Environments

16 pages, 12743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Emission Inventory and Socioeconomic Drivers of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration in China

by Han Liu, Jianbo Guo, Ming Zhu, Ruiqi Zhang, Zhibin Yin, Guiying Liu, Yaohui Liu, Qinzhong Feng, Yang Chen, Wenru Zheng and Liyuan Liu

Environments 2026, 13(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020124 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

To comprehensively assess the emissions of flue gas pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in China and their socioeconomic driving factors, this study employs a bottom-up approach to develop an integrated carbon and air pollutant emission inventory for 1016 MSWI plants in [...] Read more.

To comprehensively assess the emissions of flue gas pollutants from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in China and their socioeconomic driving factors, this study employs a bottom-up approach to develop an integrated carbon and air pollutant emission inventory for 1016 MSWI plants in 2024. We apply a Random Forest (RF) model to analyze the underlying drivers. Results indicate that for air pollutants, NO_x has the highest emissions, whereas mercury (Hg) and dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs) are identified as priority control pollutants due to their high toxicity. Spatially, emissions display a distinct “high in the east, low in the west” pattern, concentrated in eastern coastal provinces, with characteristic pollutants being prominent in specific regions. Meanwhile, among greenhouse gases (GHGs), CO₂ dominates mass emissions, while N₂O exhibits significant global warming potential. Driver analysis reveals that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and MSWI treatment capacity are key common drivers, showing stable positive and negative contributions, respectively. The number of invention patent applications is specifically and strongly associated with NO_x and heavy metal emissions. This study provides a national-scale integrated quantification of MSWI emissions and a quantitative analysis of their driving mechanisms using RF, offering a critical data foundation and scientific basis for supporting synergistic pollution and carbon reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Waste Management for Recycling and Environmental Protection)

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15 pages, 1629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterisation of Different-Size Particulate Matter in an Urban Location

by Sónia Pereira, Alexandra Guedes and Helena Ribeiro

Environments 2026, 13(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020123 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 817

Abstract

This study investigates the characterisation of particulate matter (PM) across different size fractions (TSP, PM₁₀, PM₄, PM_2.5, and PM₁) in Porto, Portugal, over a 2-year period. Sampling was conducted at two heights (ground level and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the characterisation of particulate matter (PM) across different size fractions (TSP, PM₁₀, PM₄, PM_2.5, and PM₁) in Porto, Portugal, over a 2-year period. Sampling was conducted at two heights (ground level and rooftop), integrating real-time measurements and filter-based analyses to evaluate seasonal and spatial variations. Elemental composition was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), enabling detailed assessments of 30 chemical elements. Meteorological parameters, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and direction, were analysed to understand their influence on PM concentrations. Results indicate that significant seasonal trends, with higher PM concentrations observed during autumn and winter, were associated with low boundary layer height, promoting greater mixing of particles, enhanced deposition, and higher anthropogenic emissions, with average seasonal TSP values ranging from 0.001 to 0.059 µg m⁻³. Elemental analysis revealed distinct profiles at ground and rooftop levels, with Ba, Cu, Pb, Mg, and Na among the most frequently detected elements; ground-level samples showed stronger contributions from local sources, such as traffic, while rooftop samples reflected regional and long-range transport. Meteorological factors, such as precipitation and wind speed, exhibited negative correlations with PM concentrations, underscoring their role in atmospheric washing. These findings highlight the complex interplay of local and regional factors in shaping PM dynamics and emphasise the importance of multi-level monitoring for effective air-quality management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Occurrence, Mobility, Transport, and Fate of Contaminants in Surface and Subsurface Environments)

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5 pages, 191 KB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Hall et al. Comment on “Beltaos, S. Ice Jam Flooding of the Drying Peace–Athabasca Delta: Hindsight on the Accuracy of the Traditional Knowledge and Historical Flood Record. Environments 2025, 12, 376”

by Spyros Beltaos

Environments 2026, 13(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020122 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

I thank the commenters (Hall et al [...] Full article

18 pages, 4421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forest Fragmentation and Cover Change (2000–2020) in Community-Owned Territories of Northwestern Mexico: An Analysis Using Landscape Metrics

by Rocío Rivas-González, Gustavo Perez-Verdin, Gustavo Cruz Cárdenas, Carlos Alejandro Custodio González and Pablito Marcelo López Serrano

Environments 2026, 13(2), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020121 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1536

Abstract

Temperate forests play a key role in biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and the provision of ecosystem services. However, land-use changes and urban expansion have intensified landscape fragmentation processes, reducing ecological connectivity and ecosystem functionality. Despite the importance of community-owned forests in northern Mexico, [...] Read more.

Temperate forests play a key role in biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and the provision of ecosystem services. However, land-use changes and urban expansion have intensified landscape fragmentation processes, reducing ecological connectivity and ecosystem functionality. Despite the importance of community-owned forests in northern Mexico, evaluations of landscape configuration within these territories remain limited. This study compared land-use and land-cover patterns and fragmentation metrics in four community-managed ejidos in Durango, Mexico, using Landsat imagery from 2000 and 2020. Land-cover maps were produced through supervised classification with a Random Forest algorithm and validated using standard accuracy metrics. Landscape composition, configuration and connectivity were assessed at class and landscape levels using a set of spatial metrics calculated with FRAGSTATS. The results reveal contrasts among ejidos. Ciénega de los Caballos and Navajas show greater representation of secondary vegetation accompanied by changes in patches and edge densities. San Isidro retains a more cohesive configuration with comparatively higher aggregation and connectivity, whereas El Tunal y Anexos exhibit stronger subdivision and lower connectivity. These outcomes emphasize the value of spatial metrics for identifying differences in landscape structure between observation years and for supporting comparative assessment in community-managed forest territories. The study provides spatially explicit information that may assist territorial planning and forest management at this scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative and Critical Issues in Natural Resource Management and Exploitation)

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20 pages, 2304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of the Polyphenolic Profile and Enhancement of Antioxidant Activity of Waste Orange Peel Extracts Using Alkali-Catalyzed Ethanol Organosolv Treatment

by Hiba Agnaou, Hela Refai, Spyros Grigorakis and Dimitris P. Makris

Environments 2026, 13(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020120 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1653

Abstract

Orange processing generates large amounts of waste orange peels (WOPs), which are a valuable source of bioactive polyphenols. This study investigated the use of mild (urea) and strong (sodium hydroxide) alkaline catalysts to enhance polyphenol extraction via an ethanol-based organosolv process. First, the [...] Read more.

Orange processing generates large amounts of waste orange peels (WOPs), which are a valuable source of bioactive polyphenols. This study investigated the use of mild (urea) and strong (sodium hydroxide) alkaline catalysts to enhance polyphenol extraction via an ethanol-based organosolv process. First, the two catalysts were evaluated in terms of process performance, extraction kinetics, and treatment severity. Subsequently, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the conditions, and the obtained extracts were characterized for their polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity. The sodium hydroxide (SoHy)-catalyzed treatment, using 70% ethanol as solvent, was the most effective, yielding 33.4 ± 1.7 mg of total polyphenols (as gallic acid equivalents) per gram of dry mass. For both catalysts tested, the yield followed a severity-dependent linear model. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of extracts produced under optimized conditions showed that hesperidin was the predominant polyphenolic constituent, but the SoHy-catalyzed treatment resulted in the generation of three novel compounds, tentatively identified as ethyl esters of p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids. Such an effect was not observed in the extracts produced with the urea (Ur)-catalyzed treatment. This compositional modification was reflected on both the antiradical activity and ferric-reducing power, which were found to be significantly enhanced in the extracts produced via the SoHy-catalyzed treatment. These findings highlight how treatment conditions can be tuned to modify the polyphenolic composition of WOP extracts and reinforce antioxidant activity. Such insights could support the development of WOP valorization strategies within integrated biorefineries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies for Sustainable Wastewater and Waste Utilization)

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20 pages, 6066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Char Produced from Waste and Biomass Blended Pellets: Comprehensive Thermochemical Behavior Assessment

by Santa Margarida Santos, Margarida Gonçalves, Paulo Brito and Catarina Nobre

Environments 2026, 13(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020119 - 19 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

The growing demand for carbon-based energy materials requires sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. This study explored the production and characterization of char obtained from refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and biomass blended pellets in varying proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 50%, and 100% RDF). The objective [...] Read more.

The growing demand for carbon-based energy materials requires sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. This study explored the production and characterization of char obtained from refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and biomass blended pellets in varying proportions (0%, 15%, 25%, 50%, and 100% RDF). The objective was to evaluate their potential as high-energy-density solid fuels while addressing operational challenges related to ash behavior. Chars were produced at 400 °C for one hour in a muffle furnace in closed crucibles. A set of analytical techniques (calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, inductively coupled plasma, and X-ray fluorescence) was employed to assess physicochemical properties. RDF content strongly affected mass yield, energy yield, and thermochemical behavior. Among the tested formulations, char with 50 and 25% of RDF (C_RDF50:BW50 and C_RDF25:BW75) ignited at lower temperatures (≈150 °C) and showed high flammability (C) values (1.97–2.03 × 10⁻⁵), indicating greater flammability. They also reached higher combustion temperatures (716–746 °C), suggesting improved thermal stability during the final combustion stage. Both chars presented increased high heating values (18–19 MJ/kg, dry basis) and a few surface functional groups. This supports a lower devolatilization rate, meaning that although ignition is easy, combustion remains stable and controllable. All chars showed very high acid–base indices, indicating a strong tendency for ash melting. However, low slag viscosity and alkalinity values suggest viscous, poorly mobile slag, reducing adhesion and buildup on reactor surfaces. This study combines thermogravimetric combustion analysis with ash chemistry–based slagging and fouling indices to provide an integrated assessment of the operational behavior of RDF–biomass-derived char fuels. The results highlight the technical feasibility of chars produced from RDF and biomass blended pellets, whose thermal properties make them promising candidates for use as solid fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Biochar (Second Edition))

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37 pages, 2498 KB

Open AccessReview

Membrane Technologies at the Frontier: A Review of Advanced Solutions for Microplastics and Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater

by Yousef Tayeh, Tharaa M. Al-Zghoul, Mohammed J. K. Bashir, Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza and Salahaldin Abuabdou

Environments 2026, 13(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020118 - 19 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2794

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) and emerging contaminants (ECs) are increasingly prevalent in environments due to their persistence, toxicity, and resilience against standard wastewater treatment methods. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of contemporary and advanced membrane-based techniques, highlighting their removal efficacy, recovery potential, and fundamental [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) and emerging contaminants (ECs) are increasingly prevalent in environments due to their persistence, toxicity, and resilience against standard wastewater treatment methods. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of contemporary and advanced membrane-based techniques, highlighting their removal efficacy, recovery potential, and fundamental mechanisms such as size exclusion, adsorption, electrostatic interactions, and biodegradation. This review emphasizes the physicochemical properties of MPs, including particle size, shape, polymer type, and hydrophobicity, and their significant impact on membrane performance and fouling behavior. Key findings reveal that membrane fouling is a primary constraint affecting operational efficiency. This study identifies the types of fouling standard, total, intermediate, and cake formation that contribute to flux deterioration and necessitate increased energy expenditures during prolonged operation. Additionally, this research highlights the detrimental effects of mechanical abrasion and scaling on membrane integrity and lifespan. Future prospects for membrane technology are explored, positioning it as a leading solution for sustainable wastewater treatment. Essential directives include the development of intelligent membranes responsive to environmental stimuli, AI-driven monitoring systems, and modular and decentralized treatment units. Moreover, the implementation of circular economy principles is discussed, emphasizing concurrent treatment and resource recovery, such as nutrients, biogas, and clean water. The regulatory and legislative implications of membrane-based treatment are also addressed, underscoring the importance of standardization, performance evaluation, and sustainability. Ultimately, this analysis positions membrane technologies as pivotal instruments in the advancement of intelligent, energy-efficient, and regenerative wastewater management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Removal of Emerging Pollutants)

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18 pages, 3032 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Controls on Depth-Dependent Nutrient Mobility in the Intertidal Flat of a Coastal Lagoon

by Abdoulkader Moussa Siddo and Katsuaki Komai

Environments 2026, 13(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020117 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1256

Abstract

In this study, we investigated how porewater salinity, temperature, ionic strength, and nutrient behavior vary with depth in the intertidal flats of Lake Komuke, a coastal lagoon in northern Japan. A central feature of this work is the use of nutrient activity and [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated how porewater salinity, temperature, ionic strength, and nutrient behavior vary with depth in the intertidal flats of Lake Komuke, a coastal lagoon in northern Japan. A central feature of this work is the use of nutrient activity and activity coefficients—thermodynamic parameters that more directly represent ion mobility—rather than concentrations alone. Statistical analyses showed that salinity exhibited clear depth-dependent variation and was the primary factor associated with changes in nutrient behavior, whereas temperature showed minimal variation and no detectable effect. Physicochemical modeling using the Pitzer approach demonstrated that increases in salinity and ionic strength with depth led to reductions in the activity coefficients of NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and PO₄³⁻, with PO₄³⁻ showing the greatest sensitivity due to its trivalent charge. Nutrient activities displayed contrasting vertical patterns: NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ tended to increase with depth, whereas PO₄³⁻ exhibited a peak at −20 cm followed by lower values at deeper, more saline layers. These results indicate that subsurface nutrient mobility in coastal tidal flats is shaped primarily by ionic strength-driven non-ideal behavior and associated geochemical gradients. The findings provide baseline information for understanding nutrient dynamics in brackish sediments and support the improved assessment of subsurface biogeochemical processes in intertidal ecosystems. Full article

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22 pages, 809 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomagnification of Potentially Toxic Elements and Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Food

by L. Gilary Acosta-Lizárraga, Susana Rodríguez-Jurado, Magdalena E. Bergés-Tiznado, Humberto Aguirre-Becerra, Karen Esquivel Escalante, Claudia E. Pérez-García and Ana A. Feregrino-Perez

Environments 2026, 13(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020116 - 18 Feb 2026

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3881

Abstract

The introduction of heavy metals into water or soil is a significant global issue affecting environmental health and food security. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), are non-biodegradable and toxic to living [...] Read more.

The introduction of heavy metals into water or soil is a significant global issue affecting environmental health and food security. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), are non-biodegradable and toxic to living organisms. In contrast, essential elements, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or selenium (Se), can cause harm due to their deficit or excess. The exposure of an organism to such substances increases the concentration of them at a higher level of the trophic chain, a process known as biomagnification. Pollution of farmlands, coasts, or water bodies in agriculture is a major concern. The increase in the use of nanotechnologies, such as nanomaterials in agriculture, has introduced such substances into the environment and into the food chain. The consumption of products that contain PTEs can cause harm to human health, including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and several types of cancer. The aim of this research is to present the current advances regarding biomagnification in aquatic and terrestrial food chains of PTEs and metal-based nanomaterials in order to understand the data related to biomagnification, to find the routes of exposure to these substances, and, finally, to establish and monitor the risk assessment for human health. Full article

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27 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Carbon Disclosure Policy as a Strategic Driver for Carbon Emission Reduction: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Policy Synthesis

by Freida Ozavize Ayodele, Bamidele Victor Ayodele, Thomas Oyetunde Oladele, Titik Setyaningsih and Sa’adiah Munir

Environments 2026, 13(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020115 - 18 Feb 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3017

Abstract

One of the main takeaways of the recently concluded Conference of the Parties (COP) 30 is the need for all humanity to unite against climate change. Effective climate-related risk and carbon footprint disclosure could serve as a systematic approach to reduce the menace [...] Read more.

One of the main takeaways of the recently concluded Conference of the Parties (COP) 30 is the need for all humanity to unite against climate change. Effective climate-related risk and carbon footprint disclosure could serve as a systematic approach to reduce the menace of climate change. Several frameworks for carbon disclosure have been developed and implemented. Nevertheless, there is lack of consistency and clarity in the implementation of the frameworks and how they are integrated into climate reporting. This has created a gap in accountability, often resulting in the misalignment of climate goals, thereby necessitating the need to delve into strategic imperatives of carbon disclosure policies as a mechanism for carbon reduction. In view of this, the main objective of this study is to elucidate how carbon disclosure policies have been strategically positioned as a mechanism for climate-aligned decision making. The study explores and synthesizes existing literature and data on the strategic role of carbon disclosure policies in the carbon emission management of selected countries using the PRISMA framework and secondary data policy synthesis. The analysis reveals that there was a noticeable carbon emissions reduction in countries like Estonia, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. This indicates a strong correlation between carbon emissions reduction and high carbon tax implementation. However, there was a lack of perfectly linear correlation between disclosure scores and the carbon emission reduction in some countries, an indication that carbon disclosure is not the sole determinant of carbon emissions management, even though it plays an important role as a catalyst for transparency awareness. The robustness of carbon disclosure policies can be said to be linked to a broader national climate policy, stressing its importance as a climate action framework. Full article

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18 pages, 2520 KB

Open AccessArticle

TENORM Industries and Alpha Spectrometry: Spectra Deconvolution

by Concepción Olondo, Asier Gamarra, Raquel Idoeta and Margarita Herranz

Environments 2026, 13(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020114 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1180

Abstract

Alpha spectrometry is a useful method for measuring alpha emitters in all types of samples and for all types of radioisotopes, both artificial and natural. The high activity concentration of TENORM industries’ by-products and their management are of great concern; however, due to [...] Read more.

Alpha spectrometry is a useful method for measuring alpha emitters in all types of samples and for all types of radioisotopes, both artificial and natural. The high activity concentration of TENORM industries’ by-products and their management are of great concern; however, due to the high activity and the complex matrixes of these types of wastes, there are overlaps between peaks and an acute activity determination can require a high consumption of time and material. To diminish it and obtain a proper activity evaluation, spectra deconvolution has been carried out using a genetic algorithm to fit the selected function to experimental data. This algorithm uses the analyst’s visualization of the observed experimental spectrum as a reference and adapts the fitting parameters to the observed peak. This gives the algorithm great capacity to adapt to different spectra obtained experimentally. The results of its application to different TENORM samples have been very satisfactory, including complicated multi-energetic alpha emitters such as Th-229. Full article

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15 pages, 1675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pyrolysis of Cellulose with Gallium/HZSM-5 Catalysts via Py/GC-MS

by Hessam Jahangiri, Kamran Keynejad, Mukesh Goel, Khaled Alrashidi, Ali Mubarak Al-Qahtani and Omid Doustdar

Environments 2026, 13(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020113 - 17 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1963

Abstract

Cellulose has received significant attention, given its high demand for the transition to sustainable fuels and renewable energy, addressing the environmental challenges of fossil fuels. Fast pyrolysis is a process that can transform cellulose into bio-oil. Although the bio-oils produced contain considerable amounts [...] Read more.

Cellulose has received significant attention, given its high demand for the transition to sustainable fuels and renewable energy, addressing the environmental challenges of fossil fuels. Fast pyrolysis is a process that can transform cellulose into bio-oil. Although the bio-oils produced contain considerable amounts of oxygen and water, they are highly corrosive and highly viscous, which limits their utility as biofuels. Pyrolysis bio-oils require upgrading to remove oxygen and corrosive components, thereby enhancing their stability for use as biofuels and their environmental sustainability. This study investigates the catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose without a catalyst and with Ga/HZSM-5 catalysts with various gallium loadings (0.3, 3 and 9 wt%) and bulk Ga₂O₃ catalysts using pyrolysis/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py/GC-MS). The catalytic influence of different gallium loadings on HZSM-5 in cellulose pyrolysis reactions is discussed using a range of characterisation techniques, including ICP, XRD, N₂ porosimetry, DRIFTS, and TPRS. The main production of oxygenated compounds (furan, sugar, ketone and phenol) and hydrocarbon products, including total aromatic and monocyclic and polycyclic aromatics, as well as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and naphthalene compounds, using a family of Ga-doped HZSM-5 catalysts for cellulose pyrolysis is investigated for making sustainable cellulose-derived fuel. Ga(3)/HZSM-5 formed the highest amount of aromatics, displaying that aromatic yield depends on the Brønsted-to-Lewis acid balance (2.3 ratio) and total acidity (1.03 mmol·g⁻¹), rather than on gallium loading alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Energy and Environmental Sustainability: Innovations, Impacts, and Pathways)

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33 pages, 10757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sediment Transport and Silting Rate in a Microtidal Estuary: Case Study of Osellino Canal (Venice Lagoon, Italy)

by Roberto Zonta, Janusz Dominik, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Simone Leoni, Giorgia Manfè, Giuliano Lorenzetti, Gian Marco Scarpa, Daniele Cassin and Luca Zaggia

Environments 2026, 13(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020112 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

Riverbed siltation in estuaries affects ecosystem functioning, water quality, and navigation. This study investigates the flow-regulated Osellino Canal, a freshwater tributary of the Venice Lagoon that crosses a largely urbanized area and is undergoing progressive siltation. High-resolution measurements of discharge (Q) [...] Read more.

Riverbed siltation in estuaries affects ecosystem functioning, water quality, and navigation. This study investigates the flow-regulated Osellino Canal, a freshwater tributary of the Venice Lagoon that crosses a largely urbanized area and is undergoing progressive siltation. High-resolution measurements of discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were performed using hydroacoustic instrumentation from September 2019 to December 2021. The analysis examined discharge dynamics, sediment transport, and rainfall-runoff relationships. Results indicate a mean annual discharge of 2.1 m³ s⁻¹ and an average annual suspended sediment load of ~2900 ± 330 t. Discharge patterns were strongly influenced by water management, resulting in anomalous runoff coefficients (δ > 1) during dry periods. Sediment export proved to be strongly event-driven: episodic high-flow events accounted for about 23% of the total load despite representing only a small fraction of the study period. Furthermore, a strong linear relationship between runoff and sediment load (R² = 0.94) confirms an advection-dominated regime, where net export is regulated primarily by hydrodynamic volume rather than fluctuations in sediment supply. Bathymetric comparisons (2011–2019) reveal a mean annual sediment retention of 400 ± 100 t yr⁻¹, corresponding to a trapping efficiency of approximately 12 ± 3% relative to the gross sediment input. These findings, supported by SSL–runoff regression residuals, consistently indicate net sediment accumulation associated with the long-term malfunction of a miter-gate system that impedes efficient sediment export. This study provides a critical pre-rehabilitation baseline, establishing a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing restoration efforts initiated in March 2022 and the future hydromorphological recovery of the canal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 5th Edition)

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21 pages, 3969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling NO₂ Emissions at Eskom’s Coal-Fired Power Station: Application of Statistical Distributions at Arnot

by Mpendulo Wiseman Mamba and Delson Chikobvu

Environments 2026, 13(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020111 - 17 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1282

Abstract

The combustion of coal comes with a heavy price of pollutant emissions. To assist in the planning and management of these emissions and to protect human health, the current study uses the relatively heavy-tailed distributions, namely, the Weibull, Lognormal and Pareto distributions to [...] Read more.

The combustion of coal comes with a heavy price of pollutant emissions. To assist in the planning and management of these emissions and to protect human health, the current study uses the relatively heavy-tailed distributions, namely, the Weibull, Lognormal and Pareto distributions to analyse and characterise the distribution of NO₂ emission (in tons) from Arnot, a coal-fired power station of South Africa’s power utility, Eskom. Quantile–quantile (QQ) plots and their corresponding derivative plots for the three distributions are used to characterise the statistical distribution of NO₂ emissions. The strength and advantage of using derivative plots of the three distributions, in particular, for characterising NO₂ emissions from a coal-fuelled power station, is that they are able to better capture and explain the behaviour of the data across different components of this data. Although this method possesses flexible ways of characterisation of data, it is not commonly applied to emissions data, especially NO₂ emissions from a coal-fuelled power station belonging to Eskom, such as Arnot. The choice of the distributions of this study is motivated by their ability to cater to varied tails relative to the exponential distribution. Thus, the tail heaviness ranks of the distributions from lighter to heavier tail, that is, Weibull, Lognormal and Pareto, are taken into consideration in order to arrive at the best-fitting distribution(s). The Weibull distribution with a lighter tail than the Exponential distribution gave the best-fitting distribution over the Lognormal and Pareto distributions for the main body of the data. The Pareto distribution, however, captures the extreme emission tail behaviour much better than the other two distributions. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Vasicek–Song (VS) goodness of fit statistics were used to further assess the appropriateness of the fitted distributions. The selection of the Weibull distribution implies that milder high values and less frequent very high NO₂ emission data are expected, showing the weakness of such criteria when extremes are present. For authorities to plan and draw policies for the reduction and management of emissions, these findings may be of interest to them and can assist in better understanding their behaviour and the planning to reduce the impact on humans and the environment. This may also assist practitioners in air quality modelling before other, more sophisticated methods can be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas, 4th Edition)

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15 pages, 3694 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Application of Commercial Hydroxyapatite and a Straw-Derived Organic Fertilizer Immobilizes Cadmium in an Alkaline-Contaminated Soil

by Beibei Ren, Wei Wei, Mingli Wei and Guangsi Zhao

Environments 2026, 13(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020110 - 15 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1161

Abstract

A highly effective and economical method to immobilize cadmium in alkaline agricultural soil is urgently needed. Using adsorption kinetic and isotherm experiments, soil incubation tests, and cadmium leaching assays, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of hydroxyapatite–organic fertilizer composite amendment (HO), individual [...] Read more.

A highly effective and economical method to immobilize cadmium in alkaline agricultural soil is urgently needed. Using adsorption kinetic and isotherm experiments, soil incubation tests, and cadmium leaching assays, this study aimed to evaluate the applicability of hydroxyapatite–organic fertilizer composite amendment (HO), individual hydroxylapatite (HA), individual organic fertilizer (OF), sepiolite (SP), and diatomite (DE) to passivate soil cadmium and their passivating effect. In the aqueous phase, HO successfully adsorbed Cd²⁺ onto the surface and has superior potential Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity than OF, DE, and SP, with its adsorption capacity closely approaching that of HA, enabling its use as a passivator in field Cd-contaminated soils. In Cd-contaminated soil, HO effectively lowered the pH from 9.22 to 8.59 at a 5% application rate and changed the aggregate-size distribution of the soil. The increase in the amount of passivator also significantly increased the soil aggregate size. Moreover, the addition of HO significantly improved the extractable contents of Cd in the soil. Compared with the control, the combined amendment decreased TCLP (toxicity leaching procedure test)-extractable Cd by 30.95%, 42.86%, 59.52%, and 69.05% at application rates of 0.5%, 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w), respectively. These results demonstrate that HO is a highly efficient and low-cost organic–inorganic composite passivator for cadmium-contaminated soils. Full article

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37 pages, 15528 KB

Open AccessReview

Enantioselective Chromatographic Methods for Detection of Fungicides in Complex Environmental Matrices: Advances and Applications

by Beatriz Suordem, Ana M. Gorito, Marta O. Barbosa, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Cláudia Ribeiro and Ana Rita L. Ribeiro

Environments 2026, 13(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020109 - 15 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

Many organic fungicides are chiral and are used in diverse application areas, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, agrochemicals, and industry. Fungicides have valuable effects such as preventing fungal infestations and the treatment of diseases, but their generalized use resulted in their occurrence in [...] Read more.

Many organic fungicides are chiral and are used in diverse application areas, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, agrochemicals, and industry. Fungicides have valuable effects such as preventing fungal infestations and the treatment of diseases, but their generalized use resulted in their occurrence in diverse environmental compartments which is an increasing environmental concern with negative impact on non-target organisms and human health risks. Besides, enantiomers of chiral fungicides may exhibit distinct bioactivity including toxicity and degradation profiles. Therefore, monitoring their enantioselective occurrence in the environment is essential to accurately assess enantioselective (eco)toxicity and establish environmental quality standard levels. This review provides the first comprehensive and critically interpretative assessment of enantioselective chromatographic methods for the determination of fungicides, with a primary focus on azole compounds, in complex environmental matrices (e.g., soil, sediment, plants, earthworms, sewage sludge, water, wastewater) due to their regulatory relevance in the EU Watch Lists, frequent occurrence in environmental matrices, and specific analytical challenges associated with their chiral nature. Other fungicide classes are also included, since other fungicides (either chiral or achiral) reported in the articles retrieved by the literature search, were also evaluated, integrating methodological, analytical and regulatory dimensions. Liquid chromatography was identified as the predominant analytical technique, with polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases being the most frequently used, while sample preparation was mainly based on solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS-based approaches for complex environmental matrices. Analytical performance parameters were compared to highlight strengths and limitations of reported methods, while environmental monitoring data were reviewed, identifying soil and water as matrices with the highest reported chiral fungicide levels. The urgent need to develop robust enantioselective analytical methods to recognize the distinctive biological and toxicological properties of individual enantiomers are critically discussed. By revealing persistent gaps in enantioselective workflows and regulatory differentiation between enantiomers, it highlights the need for robust analytical approaches and reliable monitoring strategies to contribute for future enantiomer-specific environmental risk assessment frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Occurrence, Mobility, Transport, and Fate of Contaminants in Surface and Subsurface Environments)

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18 pages, 9356 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Water and Soil Quality Indices for Assessing and Mapping the Sustainability Status of Agricultural Lands

by Eleonora Grilli, Gianluigi Busico, Maria Pia De Cristofaro, Micòl Mastrocicco, Simona Castaldi and Antonio Panico

Environments 2026, 13(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020108 - 15 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

Soil quality assessment represents the essential step to achieve sustainable agriculture. This study introduces SUITED, a GIS-based approach that overcomes limitations of traditional soil quality indices by using open data, a remote sensing-derived salinity index, and a customized Water Quality Index (WQI) to [...] Read more.

Soil quality assessment represents the essential step to achieve sustainable agriculture. This study introduces SUITED, a GIS-based approach that overcomes limitations of traditional soil quality indices by using open data, a remote sensing-derived salinity index, and a customized Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate soil quality, irrigation water quality, and treated wastewater use. The index was constructed by combining the selected factors across different soil depths and subsequently merging them using a weighted linear combination to produce the result map. Each parameter has been classified using geometrical criteria allowing a site-specific assessment. SUITED was applied to small sub-watersheds of the Volturno and Po rivers plains (southern and northern Italy, respectively). The index maps (0–30 cm depth) show that over 90% of both areas fall into medium to very low sustainability classes. In the Volturno river plain, soil quality is primarily driven by soil type distribution and their inherent heterogeneity, while in the Po river plain, soil texture and shallow saline groundwater mainly control sustainability. Furthermore, the integration of WQI and SUITED maps provided a reliable evaluation of irrigation water impacts, supporting informed decision making for water use and drainage management. Full article

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20 pages, 3433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Trichoderma harzianum—Vicia faba Approach for Soil Bioremediation and Health Risk Assessment Under Wastewater Irrigation

by Safae El Aammouri, Monica Brienza, Ali Hammani, Ehssan Elmeknassi Youssoufi, Oussama Chauiyakh, Soufiane Oubdil, Essaïd Ait Barka, Vincenzo Trotta, Noura Benlemlih and Mohammed Ibriz

Environments 2026, 13(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020107 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

The increasing of treated wastewater for irrigation in water-scarce regions increases the risk of heavy metals soil contamination, threatening food safety and human health. This study investigated the synergistic potential of the fungi Trichoderma harzianum and three icia faba L. varieties (Agadulce, Hiba, [...] Read more.

The increasing of treated wastewater for irrigation in water-scarce regions increases the risk of heavy metals soil contamination, threatening food safety and human health. This study investigated the synergistic potential of the fungi Trichoderma harzianum and three icia faba L. varieties (Agadulce, Hiba, and Reina mora) for soil bioremediation under wastewater irrigation. A split-plot design under controlled greenhouse conditions assessed the impacts of irrigation type and Trichoderma harzianum inoculation on soil heavy metal content and plant uptake. Although metal concentrations remained within WHO permissible limits, T. harzianum significantly reduced soil metal loads. Specifically, the ‘Reina mora’ cultivar exhibited the superior performance in this dual myco-phytoremediation approach, achieving the highest reduction in soil metal concentrations. Conversely, the ‘Hiba’ variety demonstrated a distinct advantage for food safety by exhibiting the lowest heavy metal accumulation in plant tissues. Risk assessments based on deterministic models indicated negligible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for both adults and children. This study presents a dual myco-phytoremediation approach as a promising and practical strategy for mitigating heavy metal risks and supporting sustainable crop production in wastewater-irrigated regions. Full article

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19 pages, 1472 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Uptake of Toxic Elements by Brassica rapa and Associated Health Risks in Soils with Different Natural Background Levels

by Maurizio Ambrosino, Eleonora Di Salvo, Vincenzo Nava, Shashank Sagar Saini, Claudia Genovese, Nicola Cicero, Giuseppe Diego Puglia and Domenico Cicchella

Environments 2026, 13(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020106 - 13 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

This research investigates the uptake of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by Brassica rapa L. grown in volcanic and clay soils with high natural background levels of these elements, and assesses related human health risks. The study was conducted in two Italian regions that [...] Read more.

This research investigates the uptake of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by Brassica rapa L. grown in volcanic and clay soils with high natural background levels of these elements, and assesses related human health risks. The study was conducted in two Italian regions that produce B. rapa L. for food use (Campania and Sicily). The results of this exploratory research indicate that the naturally elevated concentrations of PTEs in soils lead to correspondingly high levels of these elements in B. rapa L. The investigated soils exhibited marked chemical differences. Volcanic soils had higher Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and PTEs concentrations alongside lower pH and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) than clayey soils. In the investigated plants, PTEs accumulated mainly in roots and stems, with notable Hg levels in leaves. While As exceeded safety limits in only one edible sample from volcanic soil, Cd, Hg, and Pb frequently surpassed them. Health risk assessments revealed significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from plants grown on volcanic soils, with levels that remain unacceptable even at low consumption rates. In contrast, lower risk levels are associated with the consumption of Brassica rapa grown in clay soils, with values that are generally considered tolerable at low consumption rates. The preliminary findings of this study highlight that natural soil enrichment can cause PTE levels in B. rapa L. that often exceed safe consumption thresholds. These results provide a foundation for future research aimed at more thoroughly investigating the mechanisms of metal uptake by edible plants in areas naturally enriched with PTEs in order to enhance the safety and sustainability of our food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Occurrence, Mobility, Transport, and Fate of Contaminants in Surface and Subsurface Environments)

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31 pages, 2687 KB

Open AccessArticle

Water Resource Allocation: A Learning-Based Optimization Framework for Sustainable Decision-Making Under Uncertainty

by Marwa Mallek, Boukthir Haddar, Mohamed Ali Elleuch, Francisco Silva Pinto and Tiago Cetrulo

Environments 2026, 13(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020105 - 13 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1623

Abstract

Water allocation remains a critical global challenge due to increasing scarcity, competing sectoral demands, and environmental pressures, requiring approaches that balance efficiency, equity, and ecosystem sustainability while facing the inherent contextual uncertainty. Recent developments in operations research and statistical learning have paved the [...] Read more.

Water allocation remains a critical global challenge due to increasing scarcity, competing sectoral demands, and environmental pressures, requiring approaches that balance efficiency, equity, and ecosystem sustainability while facing the inherent contextual uncertainty. Recent developments in operations research and statistical learning have paved the way for a new paradigm in nonlinear modeling under uncertainty, i.e., contextual optimization. This emerging framework seamlessly combines predictive analytics with robust optimization techniques to address sustainable decision-making problems in dynamic environments. In this study, we introduce a novel learning-enabled optimization method that extends the current domain of contextual stochastic optimization. Leveraging regression-based statistical learning techniques, our approach enhances predictive accuracy and reinforces decision robustness. Unlike traditional methods, which often struggle with parameter variability and unbounded solution spaces, our model establishes clear predictive bounds that reduce the uncertainty region, thereby minimizing deviations from optimality. We apply our methodology to water allocation in Tunisia’s coastal tourism sector (2010–2022), where resource availability is constrained and highly variable. While developed for this specific context, the framework is transferable to similar Mediterranean arid/semi-arid tourism regions subject to certain data and governance conditions. The proposed approach accurately predicts water demand and optimizes the allocation of diverse water sources, contributing to sustainable water resource management. This paper presents both theoretical foundations and practical applications of our method in complex, data-driven decision environments, demonstrating its relevance for achieving sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative and Critical Issues in Natural Resource Management and Exploitation)

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24 pages, 5058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Rainfall on Urban Non-Point Source Pollution in Rivers from an Event-Based Perspective in Taihu Basin

by Ye Pan, Qiqi Yuan, Jiaxun Guo, Haigang Jia and Lachun Wang

Environments 2026, 13(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020104 - 13 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1007

Abstract

Urban point source pollution has been effectively controlled in recent years; however, rainfall-driven non-point source (NPS) pollution has become a major contributor to the deterioration of urban water environments. This study focuses on the plain river network region of Wuxi City in the [...] Read more.

Urban point source pollution has been effectively controlled in recent years; however, rainfall-driven non-point source (NPS) pollution has become a major contributor to the deterioration of urban water environments. This study focuses on the plain river network region of Wuxi City in the Taihu Basin, China. By integrating field monitoring with coupled model simulations, this study upscaled results from the experimental plot to the urban-scale river network, enabling analysis of the full processes of pollutant inflow and transport and evaluation of the role of rainfall in regulating these dynamics. Field monitoring in the experimental plot demonstrated a strong correlation between the temporal dynamics of NPS pollutant inflows and rainfall characteristics. Further analysis using model simulations in the river network area revealed that rainfall, maximum 1 h rainfall, and rainfall duration were identified as the primary drivers of pollutant inflows, while early drought duration, rainfall intensity, and variance between rainfall per unit time exerted non-linear effects. Specifically, when early drought duration was approximately 6–7 days or when rainfall intensity ranged from 2.1 to 2.6 mm/h, riverine nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and pollutant loadings reached their peaks. In addition, when the deviation of unit-time rainfall from the event mean was between 1.8 and 2 mm, the duration of increase in pollutants entering the river was the longest. This study provides quantitative evidence highlighting the influence of rainfall characteristics on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in plain river network urban rivers. The findings offer valuable insights into the remediation of urban black-odor water bodies. Full article

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16 pages, 719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variability of Indoor CO₂ and PM_2.5 in a Multifunctional, University-Affiliated Healthcare Facility

by Özay Özgür İlgördü and Serden Basak

Environments 2026, 13(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020099 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 867

Abstract

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in healthcare facilities is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of occupant health, comfort, and operational performance. Owing to heterogeneous space functions, varying occupancy patterns, and dynamic operational conditions, IAQ parameters may exhibit marked spatial and temporal variability within [...] Read more.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in healthcare facilities is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of occupant health, comfort, and operational performance. Owing to heterogeneous space functions, varying occupancy patterns, and dynamic operational conditions, IAQ parameters may exhibit marked spatial and temporal variability within the same facility. University-affiliated healthcare buildings, where clinical services coexist with academic and administrative activities, represent particularly complex indoor environments that remain relatively underexplored in the current IAQ literature. This study examines the spatiotemporal variability of indoor carbon dioxide (CO₂) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations across four representative functional zones within a university-affiliated healthcare facility, including a patient waiting room, an academic office, an administrative office, and a restorative dental clinic. Continuous, long-term monitoring was conducted over a multi-month period to capture both spatial differences and diurnal dynamics under real operational conditions. Daily mean CO₂ concentrations varied across functional zones, ranging from approximately 540 to 620 ppm, with higher levels generally observed in spaces with sustained occupancy and limited ventilation. Daily mean PM_2.5 concentrations ranged from approximately 13 to 18 µg/m³, with greater variability detected in zones associated with intermittent activities and procedural sources. Unlike many IAQ studies focusing on single departments or short-term campaigns, this multi-zone, long-term assessment within a shared building infrastructure enables direct comparison of functional spaces and identification of time-specific exposure patterns. Overall, the findings highlight that IAQ conditions within healthcare facilities are shaped by both space function and temporal factors, even under shared ventilation infrastructure. The results emphasize the value of zone-specific and time-resolved IAQ assessment approaches and provide evidence-based insights to support targeted ventilation strategies, activity-aware operational controls, and improved indoor environmental management in healthcare settings. Full article

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44 pages, 3678 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water Treatment: Mapping 15 Years of Scientific Progress and Collaboration

by Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, Tharaa M. Alzghoul, Obie Farobie, Al-Anoud Al-Yazeedi, Salem S. Abu Amr and Mohammed J. K. Bashir

Environments 2026, 13(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020103 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4449

Abstract

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are pivotal technologies for the effective degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. This bibliometric analysis evaluates 481 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to November 2025, [...] Read more.

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are pivotal technologies for the effective degradation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants in water and wastewater treatment. This bibliometric analysis evaluates 481 publications from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to November 2025, to explore research trends and developments in the field. The findings reveal a substantial increase in research output, with an average annual growth rate of 22.7%. China leads in publication count with 192 documents, followed closely by the United States with 64 publications, demonstrating their substantial contributions to AOP research. Prominent institutions include Tongji University and Università Degli Studi Di Salerno, emphasizing the global collaboration among 2335 authors from 158 institutions across 74 countries. Key themes emerging from the analysis include high oxidative efficiency of AOPs, their hybrid applications with biological and adsorption methods, and their adaptability in treating persistent pollutants and emerging contaminants. However, challenges such as high operational costs, hazardous byproduct formation, and reliance on specific water matrix conditions remain significant obstacles. Funding sources, notably the National Natural Science Foundation of China, play a crucial role, supporting numerous studies, while journals like “Water Research,” “Chemical Engineering Journal,” and “Science of the Total Environment” are identified as primary venues for disseminating impactful research. Overall, this study underscores the need for innovative strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the efficacy and application of AOP technologies in addressing the growing challenges in water treatment and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Removal of Emerging Pollutants)

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35 pages, 14359 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fishbone-Derived Hydroxyapatite from Distinct Species: Effect of Calcination and pH on Heavy Metal Adsorption from Water

by María Moreno Carpinteyro, Francisco J. Peñas Esteban and Adrián Durán Benito

Environments 2026, 13(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020102 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2150

Abstract

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was obtained from fishbones of four species: gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata), salmon (Salmo salar), hake (Merluccius merluccius), and megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii). Batch adsorption experiments were performed with Cr³⁺, [...] Read more.

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) was obtained from fishbones of four species: gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata), salmon (Salmo salar), hake (Merluccius merluccius), and megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii). Batch adsorption experiments were performed with Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions under different pH conditions (natural, 3, and 11) and contact times (6 and 72 h), which is innovative in this study and allows a unified comparison across species and thermal treatment (non-calcined vs. calcined). Results indicated that non-calcinated materials were particularly effective for Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ removal at natural and acidic pH, whereas calcinated samples were more suitable for Cr³⁺ adsorption under alkaline conditions. Given the precipitation of its insoluble hydroxide under alkaline conditions, zinc removal was limited to natural and acidic pH. Among the tested precursors, megrim and hake-derived (non-calcined) HAp exhibited the highest performance, achieving up to 99.99% removal efficiency at 6 h of contact time and 20 °C. The analysis of the used adsorbents confirmed metal incorporation into the HAp lattice with minimal crystallographic disruption. These findings demonstrate the potential of fishbone-derived HAp as an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous systems, while simultaneously contributing to the valorization of fishery waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Waste Treatment, Pollution Control and Resource Recovery)

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31 pages, 11701 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Fucalean Forests in the Ustica Island Marine Protected Area (Western Mediterranean, Italy): Historical Records and Current Status

by Anna Maria Mannino, Giulia Aversa, Davide Bruno, Giuliana Marletta, Andrea Lombardo, Marco Toccaceli, Maria Concetta Alessi, Antonino Bono, Annalisa Falace and Donatella Serio

Environments 2026, 13(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020101 - 12 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1528

Abstract

This study investigates the diversity and spatial distribution of Fucalean stands within the Ustica Island Marine Protected Area (MPA). Field surveys were carried out in autumn 2024 and summer 2025 using scuba diving and snorkeling across the three protection zones (A, B, and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the diversity and spatial distribution of Fucalean stands within the Ustica Island Marine Protected Area (MPA). Field surveys were carried out in autumn 2024 and summer 2025 using scuba diving and snorkeling across the three protection zones (A, B, and C). Overall, 20 fucoid taxa at the specific and infraspecific level were recorded: 11 in zone A, 19 in zone B, and 16 in zone C. Comparison with historical data confirmed the persistence of 18 taxa previously recorded for Ustica Island. Notably, two species are reported here for the first time: the expanding non-indigenous Sargassum furcatum and the rare Mediterranean endemic S. trichocarpum. Additionally, the rediscovery of Sargassum cf. hornschuchii after approximately 40 years suggests that the Ustica Island MPA may provide suitable environmental conditions for the persistence of rare and conservation-relevant Fucalean species. Overall, the results indicate a high and comparatively stable Fucalean diversity within the MPA, particularly in zones subject to regulated human activities. These findings highlight the importance of continuing the actions for protection and regular monitoring of Fucalean forests, which represent key ecosystem-engineering habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomonitoring and Risk Assessment of Marine Ecosystems)

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14 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Single Eutrophication Assessment: Identifying Drivers for an Integrated WFD-MSFD Eutrophication Framework in Portuguese Coastal Waters

by Marta Nogueira, Maria Santos and Alexandra D. Silva

Environments 2026, 13(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020100 - 12 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) are the two main European policy instruments for assessing eutrophication in coastal waters, yet their differing assessment architectures often lead to inconsistent classification outcomes. This study provides a scientific comparison of [...] Read more.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) are the two main European policy instruments for assessing eutrophication in coastal waters, yet their differing assessment architectures often lead to inconsistent classification outcomes. This study provides a scientific comparison of WFD Ecological Status and MSFD Good Environmental Status (GES) classifications for Portuguese coastal waters across three assessment cycles. This is achieved by quantifying the coherence between Eutrophication assessments, by identifying the main drivers of divergence beyond chance, and evaluating where harmonization improved agreement, providing an evidence-based guidance to decision-making and policy regulation. Using officially validated national classifications, we analyzed the methodological drivers of divergence (without reprocessing raw monitoring data) and harmonized both outcomes into a common three-class scheme. Coherence was evaluated using a Discordance Index and Cohen’s kappa coefficient. Results showed that divergence was systematic rather than random, primarily driven by structural (spatial and temporal) misalignment, methodological differences in indicator integration, and contrasting statistical metrics. Both Directives consistently identify eutrophication hotspots associated with major river plumes but differ in how these signals are aggregated and translated into status classes. The study demonstrated that WFD and MSFD provide complementary but only partially aligned assessments, and that coherence improved with methodological harmonization. Full article

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20 pages, 2960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Baseline Estimation in Campania, Southern Italy: Incorporating Spatial Autocorrelation via Hotspot Analysis

by Antonio Iannone, Salvatore Dominech, Chaosheng Zhang and Stefano Albanese

Environments 2026, 13(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020098 - 11 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1699

Abstract

This study applies a hotspot-based spatial statistical approach to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical elements and to improve regional geochemical baseline estimation in topsoils affected by widespread anthropogenic influence. Specifically, this study applied the Getis–Ord Gi* Hotspot analysis on over 7000 topsoil [...] Read more.

This study applies a hotspot-based spatial statistical approach to investigate the spatial distribution of chemical elements and to improve regional geochemical baseline estimation in topsoils affected by widespread anthropogenic influence. Specifically, this study applied the Getis–Ord Gi* Hotspot analysis on over 7000 topsoil samples from the Campania region (southern Italy), focusing on 21 variables. The analysis revealed statistically significant clusters of high and low concentrations, closely aligned with regional geological features. Elevated levels of As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cu, Sr, Th, Tl, U, and V were mainly observed in soils developed on volcanoclastic deposits, whereas Co, Cr, Ni, and Mn were more common in soils on siliciclastic units. Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn exhibited clustered anomalies in major urban and industrial areas, indicating anthropogenic sources. For these elements, baseline values were estimated. Traditional statistical methods, which primarily rely on data distribution, often overlook spatial autocorrelation, leading to biased thresholds, particularly in areas with widespread contamination. The hotspot-based approach addresses this limitation by excluding hotspot clusters from the calculation of the 95% Upper Tolerance Limit (UTL95-95), thereby providing baseline thresholds uninfluenced by human activity. Comparison with other data-driven methods showed consistent trends across lithologies, although the hotspot-based approach tended to yield slightly lower thresholds, reflecting its responsiveness to spatial patterns. Full article

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12 pages, 1587 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Urban Air Pollution Mitigation by Tree Canopies Using Low-Cost Sensors

by Jacopo Manzini, Yasutomo Hoshika, Barbara Baesso Moura, Pierre Sicard, Alessandra De Marco, Alessandro Zaldei, Tommaso Giordano, Bernardo Cicchi and Elena Paoletti

Environments 2026, 13(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020097 - 11 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Urban environments are contaminated by a multitude of air pollutants. Tropospheric ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as well as coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are the most dangerous for human health. [...] Read more.

Urban environments are contaminated by a multitude of air pollutants. Tropospheric ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as well as coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are the most dangerous for human health. However, urban greenery, in particular trees, offer a variety of ecosystem services, including the ability to improve air quality. We planted 170 young trees in the city of Florence using five species with proven capabilities to remove air pollutants, and open-field research was conducted to assess their pollution removal potential. Multi-sensor monitoring devices were used to monitor air pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters from the first three years after planting. The devices were installed inside/outside the plantation and above/below the canopies. The experiment showed that the selection of suitable species effectively led to an improvement in air quality, with a reduction in monitored air pollutants below the canopy. In detail, a reduction in O₃ and NO₂ was detected for the second (2023) and third (2024) growing seasons, while a reduction in PM₁₀ was only observed in 2024. The highest average reduction percentage was found for O₃ (−9.1%) and PM₁₀ (−24.5%) during 2023 and 2024, respectively. These findings highlight that nature-based solutions are really effective in air pollution mitigation, suggesting their implementation to further expand urban reforestation programmes and preserve human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas, 4th Edition)

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4 pages, 160 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments: From Emerging Contaminants to Ecosystem Management

by Chien-Sen Liao

Environments 2026, 13(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020096 - 11 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

Aquatic ecosystems, including freshwater lakes, rivers, estuaries, and coastal marine environments, are fundamental to ecological stability, food security, and human well-being [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

28 pages, 2155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ground Vegetation Composition Responses to Forest Fertilization in Hemiboreal Forests of Latvia: A Multivariate Analysis

by Guna Petaja, Didzis Elferts, Zaiga Zvaigzne, Dana Purviņa, Ilona Skranda and Andis Lazdiņš

Environments 2026, 13(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13020095 - 10 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1305

Abstract

Forest fertilization is commonly used to enhance tree growth and carbon (C) sequestration, especially in nutrient-poor boreal forests. However, it also poses several environmental risks, including shifting ground vegetation community composition and a reduction in species diversity. This study evaluated how ground vegetation [...] Read more.

Forest fertilization is commonly used to enhance tree growth and carbon (C) sequestration, especially in nutrient-poor boreal forests. However, it also poses several environmental risks, including shifting ground vegetation community composition and a reduction in species diversity. This study evaluated how ground vegetation species composition responded to forest fertilization with ammonium nitrate and wood ash across forest stands with varying dominant tree species, age groups, and site types. Ground vegetation assessment was performed during the one to three years following fertilizer application. We conducted detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) to examine compositional differences in ground vegetation between control and fertilized plots and to identify ecological factors underlying dataset variation. Ordination was based on species percentage cover data, with soil chemical parameters and stand inventory metrics providing environmental context for interpreting the results. Additionally, permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was conducted to evaluate whether vegetation composition differed across the experimental design factors. Forest site type and stand developmental stage were the primary drivers of understory composition, with fertilization effects being statistically significant but ecologically modest (0.9–14.2% of variation explained by fertilization in PERMANOVAs). Wood ash treatments showed greater compositional divergence from controls than ammonium nitrate alone. Fertilization effects varied with stand age, with significant responses in middle-aged and pre-mature Norway spruce stands but not in young stands. Despite modest compositional changes, fertilization achieved substantial productivity gains (volume increment increases of 20–60% compared to controls depending on species and site conditions), suggesting that moderate fertilization for timber production can be implemented without dramatic changes to ground vegetation. These results reflect short-term responses (1–3 years after fertilization) and should therefore be interpreted as early ecological effects rather than long-term ecosystem changes. Full article

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