contaminants receiving rising attention due to the threat they may pose to human health and their strong persistence in the environment, determined by their widespread use in the market as additives, reactants, [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of emerging organic contaminants receiving rising attention due to the threat they may pose to human health and their strong persistence in the environment, determined by their widespread use in the market as additives, reactants, or coverings. Since the most common end-of-life of products is landfill, countless case studies have confirmed the presence of PFAS in leachates. This work aims to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts of four different PFAS removal techniques from landfill leachate through a life cycle assessment performed on laboratory tests. Global warming, particulate matter formation, and human toxicity were examined and discussed in detail, since they represent most of the final single-score impact. The toxicity contribution of the residual PFAS in the matrix was investigated, resulting almost negligible. The results highlight activated carbon, sludge disposal, and sulfuric acid as major environmental hotspots for all categories. The clariflocculation followed by activated carbon adsorption results in the least impactful technique with promising PFAS removal efficiencies, between 44.3% and 82.2% depending on carbon dosage. Very precise correlations in the trends of the impact categories and the use of different functional units were also analysed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Waste Treatment, Pollution Control and Resource Recovery)
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