Environments

17 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Particulate Matter Pollution in an Agricultural Setting: A Community-Engaged Research Study

by Bonnie N. Young, Jessica Tryner, Luis Hernandez Ramirez, Sherry WeMott, Grant Erlandson, Xiaoying Li, Grace Kuiper, Daniel Alan Dean, Nayamin Martinez, Mollie Phillips, John Volckens and Sheryl Magzamen

Environments 2025, 12(10), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100348 - 26 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1098

Abstract

California’s San Joaquin Valley experiences some of the worst particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the U.S., but PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposures in agricultural communities are understudied. We collaborated with rural residents living adjacent to large-scale agricultural production and processing activities [...] Read more.

California’s San Joaquin Valley experiences some of the worst particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the U.S., but PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposures in agricultural communities are understudied. We collaborated with rural residents living adjacent to large-scale agricultural production and processing activities to assess 24-h-average personal and indoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations during different seasons. We visited 35 participants from 18 households during December 2023, May 2024, and the September 2024 harvest season to collect PM samples and survey data. Mixed effects linear regression models (with random effects for participant or household) assessed associations between natural log-transformed PM concentrations and regional ambient PM, harvest season, as well as participant/household characteristics. Participants were mostly female (69%) and Hispanic/Latino(a) (100%). Median household distance to processing facility silos was 633 m. Median personal exposures to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 11.1 and 45.5 µg m⁻³. Median indoor PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels were 12.9 and 24.3 µg m⁻³. Overall, 29% of personal and indoor PM_2.5 samples and 33% of personal and indoor PM₁₀ samples exceeded WHO 24-h air quality guidelines (15 µg m⁻³ PM_2.5, 45 µg m⁻³ PM₁₀). The factors most strongly associated with personal and indoor PM were household members working in agriculture and regional ambient PM measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ambient Air Pollution, Built Environment, and Public Health)

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29 pages, 1623 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Electric Field Effects on Microbial Cell Properties: Implications for Detection and Control in Wastewater Systems

by Camelia Ungureanu, Silviu Răileanu, Daniela Simina Ștefan, Iosif Lingvay, Attila Tokos and Mircea Ștefan

Environments 2025, 12(10), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100343 - 25 Sep 2025

Viewed by 2394

Abstract

Electric fields (EFs) have emerged as effective, non-chemical tools for modulating microbial populations in complex matrices such as wastewater. This review consolidates current advances on EF-induced alterations in microbial structures and functions, focusing on both vegetative cells and spores. Key parameters affected include [...] Read more.

Electric fields (EFs) have emerged as effective, non-chemical tools for modulating microbial populations in complex matrices such as wastewater. This review consolidates current advances on EF-induced alterations in microbial structures and functions, focusing on both vegetative cells and spores. Key parameters affected include membrane thickness, transmembrane potential, electrical conductivity, and dielectric permittivity, with downstream impacts on ion homeostasis, metabolic activity, and viability. Such bioelectrical modifications underpin EF-based detection methods—particularly impedance spectroscopy and dielectrophoresis—which enable rapid, label-free, in situ microbial monitoring. Beyond detection, EFs can induce sublethal or lethal effects, enabling selective inactivation without chemical input. This review addresses the influence of field type (DC, AC, pulsed), intensity, and exposure duration, alongside limitations such as species-specific variability, heterogeneous environmental conditions, and challenges in achieving uniform field distribution. Emerging research highlights the integration of EF-based platforms with biosensors, machine learning, and real-time analytics for enhanced environmental surveillance. By linking microbiological mechanisms with engineering solutions, EF technologies present significant potential for sustainable water quality management. Their multidisciplinary applicability positions them as promising components of next-generation wastewater monitoring and treatment systems, supporting global efforts toward efficient, adaptive, and environmentally benign microbial control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Contaminant Removal from Water)

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22 pages, 4854 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Distribution, Characterization and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Two Rivers in West Central Scotland: The Black Cart Water and White Cart Water

by Daniel E. Enenche, Christine M. Davidson, Walter B. Osungbemiro and John J. Liggat

Environments 2025, 12(10), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100342 - 25 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1254

Abstract

Improved understanding of the behaviour of microplastics in freshwater systems is important as rivers are major conduits for the transport of particles from land to sea. This study investigated microplastics in two tributaries of the River Clyde, Scotland, UK, that flow through rural, [...] Read more.

Improved understanding of the behaviour of microplastics in freshwater systems is important as rivers are major conduits for the transport of particles from land to sea. This study investigated microplastics in two tributaries of the River Clyde, Scotland, UK, that flow through rural, suburban and urban areas. Surface water and sediment were obtained from 25 locations in the Black Cart Water and White Cart Water. Microplastics were isolated and characterized by digital microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Particles were found in four water samples, all from the White Cart. Sediment analysis revealed microplastic abundance ranging from 300 to 600 items/kg in the Black Cart and 33.3 to 567 items/kg in the White Cart. Fragments were the most common particle type and white/transparent the most common particle colour. The most common polymers in the Black Cart were PE > PET > PS > PVC > PTFE and in the White Cart PE > PP > PTFE > PET > PA. Identification of some microplastics was challenging because their FTIR spectra did not correspond well to reference spectra of pure polymers. Although the polymer hazard index at some locations was high due to the presence of particles composed of PVC and PA, the ecological risk from microplastics in the Cart river system was generally low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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34 pages, 7273 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding PFAS Adsorption: How Molecular Structure Affects Sustainable Water Treatment

by Muhammad Hamza, Ridwan T. Ayinla, Islam Elsayed and El Barbary Hassan

Environments 2025, 12(9), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090330 - 18 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5677

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of synthetic chemicals characterized by strong carbon–fluorine bonds, making them highly persistent and widely distributed in the environment. Their chain length and functional head groups, such as sulfonate and carboxylate groups, determine key molecular properties like hydrophobicity, acidity, and sorption behavior. These properties significantly impact the effectiveness of PFAS removal from water systems. This review provides a structural classification of PFASs and explores removal strategies, with a particular emphasis on adsorption. It examines sustainable adsorbents, including both natural materials (e.g., cellulose, chitosan, lignin, and cyclodextrins) and engineered synthetic materials (e.g., covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, and molecularly imprinted polymers). The discussion highlights important parameters such as chain length and functional chemistry, as these can greatly influence removal efficiency. Furthermore, the discussion addresses the adsorption mechanisms-such as electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and fluorophilic interactions-to show how they contribute in different systems. By combining structural insights with adsorption performance data, this review aims to help design and select sustainable, high-performance adsorbents for efficiently reducing PFASs in contaminated water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Wastewater Treatment)

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26 pages, 2939 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Finding Common Climate Action Among Contested Worldviews: Stakeholder-Informed Approaches in Austria

by Claire Cambardella, Chase Skouge, Christian Gulas, Andrea Werdenigg, Harald Katzmair and Brian D. Fath

Environments 2025, 12(9), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090310 - 3 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

Our goal was to identify and understand perspectives of different stakeholders in the field of climate policy and test a process of co-creative policy development to support the implementation of climate protection measures. As the severity of climate change grows globally, perceptions of [...] Read more.

Our goal was to identify and understand perspectives of different stakeholders in the field of climate policy and test a process of co-creative policy development to support the implementation of climate protection measures. As the severity of climate change grows globally, perceptions of climate science and climate-based policy have become increasingly polarized. The one-solution consensus or compromise that has encapsulated environmental policymaking has proven insufficient or unable to address accurately or efficiently the climate issue. Because climate change is often described as a wicked problem (multiple causes, widespread impacts, uncertain outcomes, and an array of potential solutions), a clumsy solution that incorporates ideas and actions representative of varied and divergent worldviews is best suited to address it. This study used the Theory of Plural Rationality, which uses a two-dimensional spectrum to identify four interdependent worldviews as well as a fifth autonomous perspective to define the differing perspectives in the field of climate policy in Austria. Stakeholder inputs regarding general worldviews, climate change, and climate policy were evaluated to identify agreeable actions representative of the multiple perspectives. Thus, we developed and tested a co-creative process for developing clumsy solutions. This study concludes that while an ideological consensus is unlikely, agreement is more likely to occur on the practical level of concrete actions (albeit perhaps for different reasons). Findings suggested that creating an ecological tax reform was an acceptable policy action to diverse stakeholders. Furthermore, the study illuminated that the government is perceived to have the most potential influence on climate protection policy and acts as a key “broker”, or linkage, between other approaches that are perceived to be more actualized but less impactful. Full article

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17 pages, 3006 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plasticizers and Bisphenols in Sicilian Lagoon Bivalves, Water, and Sediments: Environmental Risk in Areas with Different Anthropogenic Pressure

by Giuseppa Di Bella, Federica Litrenta, Angela Giorgia Potortì, Salvatore Giacobbe, Vincenzo Nava, Davide Puntorieri, Ambrogina Albergamo and Vincenzo Lo Turco

Environments 2025, 12(9), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090305 - 30 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1087

Abstract

Plasticizers and bisphenols are contaminants of concern in the environment, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Bivalve molluscs are effective bioindicators due to their benthic nature, their ability to filter water, and their capacity to bioaccumulate persistent pollutants. This study analyzes plasticizers and bisphenols in [...] Read more.

Plasticizers and bisphenols are contaminants of concern in the environment, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Bivalve molluscs are effective bioindicators due to their benthic nature, their ability to filter water, and their capacity to bioaccumulate persistent pollutants. This study analyzes plasticizers and bisphenols in three native clam species (Ruditapes decussatus, Cerastoderma glaucum, and Polititapes aureus) from two Sicilian lagoons under different levels of anthropogenic pressure: the urbanized Capo Peloro lagoon (Ganzirri Lake) and the less impacted Oliveri–Tindari lagoon. The clams, together with water and sediment samples, were collected in winter 2023. Both groups of clams from the two sampling areas contained phthalates such as DMP, DEP, DiBP, and DEHP, as well as non-phthalate plasticizers such as DEHT, DBA, DEA, and DEHA. The sum of non-phthalate plasticizers (NPPs) was consistently higher than the sum of phthalates in all clam samples, confirming the emerging trend of NPPs. This trend was also observed in the water and sediment samples, regardless of the sampling area. The presence of structural analogues of bisphenol A (BPA) highlights the growing prevalence of BPA-like structures in aquatic environments. Given the increasing evidence of widespread and persistent contamination of aquatic environments by plasticizers and bisphenols, it is evident that these substances pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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34 pages, 897 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

AI-Driven Circular Waste Management Tool for Enhancing Circular Economy Practices in Healthcare Facilities

by Maria Assunta Cappelli, Eva Cappelli and Francesco Cappelli

Environments 2025, 12(9), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12090295 - 27 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3254

Abstract

The increasing complexity in hospital waste management requires innovative solutions that integrate sustainability and regulatory compliance. This study proposes an AI-based decision tool to support the circular management of healthcare waste. The approach combines two key elements: (i) the systematic qualitative analysis of [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity in hospital waste management requires innovative solutions that integrate sustainability and regulatory compliance. This study proposes an AI-based decision tool to support the circular management of healthcare waste. The approach combines two key elements: (i) the systematic qualitative analysis of international, European, and national regulations, scientific literature, and best practices aimed at identifying strategic actions; (ii) the prioritization of these actions through machine learning, using a Random Forest classifier. We identified 55 actions, grouped into 13 thematic areas, and used them as input variables to assess their impact on regulatory compliance. The variable importance analysis allowed us to classify actions according to their strategic relevance, guiding the structure of the tool and its user interface. Validation, conducted on four simulated case studies, demonstrated the system’s ability to improve compliance monitoring, operational efficiency, and the implementation of circular economy and Zero-Waste strategies. The proposed model represents a scalable and evidence-based solution capable of supporting the ecological transition of healthcare facilities in line with EU directives and the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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14 pages, 1781 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Small-Scale Farming, Pesticide Exposure, and Respiratory Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bolivia

by Maria Teresa Solís-Soto, Jonas Walber, Armando Basagoitia, Ondine S. von Ehrenstein and Katja Radon

Environments 2025, 12(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080290 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 2222

Abstract

This study analyzed the relationship between pesticide exposure with respiratory symptoms and lung function among small-scale farm workers in rural communities of Sucre, Bolivia. A cross-sectional study was conducted including 277 farmers and 214 non-farmers ≥ 16 years. Pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms [...] Read more.

This study analyzed the relationship between pesticide exposure with respiratory symptoms and lung function among small-scale farm workers in rural communities of Sucre, Bolivia. A cross-sectional study was conducted including 277 farmers and 214 non-farmers ≥ 16 years. Pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms were assessed by questionnaire, and lung function was assessed by spirometry. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms, while multiple linear regression was employed to estimate associations with lung function. The adjusted regression models indicated a positive association between pesticide exposure and chronic cough or phlegm (aOR 1.22; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.5), chest tightness (1.14; 1.0 to 1.3), and nasal allergies (1.21; 1.0 to 1.4). Also, pesticide exposure showed a slight positive association with FVC (β = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.07). Agricultural work (vs. non-agricultural work) showed a dual effect; on the one hand, it showed a negative association with lung function (FEV1/FVC (%): −1.57; 95% CI = −3.25 to −0.11); on the other hand, it seemed to be a protective factor for nasal allergies (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.1–0.8). Our study suggests an association between pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms and farm work with lung function parameters. The results underscore the need to enhance programs that regulate and train farmers on the use of pesticides, thereby reducing health effects on workers and agricultural and neighboring communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments Across Occupational and Environmental Contexts, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Trifluoroacetic Acid: A Narrative Review on Physico-Chemical Properties, Exposure Pathways, and Toxicological Concerns

by Andrea Moscato, Maria Valentina Longo, Margherita Ferrante and Maria Fiore

Environments 2025, 12(8), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080277 - 12 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4139

Abstract

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent degradation product of widely used fluorinated compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins. Its chemical stability, water solubility, and environmental persistence raise concerns about potential human and ecological risks. To provide an overview of current [...] Read more.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a persistent degradation product of widely used fluorinated compounds such as hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins. Its chemical stability, water solubility, and environmental persistence raise concerns about potential human and ecological risks. To provide an overview of current knowledge on TFA, we conducted a literature search (PubMed and Scopus, December 2024–January 2025) focusing on its environmental fate, human exposure, toxicokinetic, ecotoxicology, and regulation. A narrative approach was applied, prioritizing recent and high-quality evidence. TFA is ubiquitous in air, water, food, and consumer products. Human exposure occurs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. It is rapidly absorbed and excreted mostly unchanged in urine, with limited metabolic transformation. Though not bioaccumulated in fat, its environmental persistence and ongoing exposure raise concerns about long-term systemic effects. Ecotoxicological data show chronic toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial species, with environmental concentrations often exceeding safety thresholds. Currently, no binding EU limit exists for TFA, although several countries have proposed drinking water guidelines. TFA represents an emerging environmental contaminant with potential human health and ecological impacts. Strengthened monitoring, long-term toxicological studies, and precautionary regulatory action are urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Environmental and Occupational Monitoring: New Methods, New Chemicals, New Concerns for Safety and Health)

35 pages, 1831 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pesticide Degradation: Impacts on Soil Fertility and Nutrient Cycling

by Muhammad Yasir, Abul Hossain and Anubhav Pratap-Singh

Environments 2025, 12(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080272 - 7 Aug 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9935

Abstract

The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture has significantly enhanced food production by managing pests and diseases; however, their degradation in soil can lead to unintended consequences for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. This review explores the mechanisms of pesticide degradation, both [...] Read more.

The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture has significantly enhanced food production by managing pests and diseases; however, their degradation in soil can lead to unintended consequences for soil fertility and nutrient cycling. This review explores the mechanisms of pesticide degradation, both abiotic and biotic, and the soil factors influencing these processes. It critically examines how degradation products impact soil microbial communities, organic matter decomposition, and key nutrient cycles, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. This review highlights emerging evidence linking pesticide residues with altered enzymatic activity, disrupted microbial populations, and reduced nutrient bioavailability, potentially compromising soil structure, water retention, and long-term productivity. Additionally, it discusses the broader environmental and agricultural implications, including decreased crop yields, biodiversity loss, and groundwater contamination. Sustainable management strategies such as bioremediation, the use of biochar, eco-friendly pesticides, and integrated pest management (IPM) are evaluated for mitigating these adverse effects. Finally, this review outlines future research directions emphasizing long-term studies, biotechnology innovations, and predictive modeling to support resilient agroecosystems. Understanding the intricate relationship between pesticide degradation and soil health is crucial to ensuring sustainable agriculture and food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coping with Climate Change: Fate of Nutrients and Pollutants in Soil)

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40 pages, 910 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Indoor Air Quality, Including Thermal Conditions, in Educational Buildings on Health, Wellbeing, and Performance: A Scoping Review

by Duncan Grassie, Kaja Milczewska, Stijn Renneboog, Francesco Scuderi and Sani Dimitroulopoulou

Environments 2025, 12(8), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080261 - 30 Jul 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8144

Abstract

Educational buildings, including schools, nurseries and universities, face stricter regulation and design control on indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal conditions than other built environments, as these may affect children’s health and wellbeing. In this scoping review, wide-ranging health, performance, and absenteeism consequences [...] Read more.

Educational buildings, including schools, nurseries and universities, face stricter regulation and design control on indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal conditions than other built environments, as these may affect children’s health and wellbeing. In this scoping review, wide-ranging health, performance, and absenteeism consequences of poor—and benefits of good—IAQ and thermal conditions are evaluated, focusing on source control, ventilation and air purification interventions. Economic impacts of interventions in educational buildings have been evaluated to enable the assessment of tangible building-related costs and savings, alongside less easily quantifiable improvements in educational attainment and reduced healthcare. Key recommendations are provided to assist decision makers in pathways to provide clean air, at an optimal temperature for students’ learning and health outcomes. Although the role of educational buildings can be challenging to isolate from other socio-economic confounders, secondary short- and long-term impacts on attainment and absenteeism have been demonstrated from the health effects associated with various pollutants. Sometimes overlooked, source control and repairing existing damage can be important cost-effective methods in minimising generation and preventing ingress of pollutants. Existing ventilation standards are often not met, even when mechanical and hybrid ventilation systems are already in place, but can often be achieved with a fraction of a typical school budget through operational and maintenance improvements, and small-scale air-cleaning and ventilation technologies, where necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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19 pages, 3672 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Microplastic Contamination and Depuration Effectiveness in Farmed Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

by Cláudia Moura, Diogo M. Silva, Francisca Espincho, Sabrina M. Rodrigues, Rúben Pereira, C. Marisa R. Almeida, Sandra Ramos and Vânia Freitas

Environments 2025, 12(8), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080254 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 3043

Abstract

This study assessed the presence, abundance, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in farmed Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and evaluated the efficacy of depuration in reducing MPs under laboratory-controlled and commercial conditions. Oysters cultivated in the Lima estuary (NW Portugal) were sampled [...] Read more.

This study assessed the presence, abundance, and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in farmed Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and evaluated the efficacy of depuration in reducing MPs under laboratory-controlled and commercial conditions. Oysters cultivated in the Lima estuary (NW Portugal) were sampled in autumn and winter, along with adjacent surface water and sediment, to investigate potential contamination sources. MP concentrations in oysters varied temporally, with higher levels in October 2023 (0.48 ± 0.34 MPs g⁻¹ ww) than in February 2024 (0.09 ± 0.07 MPs g⁻¹ ww), while the environmental levels remained stable across dates. All MPs were fibres, predominantly transparent, followed by blue and black. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed cellulose and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as dominant polymers in oysters and environmental samples. No clear correlation was found between MPs in oysters and surrounding compartments. Laboratory depuration reduced MPs by 78% within 48 h, highlighting its potential as a mitigation strategy. However, depuration was less effective under commercial conditions, possibly due to lower initial contamination levels. These findings suggest that oysters may act as a vector for human exposure to MPs via seafood consumption. While depuration shows promise in reducing contamination, further research is needed to optimise commercial protocols and enhance the safety of aquaculture products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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26 pages, 1894 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Illegal Waste Dumps and Water Quality: Environmental and Logistical Challenges for Sustainable Development—A Case Study of the Ružín Reservoir (Slovakia)

by Oľga Glova Végsöová and Martin Straka

Environments 2025, 12(8), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12080251 - 22 Jul 2025

Viewed by 2202

Abstract

The aim of the article is to highlight the increasing environmental burden on aquatic ecosystems in Slovakia due to continuous pollution from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Laboratory analyses have shown alarming exceedance of the limit values of contaminants, with nitrate nitrogen (NO [...] Read more.

The aim of the article is to highlight the increasing environmental burden on aquatic ecosystems in Slovakia due to continuous pollution from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. Laboratory analyses have shown alarming exceedance of the limit values of contaminants, with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻) reaching 5.8 mg/L compared to the set limit of 2.5 mg/L and phosphorus concentrations exceeding the permissible values by a factor of five, thereby escalating the risk of eutrophication and loss of ecological stability of the aquatic ecosystem. The accumulation of heavy metals is also a problem—lead (Pb) concentrations reach up to 9.7 μg/L, which exceeds the safe limit by a factor of ten. Despite the measures implemented, such as scum barriers, there is continuous contamination of the aquatic environment, with illegal waste dumps and uncontrolled runoff of agrochemicals playing a significant role. The research results underline the critical need for a more effective environmental policy and more rigorous monitoring of toxic substances in real time. These findings highlight not only the urgency of more effective environmental policy and stricter real-time monitoring of toxic substances, but also the necessity of integrating environmental logistics into the design of sustainable solutions. Logistical approaches including the optimization of waste collection, coordination of stakeholders and creation of infrastructural conditions can significantly contribute to reducing environmental burdens and ensure the continuity of environmental management in ecologically sensitive areas. Full article

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21 pages, 1908 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Footprints, Energy Sufficiency, and Human Well-Being in Iceland

by Kevin Joseph Dillman, Anna Kristín Einarsdóttir, Marta Rós Karlsdóttir and Jukka Heinonen

Environments 2025, 12(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070238 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1467

Abstract

In the intersecting field of energy consumption and human well-being, many macro-level studies link national energy use with well-being. These studies often rely on aggregate data, however, limiting insights into intra-national inequities and diverse well-being outcomes. To bridge this gap, this study used [...] Read more.

In the intersecting field of energy consumption and human well-being, many macro-level studies link national energy use with well-being. These studies often rely on aggregate data, however, limiting insights into intra-national inequities and diverse well-being outcomes. To bridge this gap, this study used a single Nordic survey that allowed for the calculation of consumption-based energy footprints alongside well-being measures, focusing on Icelandic participants. A factor analysis of well-being responses identifies four factors: Eudaimonic, Financial, Housing/Local, and Health-related well-being. We found that well-being in Iceland largely remains decoupled from energy footprints across income and consumption groups, except for financial well-being. However, these groups differ significantly in consumption lifestyles and associated footprints, with only a small fraction of consumers maintaining energy use within global sufficiency thresholds. Most exceed these levels, suggesting that Iceland could reduce energy consumption without significantly harming well-being. Future research should explore strategies to lower consumption without triggering negative social reactions or declines in well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Energy and Environmental Sustainability: Innovations, Impacts, and Pathways)

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31 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Persistent Soil Contaminants: Assessment and Remediation Strategies

by António Alberto S. Correia and Maria Graça Rasteiro

Environments 2025, 12(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070229 - 5 Jul 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9207

Abstract

The presence of persistent contaminants in soils is of growing concern around the world. Contaminated soils can affect numerous ecological environments and lead to significant health risks to humans, affecting soil biodiversity, structure and geomechanical behaviour and agricultural sustainability. Additionally, soil contaminants can [...] Read more.

The presence of persistent contaminants in soils is of growing concern around the world. Contaminated soils can affect numerous ecological environments and lead to significant health risks to humans, affecting soil biodiversity, structure and geomechanical behaviour and agricultural sustainability. Additionally, soil contaminants can also leach into water flows, which is another concern. In general, soil contamination can be attributed to natural sources or to anthropogenic sources associated with human activity. Soil contaminants are usually classified in the following categories: biological, radioactive, organic and inorganic contaminants. State of the art information regarding some of the most common persistent soil contaminants, including possible sources and prevalence, and monitoring approaches and information about their effects on soil characteristics, including usability, as well as information on possible mobility to other environmental media is presented in this review paper. Finally, a comprehensive overview of remediation strategies which are being developed, including the more traditional ones as well as novel strategies that have been proposed lately by the scientific community, is provided. This includes physicochemical and biological technologies, as well as mixed remediation technologies aimed at enhancing remediation efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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15 pages, 1473 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Suitability in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

by Emma Haggerty, Ethan R. Wertlieb and Dmitry A. Streletskiy

Environments 2025, 12(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070222 - 28 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2607

Abstract

Changing climatic conditions are significant determinants of agricultural productivity. Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state and the second-largest agricultural producer in Brazil. The suitability of its land for farming can be used as a proxy for agricultural and economic success, making [...] Read more.

Changing climatic conditions are significant determinants of agricultural productivity. Rio Grande do Sul is the southernmost state and the second-largest agricultural producer in Brazil. The suitability of its land for farming can be used as a proxy for agricultural and economic success, making it a pertinent case for exploring the consequences of climate change on major crop production. The latest available climate and environmental data was used to develop an agricultural Suitability Index (SI) that quantifies the suitability of land for rice, tobacco, soybean, and corn production in 2020 (present), 2050 (near-future), and 2100 (far-future) under moderate (SSP245) and extreme (SSP585) climate scenarios. SI scores for each municipality of Rio Grande do Sul consider inputs from a three-layer framework (climatic, non-climatic, and current production) to provide critical insight into potential shifts in agricultural productivity. While terrestrial suitability for crop growth varies both spatially and temporally, widespread decreases in suitability for all four crops are expected across the state under both scenarios. Soybean is expected to be the least affected crop, and rice is the most affected crop, tied to shifting patterns in precipitation, which significantly determines suitability. Local and state governments, agribusinesses, and family producers will have to adapt to environmental challenges to ensure the provision of food, labor, and economic security. Full article

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29 pages, 28225 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Toxic Legacy—Environmental Impacts of Historic Metal Mining and Metallurgy in the Harz Region (Germany) at Local, Regional and Supra-Regional Levels

by Louisa Friederike Steingräber, Friedhart Knolle, Horst Kierdorf, Catharina Ludolphy and Uwe Kierdorf

Environments 2025, 12(7), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070215 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 4505

Abstract

As a legacy of historical metal mining and the processing and smelting of metalliferous ores, metal pollution is a serious environmental problem in many areas around the globe. This review summarizes the history, technical development and environmental hazards of historic metal mining and [...] Read more.

As a legacy of historical metal mining and the processing and smelting of metalliferous ores, metal pollution is a serious environmental problem in many areas around the globe. This review summarizes the history, technical development and environmental hazards of historic metal mining and metallurgical activities in the Harz Region (Germany), one of the oldest and most productive mining landscapes in Central Europe. The release of large amounts of metal-containing waste into rivers during historic ore processing and the ongoing leaching of metals from slag heaps, tailings dumps and contaminated soils and sediments are the main sources of metal pollution in the Harz Mountains and its foreland. This pollution extends along river systems with tributaries from the Harz Mountains and can even be detected in mudflats of the North Sea. In addition to fluvial discharges, atmospheric pollution by smelter smoke has led to long-term damage to soils and vegetation in the Harz Region. Currently, the ecological hazards caused by the legacy pollution from historical metal mining and metallurgy in the Harz Region are only partially known, particularly regarding the effects of changes in river ecosystems as a consequence of climate change. This review discusses the complexity and dynamics of human–environment interactions in the Harz Mountains and its surroundings, with a focus on lead (Pb) pollution. The paper also identifies future research directions with respect to metal contamination. Full article

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21 pages, 3040 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Drinking Water and Sanitation Safety Planning for Medical Facilities: An Innovative PoU Approach for a Water System Description Using Ecomaps

by Lara Kamm, Ralf M. Hagen, Nico T. Mutters, Ricarda M. Schmithausen, Ruth Weppler and Manuel Döhla

Environments 2025, 12(7), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070217 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1323

Abstract

Drinking Water Safety Plans (DWSP) in buildings serve to identify health hazards associated with the drinking water system. Sanitation Safety Plans (SSP) fulfill the same purpose for the sewage system. Water Safety Plans (WSP) include DWSPs, SSPs, and water systems like gray water [...] Read more.

Drinking Water Safety Plans (DWSP) in buildings serve to identify health hazards associated with the drinking water system. Sanitation Safety Plans (SSP) fulfill the same purpose for the sewage system. Water Safety Plans (WSP) include DWSPs, SSPs, and water systems like gray water and firefighting water. WSPs are based on a high-quality description of the water systems. This paper presents a new methodology for describing water systems. In contrast to previous approaches, the system description begins at the point where the water is consumed. These points of use are described using ecomaps, which are then supplemented with information about the pipe network. This approach makes it possible to fulfill four relevant premises: (1) the system description includes all essential parts of the drinking water installation, (2) the system description is possible with usual equipment, (3) the system description can be carried out with the least possible additional personnel costs, and (4) the system description is controllable, versionable, changeable, and forgery-proof. The ecomaps created in this way are suitable for the next step within the WSP framework, namely hazard and risk assessment. In addition, the ecomaps can be integrated into a quality, occupational safety, or environmental management system. Aspects of water security can be added to enable the ecomaps to be used as the basis for a total integrated water management system. Full article

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22 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Health Risks Associated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 Air Pollution in the City of Zvolen and Comparison with Selected Cities in the Slovak Republic

by Patrick Ivan, Marián Schwarz and Miriama Mikušová

Environments 2025, 12(7), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12070212 - 20 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats, with particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 representing its most harmful components, significantly affecting public health. These particles are primarily generated by transport, industry, residential heating, and agriculture, and are associated with [...] Read more.

Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats, with particulate matter PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 representing its most harmful components, significantly affecting public health. These particles are primarily generated by transport, industry, residential heating, and agriculture, and are associated with increased incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, asthma attacks, and heart attacks, as well as chronic illnesses and premature mortality. The most vulnerable groups include children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. This study focuses on the analysis of health risks associated with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 air pollution in the city of Zvolen, which serves as a representative case due to its urban structure, traffic load, and industrial activity. The aim is to assess the current state of air quality, identify the main sources of pollution, and evaluate the health impacts of particulate matter on the local population. The results will be compared with selected Slovak cities—Banská Bystrica and Ružomberok—to understand regional differences in exposure and its health consequences. The results revealed consistently elevated concentrations of particulate matter (PM) across all analyzed cities, frequently exceeding the guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), although remaining below the thresholds set by current national legislation. The lowest average concentrations were recorded in the city of Zvolen (PM₁₀: 20 μg/m³; PM_2.5: 15 μg/m³). These lower values may be attributed to the location of the reference monitoring station operated by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMÚ), situated on J. Alexy Street in the southern part of the city—south of Zvolen’s primary industrial emitter, Kronospan. Due to predominantly southerly wind patterns, PM particles are transported northward, potentially leading to higher pollution loads in the northern areas of the city, which are currently not being monitored. We analyzed trends in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations and their relationship with hospitalization data for respiratory diseases. The results indicate a clear correlation between the concentration of suspended particulate matter and the number of hospital admissions due to respiratory illnesses. Our findings thus confirm the significant adverse effects of particulate air pollution on population health and highlight the urgent need for systematic monitoring and effective measures to reduce emissions, particularly in urban areas. Full article

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11 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unveiling Stress Vulnerability and Occupational Noise Perception as Burnout Predictors: Results of an Exploratory Study in Industrial Environments

by Carlos Carvalhais, Luísa Antunes Ribeiro and Cristiana C. Pereira

Environments 2025, 12(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060208 - 17 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to [...] Read more.

Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to occupational noise. Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing noise perception, stress vulnerability, and burnout. Path analysis revealed that both higher stress vulnerability and greater perceived occupational noise were significant predictors of elevated burnout levels. Furthermore, gender emerged as a relevant predictor, with women reporting significantly higher burnout symptoms than men. Age was inversely related to stress vulnerability, indicating greater resilience among older workers. These findings suggest that individual differences in stress vulnerability and noise perception contribute meaningfully to burnout risk, beyond traditional occupational hazard assessments. The study underscores the need for holistic occupational health strategies, integrating both environmental modifications and psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing workers’ coping capacities. This study contributes novel insights into the interplay between perceived noise and psychological vulnerability in industrial settings, supporting broader preventive measures for work-related mental health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)

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32 pages, 4453 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integration of Earth Observation and Field-Based Monitoring for Morphodynamic Characterisation of Tropical Beach Ecosystems

by James Murphy, Jonathan E. Higham, Andrew J. Plater, Kasey E. Clark and Rachel Collin

Environments 2025, 12(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060205 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2096

Abstract

Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. [...] Read more.

Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. We propose a novel approach that utilises low-cost smartphone and satellite imagery to characterise beach ecosystems, where typically expensive and technologically intensive monitoring strategies are impractical and background data are scarce. As a test of its performance under real conditions, we apply this approach to four contrasting beaches in the low-lying islands of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. We employ Earth Observation data and field-based monitoring to enhance understanding of beach erosion. Optical flow tracking velocimetry (OFTV) is applied to smartphone camera footage to provide a quantitative metric of wave characteristics during the high wave energy season. These data are combined with satellite-derived shoreline change data and additional field data on beach profiles and grain size. The results reveal distinct patterns of accretion and erosion across the study sites determined by wave climate, beach morphology, and grain size. Accreting beaches are generally characterised by longer wave periods, more consistent wave velocities, and finer, positively skewed sediments indicative of swell-dominated conditions and dissipative beach profiles. Conversely, more erosive sites are associated with shorter wave periods, more variable wave velocities, coarser and better-sorted sediments, and a shorter, steeper beach profile. Seasonal erosion during the high-energy wave season (January–April) and subsequent recovery were observed at most sites. This work demonstrates how foundational data for evidence-based coastal management can be generated in remote locations that lack essential baseline data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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18 pages, 733 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dredge Sediment as an Opportunity: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Beneficial Uses in Marine, River, and Lagoon Eco-Systems

by Chiara Fratini, Serena Anselmi and Monia Renzi

Environments 2025, 12(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060200 - 12 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, [...] Read more.

Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, and contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants. The huge loss of sediment in coastal areas and the associated erosion processes are now forcing stakeholders to look ahead and turn potential problems into an opportunity to develop new sediment management strategies, beyond environmental protection, toward ecosystem restoration and coastal resilience. Moreover, the European and Italian strategies, such as the European Green Deal (EGD) and the Italian Ecological Transition Plan (PTE), highlight the need to reuse dredge sediment in circular economy strategies, transforming them into valuable resources for construction, agriculture, and environmental restoration projects. European legislation on dredging is fundamental to the issue of management and priorities of dredged materials, but the implementation rules are deferred to individual member states. In Italy, the Ministerial Decree 173/2016 covers the main aspects of dredge activities and dredge sediment management. Moreover, it encourages the remediation and reuse of the dredge sediment. This study starts with a comprehensive analysis of the innovative remediation techniques that minimize impacts and promote sustainable, beneficial sediment management. Different remediation methods, such as electrochemical treatments, chemical stabilization, emerging nanotechnologies, bioremediation, and phytoremediation, will be evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing pollution. Finally, we highlight new perspectives, integrated strategies, and multidisciplinary approaches that combine various technological innovations, including artificial intelligence, to enhance sediment reuse with the aim of promoting economic growth and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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11 pages, 1202 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impacts of Gentrification on Air Pollutant Levels and Child Opportunity Index near New York City Schools

by Kyung Hwa Jung, Zachary Pitkowsky, Kira L. Argenio, James W. Quinn, Jeanette A. Stingone, Andrew G. Rundle, Jean-Marie Bruzzese, Steven Chillrud, Matthew Perzanowski and Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir

Environments 2025, 12(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060199 - 11 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. [...] Read more.

Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. Given their central role in both environmental and social contexts, we examined the relationship between gentrification, pollutants, and child opportunity near schools in New York City. Methods: School locations (N_total = 1482) were classified into gentrifying (n = 624), non-gentrifying (n = 198), and higher-SES (ineligible for gentrification; n = 660) neighborhoods. Annual average pollutant levels (black carbon (BC), fine particulates (PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)) were assessed near schools. Child opportunity index (COI 2.0) was used to evaluate overall opportunity and three domains: education; health/environment; social/economic. Results: On average, pollution was highest in gentrifying neighborhoods compared to non-gentrifying (5–8.6% difference) and higher-SES (4.8–14.8% difference) neighborhoods. Average air pollution levels remained consistently higher in gentrifying neighborhoods both before and after gentrification compared to non-gentrifying and higher-SES neighborhoods. Regarding childhood opportunity, education, and social/economic opportunities were better and health/environment opportunities were worse in gentrifying compared to non-gentrifying neighborhoods. Conclusions: Gentrifying neighborhoods are at risk for higher exposure to pollutants and lower health/environment childhood opportunities compared to other neighborhoods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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15 pages, 1166 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Multidimensional Assessment of CO₂-Intensive Economies Through the Green Economy Index Framework

by Halina Falfushynska

Environments 2025, 12(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060195 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO₂ emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO₂-intensive [...] Read more.

Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO₂ emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO₂-intensive countries to transition toward a green and hydrogen-based economy. We introduce and apply the Green Economy Index, a composite measure integrating 31 indicators across four core dimensions—political and regulatory efficiency, socio-economic status, infrastructure, and sustainable targets. Using data from 29 countries emitting over 200 Mt of CO₂ in 2022, the analysis combines principal component analysis, Random Forest modeling, and network-based correlation analysis to classify nations into frontrunners, transitional performers, and structural laggers. The results reveal significant disparities in green economy readiness, with high-income countries showing institutional maturity and infrastructural robustness, while middle-income nations remain constrained by fossil fuel dependencies and governance challenges. Importantly, we highlight the growing utility of machine learning and multivariate statistics in capturing complex sustainability interdependencies. The Green Economy Index framework offers a relevant tool to benchmark progress, diagnose barriers, and guide targeted interventions in global decarbonization efforts. Full article

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25 pages, 4088 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Urban Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Thessaloniki Using Syntrichia Moss Biomonitoring and PMF Modeling

by Themistoklis Sfetsas, Sopio Ghoghoberidze, Panagiotis Karnoutsos, Vassilis Tziakas, Marios Karagiovanidis and Dimitrios Katsantonis

Environments 2025, 12(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060188 - 4 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1302

Abstract

Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection [...] Read more.

Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection of 192 moss samples was undertaken at 16 urban sampling points over the March–July 2024 period. Concentrations of 21 PTEs were quantified using ICP-MS, and contamination levels were assessed through contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution load index (PLI). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify pollution sources and spatiotemporal variations. Results revealed persistent hotspots with significant anthropogenic enrichments of elements, such as Fe, Mn, Sn in industrial zones and Tl, Ce, Pt in traffic corridors. PMF modeling attributed 48% of the measured PTE variance to traffic-related sources, 35% to industrial sources, and 17% to crustal material. Seasonal transitions showed a significant 3.5-fold increase in Tl during summer, indicating elevated traffic-related emissions. This integrated multi-index and source apportionment framework demonstrates the efficacy of Syntrichia moss for high-resolution urban air quality assessment. The approach offers a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly tool to support EU-aligned air quality management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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17 pages, 1856 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Convergence Research for Microplastic Pollution at the Watershed Scale

by Heejun Chang, Elise Granek, Amanda Gannon, Jordyn M. Wolfand and Janice Brahney

Environments 2025, 12(6), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060187 - 3 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the [...] Read more.

Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the problem, co-design research, and co-produce knowledge in tackling this issue. Using a convergence research framework, we investigated the perception of microplastic pollution among different end users, delivered educational materials to K-12 teachers and practitioners, and identified key sampling points for assessing environmental microplastic concentrations in the Columbia River Basin, United States. Three community partner workshops identified regional issues and concerns associated with microplastic pollution and explored potential policy intervention strategies. The stakeholder survey, co-designed with community partners, identified varying perceptions around microplastic pollution across educators, government employees, non-profit employees, and industry practitioners. Pre- and post-test results of teacher workshops show increases in participants’ knowledge after taking a four-week summer class with the knowledge being translated to their students. Community partners also helped develop a unique passive sampling plan for atmospheric deposition of microplastics using synoptic moss samples and provided freshwater samples for microplastic quantification across the basin. Our study drew three major lessons for successfully conducting convergence environmental research—(1) communication and trust building, supported by the use of key-informants to expand networks; (2) co-creation through collaboration, where partners and students shaped research and education to enhance impact; and (3) change-making, as project insights were translated into policy discussions, community outreach, and classrooms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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14 pages, 762 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Drivers of Mercury Accumulation in Juvenile Antarctic Krill, Epipelagic Fish and Adélie Penguins in Different Regions of the Southern Ocean

by Roberto Bargagli and Emilia Rota

Environments 2025, 12(6), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060180 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 2213

Abstract

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern [...] Read more.

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern Ocean, higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg have typically been reported in the coastal waters of the Ross and Amundsen Seas, where katabatic winds can transport Hg from the Antarctic Plateau and create coastal polynyas, which results in spring depletion events of atmospheric Hg. However, some studies on MeHg biomagnification in Antarctic marine food webs have reported higher Hg concentrations in penguins from sub-Antarctic waters and, unexpectedly, higher levels in juvenile krill than those in adult Antarctic krill. In light of recent estimates of the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and distribution in the Southern Ocean, this review suggests that although most studies on MeHg biomagnification refer to the short diatom–krill–vertebrate food chain, alternative and more complex pelagic food webs exist in the Southern Ocean. Thus, juvenile krill and micro- and mesozooplankton grazing on very small autotrophs and heterotrophs, which have high surface-to-volume ratios for MeHg ad-/absorption, may accumulate more Hg than consumers of large diatoms, such as adult krill. In addition, the increased availability of Hg and the different diet contribute to a greater metal accumulation in the feathers of Adélie penguins from the Ross Sea than that of those from the sub-Antarctic. Full article

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23 pages, 863 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Standardised (ISO) Leaching Tests for Assessing Leaching and Solid–Solution Partitioning of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Soils

by Dan B. Kleja, Hugo Campos-Pereira, Johannes Kikuchi-McIntosh, Michael Pettersson, Oksana Golovko and Anja Enell

Environments 2025, 12(6), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060179 - 29 May 2025

Viewed by 3533

Abstract

The spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment poses a severe threat to soil organisms, aquatic life, and human health. Many PFAS compounds are mobile and easily transported from soils to groundwater and further to surface waters. Leaching tests are [...] Read more.

The spread of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment poses a severe threat to soil organisms, aquatic life, and human health. Many PFAS compounds are mobile and easily transported from soils to groundwater and further to surface waters. Leaching tests are valuable tools for assessing the site-specific leaching behaviour of contaminants. Here, we report the results of an evaluation of two standardized leaching tests for PFAS-contaminated soil materials: the batch test (ISO 21268-2:2019) using either demineralized water or 1 mM CaCl₂ as leachants (liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 10) and the up-flow percolation test (ISO 21268-3:2019) using 1 mM CaCl₂ as leachant. One field-contaminated soil and three spiked (12 PFAS compounds) soils (aged 5 months) were included in the study. Desorption kinetics in the batch test were fast and equilibrium was obtained for all PFAS compounds within 24 h, the prescribed equilibration time. The same solubility was obtained for short-chain PFAS (PFBA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFBS) in demineralized water and 1 mM CaCl₂, whereas significantly lower solubility was often observed for long-chain PFAS in CaCl₂ than in water, probably due to decreased charge repulsion between soil surfaces and PFAS compounds. In the up-flow percolation test, concentrations of short-chain PFAS in leachates decreased rapidly with increasing L/S, in contrast to long-chain PFAS, where concentrations decreased gradually or remained constant. Solid–solution partitioning coefficients (K_d), calculated from the data of the batch and percolation tests (1 mM CaCl₂), were generally in agreement, although differing by more than three orders of magnitude between different PFAS compounds. Uncertainties and pitfalls when calculating K_d values from leaching test data are also explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)

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17 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of PFAS and Metals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Exploring the Mediating Effect of Diet

by Augustina Odediran, Kenneth Bollen and Emmanuel Obeng-Gyasi

Environments 2025, 12(6), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060178 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2640

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health burden influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Among these, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and toxic metals has been increasingly implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mediating role of dietary [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health burden influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors. Among these, exposure to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and toxic metals has been increasingly implicated in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, the mediating role of dietary inflammation in these associations remains unclear. Objective: This study investigates the relationship between PFAS and metal exposures and CVD risk, focusing on the potential mediating role of diet, operationalized through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII). Additionally, this study examines age as an effect modifier in these associations. Methods: Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018 cycle (n = 660), we assessed environmental exposures (lead, cadmium, mercury, perfluorooctanoic acid-PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonate-PFOS), dietary inflammatory potential (DII), and cardiovascular markers (blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein). Statistical analyses included linear regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression-Causal Mediation Analysis (BKMR-CMA) to estimate the direct, indirect (through DII), and total effects of exposure on CVD risk biomarkers. Results: Linear regression revealed significant associations between mercury and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.017) and cadmium with increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.006). Mediation analysis suggested dietary inflammation may play a role, though estimates were imprecise. Conclusions: PFAS and metals may influence CVD risk through inflammatory pathways, with potential age-related differences. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify these complex interactions, reduce measurement error, and guide age-specific exposure regulations. Full article

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21 pages, 621 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Arsenic in Soil: A Critical and Scoping Review of Exposure Pathways and Health Impacts

by Catherine Irwin, Sajni Gudka, Sofie De Meyer, Martine Dennekamp, Pacian Netherway, Maryam Moslehi, Timothy Chaston, Antti Mikkonen, Jen Martin, Mark Patrick Taylor and Suzanne Mavoa

Environments 2025, 12(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050161 - 14 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

Arsenic (As) in soil, such as mining waste, is a concern for communities with legacy contamination. While the chronic health effects of As exposure through drinking water are well documented, the association between As in soil and population-wide health impacts is [...] Read more.

Arsenic (As) in soil, such as mining waste, is a concern for communities with legacy contamination. While the chronic health effects of As exposure through drinking water are well documented, the association between As in soil and population-wide health impacts is complex, involving factors like soil accessibility, soil properties, and exposure modes. This review summarizes evidence of associations between As in soil and human health, as well as biomarker and bioaccessibility evidence of exposure pathways. Fourteen studies were included in the final analysis. Reviewed studies reported associations between As in soil and birth outcomes, neurological effects, DNA damage, and cancer. Some of these health outcomes are not known to be linked to As in drinking water and were reported over a range of soil concentrations, indicating inconsistencies. Higher soil As concentrations are associated with higher As in human biospecimens, suggesting direct and indirect soil ingestion as primary exposure pathways. The subpopulations more likely to be exposed include younger children and those involved in soil-based activities. Future research should focus on standardized epidemiological studies, longitudinal studies, soil exposure and mitigating factors, combined exposure biomarker studies, the behavior of the different As species, soil dose related to bioavailability/bioaccessibility, and effects with other elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)

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33 pages, 2298 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence for River Water Quality Forecasting: A Review

by Daiwei Pan, Ying Deng, Simon X. Yang and Bahram Gharabaghi

Environments 2025, 12(5), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050158 - 10 May 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7152

Abstract

Rapid population growth and climate change have created challenges for managing water quality. Protecting water sources and devising practical solutions are essential for restoring impaired inland rivers. Traditional water quality monitoring and forecasting methods rely on labor-intensive sampling and analysis, which are often [...] Read more.

Rapid population growth and climate change have created challenges for managing water quality. Protecting water sources and devising practical solutions are essential for restoring impaired inland rivers. Traditional water quality monitoring and forecasting methods rely on labor-intensive sampling and analysis, which are often costly. In recent years, real-time monitoring, remote sensing, and machine learning have significantly improved the accuracy of water quality forecasting. This paper categorizes machine learning approaches into traditional, deep learning, and hybrid models, evaluating their performance in forecasting water quality parameters. In recent years, the long short-term memory (LSTMs), gated recurrent units (GRUs) and LSTM- and GRU-based hybrid models have been widely used in forecasting inland river water quality. Combining remote sensing with a real-time water quality monitoring network has enhanced data collection efficiency by capturing spatial variability within the river network, complementing the high temporal resolution of in situ measurements, and improving the overall robustness of predictive deep learning models. Additionally, leveraging weather prediction models can further enhance the accuracy of water quality forecasting and better decision-making for water resource management. Full article

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22 pages, 1837 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Analytical Methods for In-Depth Assessment of Recycled Plastics: A Review

by Joseph Patrick Dzoh Fonkou, Giovanni Beggio, Gabriella Salviulo and Maria Cristina Lavagnolo

Environments 2025, 12(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050154 - 7 May 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4538

Abstract

Assessing the detailed characteristics of recycled plastics is essential for evaluating their quality and suitability for high-value applications compared to virgin polymers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced analytical techniques used for characterizing the chemical, structural, morphological, and physical properties of [...] Read more.

Assessing the detailed characteristics of recycled plastics is essential for evaluating their quality and suitability for high-value applications compared to virgin polymers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advanced analytical techniques used for characterizing the chemical, structural, morphological, and physical properties of recycled polymeric materials. The techniques examined include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These methods are critically assessed for their effectiveness in detecting polymer degradation, surface and structural alterations, and the presence of contaminants—factors frequently introduced during mechanical recycling processes. For each technique, this review outlines the working principles, sample preparation protocols, and illustrative case studies while discussing their advantages, limitations, and operational challenges. By synthesizing current knowledge and methodological advancements, this review aims to support the development of robust and standardized quality assessment protocols. Enhancing the reliability and precision of recycled plastic characterization will improve their acceptance as high-quality secondary raw materials, thereby facilitating their upcycling and contributing to the broader goals of the circular economy. Full article

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20 pages, 3059 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climatic Changes Shift Macroalgal Assemblages from Cold- to Warm-Adapted Species: The Venice Lagoon as a Study Case

by Adriano Sfriso, Yari Tomio and Andrea Augusto Sfriso

Environments 2025, 12(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050149 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Temperature increase is one of the main effects of climate change occurring worldwide, with drastic impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Changes in the dominant macroalgal taxa in the Venice Lagoon have been analyzed in relation to the rise in air temperature [...] Read more.

Temperature increase is one of the main effects of climate change occurring worldwide, with drastic impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Changes in the dominant macroalgal taxa in the Venice Lagoon have been analyzed in relation to the rise in air temperature recorded since 1973, highlighting the significant decline in cold-adapted species, which have been replaced by taxa more tolerant of higher temperatures. Cold-adapted species such as the native Fucus virsoides, Punctaria latifolia, Scytosiphon lomentaria, and many other Phaeophyceae are in decline, whereas thermophilic species such as the non-indigenous species (NIS) Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Agardhiella subulata, Solieria filiformis, Hypnea cervicornis, Caulacanthus okamurae, and many others have replaced the species that once dominated the lagoon. These changes have been associated with an average air temperature increase of approximately 2.5 °C. The highest increase has mostly been recorded for average minimum temperatures (+2.8 °C), compared to average maximum temperatures (+2.0 °C). As a result, Phaeophyceae have declined, while Rhodophyceae, especially recent NIS introductions, have colonized the lagoon bottoms. Changes in Chlorophyceae, on the other hand, appear to be more linked to the reduction of the lagoon’s trophic conditions, although the currently dominant species is Ulva australis, a NIS that has replaced the native Ulva rigida almost everywhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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14 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Development and Reliability Testing of a Tool to Assess Women’s Perceptions and Avoidance of Endocrine Disruptors in Personal and Household Products

by Adrianna Trifunovski, Nooshin Khobzi Rotondi, Jennifer Abbass-Dick, Rola Al Ghali and Caroline Barakat

Environments 2025, 12(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050138 - 25 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2151

Abstract

Personal care and household products (PCHPs) often contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that pose health risks, especially for women. Women, frequent users of PCHPs, are exposed to approximately 168 chemicals daily. However, there are gaps in understanding women’s knowledge, risk perceptions, and beliefs regarding [...] Read more.

Personal care and household products (PCHPs) often contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that pose health risks, especially for women. Women, frequent users of PCHPs, are exposed to approximately 168 chemicals daily. However, there are gaps in understanding women’s knowledge, risk perceptions, and beliefs regarding these chemicals, as well as how these constructs influence their avoidance behavior. Existing questionnaires on EDCs in PCHPs lack reliability and comprehensiveness. Guided by the Health Belief Model, this study developed a self-administered questionnaire targeting four key constructs: knowledge, health risk perceptions, beliefs, and avoidance behaviors related to six EDCs commonly found in PCHPs (lead, parabens, Bisphenol A, phthalates, triclosan, and perchloroethylene). The questionnaire was distributed to 200 women at in-person events and online. The internal consistency of the constructs was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. The questionnaire included six items assessing knowledge, seven items on risk perceptions, five items on beliefs, and six items on avoidance behavior for each endocrine-disrupting chemical. Cronbach’s alpha values indicated strong reliability across all constructs. This newly developed questionnaire offers a reliable tool for assessing women’s knowledge, risk perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors toward EDCs in PCHPs. These findings could inform public health research and intervention strategies aimed at reducing women’s exposure to EDCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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25 pages, 1010 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Solutions for Modelling the Marine Oil Spill Drift

by Catalin Popa, Dinu Atodiresei, Alecu Toma, Vasile Dobref and Jenel Vatamanu

Environments 2025, 12(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040132 - 21 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift [...] Read more.

Oil spills represent a critical environmental hazard with far-reaching ecological and economic consequences, necessitating the development of sophisticated modelling approaches to predict, monitor, and mitigate their impacts. This study presents a computationally efficient and physically grounded modelling framework for simulating oil spill drift in marine environments, developed using Python coding. The proposed model integrates core physical processes—advection, diffusion, and degradation—within a simplified partial differential equation system, employing an integrator for numerical simulation. Building on recent advances in marine pollution modelling, the study incorporates real-time oceanographic data, satellite-based remote sensing, and subsurface dispersion dynamics into an enriched version of the simulation. The research is structured in two phases: (1) the development of a minimalist Python model to validate fundamental oil transport behaviours, and (2) the implementation of a comprehensive, multi-layered simulation that includes NOAA ocean currents, 3D vertical mixing, and support for inland and chemical spill modelling. The results confirm the model’s ability to reproduce realistic oil spill trajectories, diffusion patterns, and biodegradation effects under variable environmental conditions. The proposed framework demonstrates strong potential for real-time decision support in oil spill response, coastal protection, and environmental policy-making. This paperwork contributes to the field by bridging theoretical modelling with practical response needs, offering a scalable and adaptable tool for marine pollution forecasting. Future extensions may incorporate deep learning algorithms and high-resolution sensor data to further enhance predictive accuracy and operational readiness. Full article

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19 pages, 3613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecofriendly Degradation of PET via Neutral Hydrolysis: Degradation Mechanism and Green Chemistry Metrics

by Adhithiya Venkatachalapati Thulasiraman, Arun Krishna Vuppaladadiyam, Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem, Kamrun Nahar, Manoj Kumar Jena and Kalpit Shah

Environments 2025, 12(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040127 - 18 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4566

Abstract

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed [...] Read more.

Waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles represent 12% of global plastic waste; however, only 9% are recycled. Hydrothermal processing presents the opportunity to upcycle waste PET into its monomers, particularly, terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, post-consumer PET sparkling water bottles were neutrally hydrolysed via a hydrothermal process operating within a temperature range of 220–270 °C, a residence time of 30–90 min, and autogenous pressure of 25–90 bar. Under these conditions, the TPA yield varied between 7.34 and 81.05%, and the maximum TPA yield was obtained at 250 °C, 90 min, and 40 bar. The process temperature had a more profound impact on the PET conversion and TPA yield than the residence time. The values of the environmental factor (EF) were found to be 0.017–0.106, which were comparable to those of bulk chemicals (EF < 1). With the chosen operating conditions, the environmental energy impact (EEI) of TPA production was estimated to be 5.29 × 10⁴ °C min. The findings demonstrate that neutral hydrolysis is a feasible approach for converting PET polymers into monomers under mild environmental conditions. In addition, a GCMS analysis of the aqueous-phase product revealed a notable increase in the secondary degradation products of TPA, such as benzoic acid, rising from 66.4% to 75.7% as the process temperature increased from 220 °C to 270 °C. The degradation mechanisms of PET were found to be decarboxylation, dehydration, and oxidation. The dominant mechanism was found to be a decarboxylation reaction. Full article

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16 pages, 20746 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pretreatment Methods for Recovering Active Cathode Material from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Federica Barontini, Flavio Francalanci, Eleonora Stefanelli and Monica Puccini

Environments 2025, 12(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12040119 - 12 Apr 2025

Viewed by 2208

Abstract

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic [...] Read more.

The development of environmentally friendly pretreatment processes for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for optimizing direct recycling methods. This study explores alternative approaches for recovering active cathode materials from end-of-life LIBs, focusing on environmentally safer options compared to the usually employed toxic solvent N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), using disassembled batteries as test subjects. Various pretreatment methods, including thermal treatment, selective aluminum foil dissolution with a NaOH solution, and the use of eco-friendly solvents such as triethyl phosphate (TEP), are examined on the cathode sheets. The results show that thermal pretreatment combined with TEP provides the most effective approach, achieving a recovery efficiency of 95% while maintaining the morphology and purity of the recovered materials, making them suitable for direct recycling. These methods are further tested on complete battery cells, simulating industrial-scale operations. The TEP treatment proves particularly promising, ensuring high recovery efficiency and preserving the structural integrity of the materials, with a mean particle diameter of approximately 8 µm. Additionally, when applied to cycled batteries, this pretreatment successfully recovers active materials without contamination. This study provides valuable insights into various pretreatment strategies, contributing to the development of a greener, more efficient direct recycling pretreatment process for spent LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Recycling and Reuse of Industrial By-Products or Waste from Geo-Resource Exploitation)

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25 pages, 3676 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fishponds Are Hotspots of Algal Biodiversity—Organic Carp Farming Reveals Unexpected High Taxa Richness

by Michael Schagerl, Chun-Chieh Yen, Christian Bauer, Luka Gaspar and Johann Waringer

Environments 2025, 12(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030092 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Fishponds are regarded as hypertrophic systems accompanied by low biodiversity. We focused on the phytoplankton diversity of 15 fishponds located in Austria. Of the 15 fishponds, 12 waterbodies are aquaculture ponds stocked with common carp, which converted to organic farming some years ago [...] Read more.

Fishponds are regarded as hypertrophic systems accompanied by low biodiversity. We focused on the phytoplankton diversity of 15 fishponds located in Austria. Of the 15 fishponds, 12 waterbodies are aquaculture ponds stocked with common carp, which converted to organic farming some years ago with grain as supplementary feed, and 3 ponds are used for recreational fishing. The trophic state index increased from 59 to 71 in spring to 80 to 93 in autumn and classified the ponds as mid-eutrophic to hypertrophic. The taxa number was surprisingly high (taxa richness up to 100 taxa per pond). The phytoplankton resource use efficiency was in the upper range of eutrophicated waters and did not show seasonal differences (median Chlorophyll-a/total phosphorus = 1.94, Chlorophyll-a/total nitrogen = 0.12). Linking environmental data with the algal community resulted in a distinct temporal community pattern with a significant seasonal shift from the cooler season dominated by Ochrophyta taxa to green algae as the most abundant group in summer and autumn. Our findings challenge general assumptions regarding low phytoplankton diversity with long-lasting Cyanobacteria blooms and conform to the algal dynamics described in the plankton ecology group (PEG) model for temperate shallow lakes. These man-made systems are an ecological asset, highly connected to terrestrial habitats in their vicinity and significantly contributing to the ecological health and long-term sustainability of the region. Full article

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27 pages, 2139 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanobiopesticides: Sustainability Aspects and Safety Concerns

by Giuliana Vinci, Marco Savastano, Donatella Restuccia and Marco Ruggeri

Environments 2025, 12(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030074 - 1 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2761

Abstract

The use of chemical pesticides has significantly improved crop yields and global food security but poses risks to environment and human health. To address this, nanobiopesticides, combining nanomaterials and biopesticide, have emerged as a potential alternative. Therefore, this article evaluates their sustainability and [...] Read more.

The use of chemical pesticides has significantly improved crop yields and global food security but poses risks to environment and human health. To address this, nanobiopesticides, combining nanomaterials and biopesticide, have emerged as a potential alternative. Therefore, this article evaluates their sustainability and safety through a literature review using Scopus. The results indicate that nanobiopesticides offer advantages over conventional pesticides, including greater precision, controlled release, and reduced dosage requirements. An illustrative Life Cycle Assessment conducted in this study confirmed that they potentially offer more sustainability than commercial pesticides, showing reductions in environmental impacts from −6% to −99%. However, several gaps remain related to the effect of nanoparticles on non-target organisms and biodiversity, bioaccumulation, and environmental persistence in ecosystems, and their ecotoxicological safety. Additionally, regulatory frameworks in major agricultural markets are complex and fragmented, potentially hindering large-scale adoption. Currently, nanobiopesticides are commercially available in countries such as the U.S., India, and Brazil, primarily for pest control in crops like rice, maize, and vegetables. Their market presence is growing, yet widespread implementation will depend on clearer regulations and further research on long-term environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Contamination to Non-target Organisms, the Environment, and Agroecosystems)

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13 pages, 524 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

E-Cigarette and Environment

by Ancuta-Alina Constantin and Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan

Environments 2025, 12(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030072 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 10157

Abstract

Environmental exposure to e-cigarettes is a significant yet often overlooked issue in the medical field. In this review, we examine various aspects of exposure mechanisms, including the risks of secondhand and thirdhand vaping. Our findings highlight numerous environmental concerns related to the fabrication, [...] Read more.

Environmental exposure to e-cigarettes is a significant yet often overlooked issue in the medical field. In this review, we examine various aspects of exposure mechanisms, including the risks of secondhand and thirdhand vaping. Our findings highlight numerous environmental concerns related to the fabrication, consumption, and waste management of e-cigarettes. Additionally, we address the pressing issue of plastic pollution linked to vaping products. We also explore methods to protect passive vapers and propose strategies aimed at mitigating the environmental impact of e-cigarettes as well as safeguarding innocent bystanders. Full article

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22 pages, 1127 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating GHG Emissions and Renewable Energy Use in the Italian Energy Sector: Monitoring, Reporting, and Objectives

by Stefano Castelluccio, Silvia Fiore and Claudio Comoglio

Environments 2025, 12(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020055 - 6 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

This study investigates the greenhouse gas (GHG) and renewable energy use reporting practices among thermal power plants (TPPs), waste incinerators (WIs), and hydropower plants (HPPs) in Italy, as reflected in their EMAS environmental statements. The analysis focuses on GHG emissions (Scope 1, 2, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the greenhouse gas (GHG) and renewable energy use reporting practices among thermal power plants (TPPs), waste incinerators (WIs), and hydropower plants (HPPs) in Italy, as reflected in their EMAS environmental statements. The analysis focuses on GHG emissions (Scope 1, 2, and 3) and renewable energy utilization reporting, and on the objectives set by the companies for reducing emissions and fossil fuels use. TPPs and WIs reported positive Scope 1 emissions extensively but reporting on Scope 2 and Scope 3 resulted inconsistent for all facilities. Negative emissions reporting was generally lacking, except for HPPs. Renewable energy use reporting was also limited, especially in TPPs and WIs, despite some facilities producing energy from renewable sources. The study also evaluated the objectives set by the companies on GHG reduction and renewable energy use increase, finding that GHG reduction was prioritized over renewable energy use. However, both were often a secondary goal integrated into planned operational improvements. The findings highlight that, to ensure transparency of sustainability data and the possibility of performances benchmarking in the energy production sector, there is the need for defining stronger reporting guidelines on GHG emissions, especially regarding Scope 3 emissions, and to prioritize increasing the share of renewable energy among strategic objectives. Future research should investigate factors affecting reporting behavior and the barriers to renewable energy adoption in fossil fuel-reliant sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Green Energy Utilization)

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13 pages, 1362 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Distribution and Seasonality of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Vertical Water Column of a Stratified Eutrophic Freshwater Lake

by Patrick R. Gorski

Environments 2025, 12(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020048 - 4 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1883

Abstract

The vertical distribution and potential variability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the water column of lacustrine systems is important to know for sampling and monitoring purposes, but could also relate to details of their fate, transport, and distribution. In this study, [...] Read more.

The vertical distribution and potential variability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the water column of lacustrine systems is important to know for sampling and monitoring purposes, but could also relate to details of their fate, transport, and distribution. In this study, the water column of a eutrophic freshwater lake (Lake Monona, Madison, WI, USA) was sampled vertically for PFAS during summer stratification at several depths (surface microlayer to 1 m from the bottom) and then monitored at four dates and three depths the following year to assess seasonality. PFAS concentration did not exhibit vertical stratification or large variability in the water column. However, seasonal variation in PFAS concentration was detected, as well as an increase in PFAS concentration related to drought conditions. This study suggests that a surface water grab sample may be a sufficient representative of the water column for the basic monitoring of PFAS. But a single sample during the year may not provide a complete understanding of the lake, and multiple samples should be taken to capture and understand important seasonal events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Occurrence, Behavior, Fate, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)

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27 pages, 2018 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Graphene-Based Materials for Metal Ion Sensing and Wastewater Treatment: A Review

by Akram Khalajiolyaie and Cuiying Jian

Environments 2025, 12(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020043 - 2 Feb 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4446

Abstract

Graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized derivatives, have demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing environmental challenges related to heavy metal detection and wastewater treatment. This review presents the latest advancements in graphene-based electrochemical and fluorescence sensors, emphasizing their superior sensitivity and selectivity [...] Read more.

Graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized derivatives, have demonstrated exceptional potential in addressing environmental challenges related to heavy metal detection and wastewater treatment. This review presents the latest advancements in graphene-based electrochemical and fluorescence sensors, emphasizing their superior sensitivity and selectivity in detecting metal ions, such as Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺, even in complex matrices. The key focus of this review is on the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand and predict ion transport through graphene membranes, offering insights into their mechanisms and efficiency in removing contaminants. Particularly, this article reviews the effects of external conditions, pore radius, functionalization, and multilayers on water purification to provide comprehensive insights into filtration membrane design. Functionalized graphene membranes exhibit enhanced ion rejection through tailored electrostatic interactions and size exclusion effects, achieving up to 100% rejection rates for selected heavy metals. Multilayered and hybrid graphene composites further improve filtration performance and structural stability, enabling sustainable, large-scale water purification. However, challenges related to fabrication scalability, environmental impact, and cost remain. This review also highlights the importance of computational approaches and innovative material designs in overcoming these barriers, paving the way for future breakthroughs in graphene-based filtration technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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46 pages, 1183 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chemicals in European Residences—Part II: A Review of Emissions, Concentrations, and Health Effects of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)

by Charlotte Landeg-Cox, Alice Middleton, Christos Halios, Tim Marczylo and Sani Dimitroulopoulou

Environments 2025, 12(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020040 - 30 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

This comprehensive review reports on concentrations, sources, emissions, and potential health effects from Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) identified in the internal home environment in European residences. A total of 84 studies were identified, and concentrations were collated for inhalation exposure from dust, air [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review reports on concentrations, sources, emissions, and potential health effects from Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) identified in the internal home environment in European residences. A total of 84 studies were identified, and concentrations were collated for inhalation exposure from dust, air and aerosol. A total of 298 individual SVOCs were identified and 67 compounds belonging to eight chemical classes: phthalates, flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), biocides, bisphenols and musks were prioritised. Phthalates are the most abundant SVOCs with DEHP being the most abundant in both the dust and aerosol phases (WAGMs 426.4 μg g⁻¹ and 52.2 ng m⁻³, respectively) followed by DBP for dust (WAGMs are 95.9 μg g⁻¹). In the air, the most abundant SVOCs are DiBP (284.1 ng m⁻³), DBP (179.5 ng m⁻³), DEHP (106.2 ng m⁻³) and DMP (27.79 ng m⁻³). Chemicals from all SVOC categories are emitted from building and construction materials, furnishings and consumer products, especially phthalates. Both legacy chemicals and their alternatives were detected. Complexities of reporting on SVOCs included differing sampling methodologies, multiple standards in their definition, lack of industry data, and toxicological data focused primarily on ingestion not inhalation exposures. Further research is recommended to develop the evidence base for potential health effects including via inhalation, reporting of emission rates and undertaking future monitoring studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)

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30 pages, 2183 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biobased Strategies for E-Waste Metal Recovery: A Critical Overview of Recent Advances

by Diogo A. Ferreira-Filipe, Armando C. Duarte, Andrew S. Hursthouse, Teresa Rocha-Santos and Ana L. Patrício Silva

Environments 2025, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12010026 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5272

Abstract

The increasing e-waste volumes represent a great challenge in the current waste management landscape, primarily due to the massive production and turnover of electronic devices and the complexity of their components and constituents. Traditional strategies for e-waste treatment focus on metal recovery through [...] Read more.

The increasing e-waste volumes represent a great challenge in the current waste management landscape, primarily due to the massive production and turnover of electronic devices and the complexity of their components and constituents. Traditional strategies for e-waste treatment focus on metal recovery through costly, energetically intensive, and environmentally hazardous processes, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, often neglecting other e-waste constituents. As efforts are directed towards creating a more sustainable and circular economic model, biobased alternative approaches to these traditional techniques have been increasingly investigated. This critical review focuses on recent advances towards sustainable e-waste treatment, exclusively considering studies using e-waste sources. It addresses, from a critical perspective, approaches using inactive biomass, live biomass, and biogenic compounds, showcasing the diversity of strategies and discussing reaction parameters, advantages and disadvantages, challenges, and potential for valorization of generated by-products. While ongoing research focuses on optimizing operational times and metal recovery efficiencies, bioprocessing approaches still offer significant potential for metal recovery from e-waste. These approaches include lower environmental impact by reducing energy consumption and effluent treatments and the ability to recover metals from complex e-waste streams, paving the way for a more circular economy in the electronics industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deployment of Green Technologies for Sustainable Environment III)

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10 pages, 455 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Use and Environmental Impact of Three Lithium-Ion Battery Factories with a Total Annual Capacity of 100 GWh

by Ákos Kuki, Csilla Lakatos, Lajos Nagy, Tibor Nagy and Sándor Kéki

Environments 2025, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12010024 - 14 Jan 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 12659

Abstract

The rapid evolution of Li-ion battery technologies and manufacturing processes demands a continual update of environmental impact data. The general objective of this paper is to publish up-to-date primary data on battery manufacturing, which is of great importance to the scientific community and [...] Read more.

The rapid evolution of Li-ion battery technologies and manufacturing processes demands a continual update of environmental impact data. The general objective of this paper is to publish up-to-date primary data on battery manufacturing, which is of great importance to the scientific community and decision-makers. The environmental impacts have been calculated and estimated based on publicly available data disclosed under Hungarian government regulations and official decrees. The gate-to-gate energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) consumption are estimated for three battery factories in Hungary, with a total annual capacity of approximately 100 GWh. The factories use around 30–35 kWh energy per kWh of battery capacity and the associated GHG emissions are around 10 kgCO₂eq per kWh of cell production. The water consumption varies considerably among factories, with one plant using 28 L per kWh and the other two using 56 and 67 L per kWh. The specific consumption of NMP was calculated for two factories, resulting in close values of 0.51–0.56 kg per kWh of cell production. As a new approach, we distinguish between global and local GHG emissions related to battery production. The main component of the latter is carbon dioxide from the combustion of natural gas, but the local transport related to the battery factories is also a source of emissions. Our estimations include not only the consumptions required directly for the manufacturing technology, but also those for social purposes (e.g., heating offices), giving a more complete picture of the factory’s environmental impact. We believe that up-to-date primary data are crucial for ensuring transparency and holds significant value for both the scientific community and decision-makers. Full article

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21 pages, 929 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genotoxicity of Microplastics on Living Organisms: Effects on Chromosomes, DNA and Gene Expression

by Kuok Ho Daniel Tang

Environments 2025, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12010010 - 3 Jan 2025

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9929

Abstract

Microplastic exposure has become unavoidable, leading to their presence in living organisms. One area of particular concern is the genotoxicity of microplastics, which has implications for reproductive health and cancer development. This review aims to highlight the genotoxic effects of microplastics on different [...] Read more.

Microplastic exposure has become unavoidable, leading to their presence in living organisms. One area of particular concern is the genotoxicity of microplastics, which has implications for reproductive health and cancer development. This review aims to highlight the genotoxic effects of microplastics on different organisms, focusing on their impacts on chromosomes, DNA, and gene expression. More than 85 papers, primarily published in the last five years, have been reviewed. This review indicates that microplastics can cause clastogenesis and aneugenesis at the chromosome level. Clastogenesis results in chromosome damage, while aneugenesis leads to failures in chromosome segregation without causing direct damage. Additionally, microplastics can fracture and damage DNA. These effects arise from (1) the direct genotoxicity of microplastics through interactions with chromosomes, DNA, and associated proteins; and (2) their indirect genotoxicity due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by oxidative stress induced by microplastics. Microplastics can trigger the activation of genes related to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, leading to increased ROS production. Furthermore, they may alter gene expression in other biological processes. The genotoxicity linked to microplastics can stem from the particles themselves and their associated chemicals, and it appears to be both size- and dose-dependent. Full article

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22 pages, 11685 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring Aquatic Debris in a Water Environment Using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV): A Comparative Study with Implications of Algal Detection in Lake Como (Northern Italy)

by Jassica Lawrence, Nicola Castelnuovo and Roberta Bettinetti

Environments 2025, 12(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12010003 - 27 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2544

Abstract

This study investigates underwater debris in a freshwater lake using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) during two distinct survey periods: 2019 and 2024. The primary objective was to count and document visible debris (metal and plastic) on the lakebed based on ROV video recordings. [...] Read more.

This study investigates underwater debris in a freshwater lake using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) during two distinct survey periods: 2019 and 2024. The primary objective was to count and document visible debris (metal and plastic) on the lakebed based on ROV video recordings. A total of 356 debris items were observed in 2019, while only 39 items were recorded in 2024. The notable decrease in debris visibility in 2024 is likely attributed to dense algal growth during the survey months, which hindered the visual identification of objects on the lakebed. The study highlights the challenges of monitoring underwater debris in freshwater systems, particularly during periods of high algal activity, which can significantly impact visibility and detection efforts. While ROVs have proven effective in identifying submerged debris in clear water, this research underscores their limitations under reduced visibility conditions caused by algal blooms, turbidity diminishing the video quality. The results provide valuable insights into the temporal variation in debris visibility and contribute to ongoing efforts to improve freshwater debris monitoring techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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25 pages, 428 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Can Phthalates Be Considered as Microplastic Tracers in the Mediterranean Marine Environment?

by Giuseppa Di Bella, Ambrogina Albergamo, Federica Litrenta, Vincenzo Lo Turco and Angela Giorgia Potortì

Environments 2024, 11(12), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11120267 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

Plastics are a major environmental concern, not only because of their uncontrolled dispersion in the environment, but also because of their release of chemical additives, such as phthalates (PAEs), particularly in water bodies. Key land–water interfaces, such as coastal zones, has always represented [...] Read more.

Plastics are a major environmental concern, not only because of their uncontrolled dispersion in the environment, but also because of their release of chemical additives, such as phthalates (PAEs), particularly in water bodies. Key land–water interfaces, such as coastal zones, has always represented a complex and dynamic nexus for plastic pollution, as they are sites often densely populated, with major pollution sources. The Mediterranean basin, for example, is known to be a global hotspot of plastic waste, with a microplastic concentration approximately four times greater than the North Pacific Ocean. However, differently from the overviewed issue of plastic litter and microplastics, the occurrence, distribution, and impact of PAEs on the abiotic and biotic compartment of marine ecosystems of the Mediterranean area have still not been reviewed. Hence, this review provides an introductory section on the plastic pollution issue and its close relationship, not only with microplastics, but also with the leaching of toxic PAEs. To follow, the most relevant analytical approaches for reliably assessing PAEs in abiotic and biotic marine matrices are discussed. The analysis of the main anthropogenic sources of PAEs, their occurrence and spatiotemporal trends in the Mediterranean Sea is conducted. Finally, the potential correlation between PAE pollution and the abundance of microplastics are critically examined to evaluate their effectiveness as tracers of microplastic pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastics Pollution in Aquatic Environments, 2nd Edition)

24 pages, 1325 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Cradle to Grave: Microplastics—A Dangerous Legacy for Future Generations

by Tamara Lang, Filip Jelić and Christian Wechselberger

Environments 2024, 11(12), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11120263 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3662

Abstract

Microplastics have become a ubiquitous pollutant that permeates every aspect of our environment—from the oceans to the soil to the elementary foundations of human life. New findings demonstrate that microplastic particles not only pose a latent threat to adult populations, but also play [...] Read more.

Microplastics have become a ubiquitous pollutant that permeates every aspect of our environment—from the oceans to the soil to the elementary foundations of human life. New findings demonstrate that microplastic particles not only pose a latent threat to adult populations, but also play a serious role even before birth during the fetal stages of human development. Exposure to microplastics during the early childhood stages is another source of risk that is almost impossible to prevent. This comprehensive review examines the multiple aspects associated with microplastics during early human development, detailing the mechanisms by which these particles enter the adult body, their bioaccumulation in tissues throughout life and the inevitable re-entry of these particles into different ecosystems after death. Full article

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