Objective: To characterize age- and sex-related differences in maxillary strut (MS) morphometry, shape, and pneumatization in children using computed tomography (CT). Methods: Cranial CT examinations from 180 children aged 1–18 years were retro...
Balloon enteroscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (BEA-ERC) is useful and feasible in adults with pancreatobiliary diseases, but its efficacy and safety have not been established in pediatric patients. We compared the success rate an...
Background: Training is required to achieve proficiency in airway management. Simulators are of utmost importance not only for the purpose of training novices, but also for evaluating newer airway devices and techniques. Growing evidence supports ina...
Dorsal penile nerve block stands out as one of the commonly employed regional anesthetic techniques in children. Despite the large body of experience, failure rates are still significant. We included 20 children (median (SD) age of 73 (31) months) sc...
Background/Objectives: This study investigated age-related morphometric and angular changes in the dorsum sellae and clivus, and evaluated dorsum sellae pneumatization patterns in a pediatric population using computed tomography (CT). Methods: This r...
Background: The anatomic pathways of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) have primarily been reported in adult in vitro populations with limited branching patterns. Children with hip disorders may require surgical treatment with an anterior ap...
Non-unions are quite rare in closed fractures in children. Most distal radius fractures require orthopedic reduction and conservative treatment with very good radiological and clinical/functional results. In case of unsatisfactory reduction, surgical...
20 November 2014
Large-sized calvarial defects in pediatric patients pose a reconstructive challenge because of children's unique physiology, developing anatomy, and dynamic growth. We review the current literature and outcomes with autologous and alloplastic craniop...
The field of pediatric bronchoscopy is rapidly expanding and enables diagnostic tests and therapeutic maneuvers, benefiting many children suffering from respiratory disease. However, due to a paucity of pediatric providers trained in bronchoscopy, ma...
Background/Objectives: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of pediatric intestinal failure. Plasma citrulline is considered a marker indicating an enterocyte volume and may help evaluate the response to teduglutide; however, this interpre...
Pediatric elbow fractures and dislocations have always been a challenge from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view, primarily due to the complex nature of the pediatric elbow, especially its developmental anatomy. They must be diagnosed and trea...
16 January 2013
It is wise to recall the dictum “children are not small adults” when managing pediatric orbital fractures. In a child, the craniofacial skeleton undergoes significant changes in size, shape, and proportion as it grows into maturity. Accordingly, the...
The intricate airway anatomy and poorly understood etiology of pediatric conditions render the diagnosis of mediastinal disorders particularly challenging. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy, carry high risks and...
6 September 2022
Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, and other innovative devices are rapidly revolutionizing the field of urology, providing surgeons with powerful tools for a more complete understanding of patient-specifi...
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk fa...
Background/Objectives: Evidence on infected and delayed pediatric facial wounds outside the setting of animal bites is limited. This study characterized the anatomy, wound characteristics, management, and documented outcomes of pediatric facial wound...
Background/Objectives: Performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy remains challenging, frequently necessitating the use of forward-viewing endoscopes. Given the challenge in endosco...
We report a pediatric patient with persistent left superior vena cava and a D-transposition of great arteries, which is an uncommon relation. It is crucial to know the anatomy of the persistent left superior vena cava and the dilated coronary sinus t...
Pediatric neck infections and their complications, such as abscesses extending to deep neck compartments, are potentially life-threatening acute conditions. Medical imaging aims to verify abscesses and their extensions and exclude other complications...
Background: The impact of overweight and obesity on blood pressure and cardiac remodelling in pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) remains incompletely defined, particularly across different ventricular physiologies and cardiac anatomies. Aim: To...
The International Cardiovascular Anatomy, Development, and Regeneration meeting was held from 18–20 September 2024, in Prague, Czech Republic, supported by the European Society of Cardiology’s Working Group on Development, Anatomy, and Pa...
Background/Objectives: Nutritional management is fundamental to intestinal rehabilitation in children with short bowel syndrome (SBS), yet clinical practice remains heterogeneous and largely guided by expert opinion. Enteral nutrition (EN) is the mai...
Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been adopted in pediatric age for the treatment of congenital lung malformations (CLM). The success of VATS in pediatrics largely depends on the surgeon’s skill ability to understand the airways,...
Mixed reality (MR) platforms for neurosurgical education, training, and clinical use have gained popularity in recent years. However, their use in pediatric neurosurgery is comparatively unexplored. We designed a study to explore the use of an MR-bas...
Background: Pediatric craniopharyngiomas are rare, histologically differentiated epithelial tumors arising in the sellar–suprasellar region. Despite their low-grade classification, these tumors are associated with significant long-term morbidit...
As early survival outcomes have improved, heart failure in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has become a growing problem. Primary care providers and pediatricians are thus encountering increasing numbers of children with or at-risk for he...
In the last decades, a digital revolution has transformed several aspects of people’s lives worldwide. Consequently, many substantial changes have concerned numerous professional environments, including medical ones. Among all the different new...
Pediatric-adolescent or developmental gynecology has been separated from general gynecology because of the unique issues that affect the development and anatomy of growing girls and young women. It deals with patients from the neonatal period until m...
Background: Three-dimensional (3-D) models are gaining interest for surgical planning in the field of pediatric surgical oncology. The diverse tumor types in pediatric patients and the non-uniform presentation and anatomy make 3D modeling in pediatri...
Originally pioneered in adults, endoscopic endonasal approaches for skull base pathology are being increasingly applied as a minimally invasive alternative for young children. Intrinsic anatomic differences between these patient populations have spar...
10 May 2012
Although less common than adult fractures, fractures of the pediatric maxillofacial skeleton present unique challenges. Different considerations including variations of anatomy including tooth buds, dental variations, as well as considerations for fu...
Background: In pediatric surgery, a comprehensive knowledge of the child’s anatomy is crucial to optimize surgical outcomes and minimize complications. Recent advancements in medical imaging and technology have introduced innovative tools that...
Pediatric facial fractures have different clinical patterns and require different therapeutic approaches in comparison with those of facial fractures that occur among adults. The aim of this study was to describe the main clinical characteristics of...
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionarily shaping the entire landscape of medicine and particularly the privileged field of radiology, since it produces a significant amount of data, namely, images. Currently, AI implementation in radiology is...
The pulmonary administration of pharmaceutical aerosols to patients is affected by age-dependent variations in the anatomy of the upper airways and the inhalation pattern. Considering this aspect, different upper airway models, representing the geome...
Although pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) shares features and mechanisms with adult PH, there are also some significant differences between the two conditions. Segmental PH is a unique pediatric subtype of PH with unclear and/or multifactorial p...
The potential role of ultrasound for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases is a recent field of research, because, traditionally, lungs have been considered unsuitable for ultrasonography for the high presence of air and thoracic cage that prevent a cl...
The knowledge on the anatomy, function and biomechanics and the role of surgical procedures on the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee is still controversial. Only a few papers have examined the ALL in children. The aim of this review is to anal...
Introduction: The rates of pediatric ischemic stroke incidence have more than doubled over the past 3–4 decades; however, pediatric posterior circulation strokes are even more uncommon. These rising incidence rates have led to increasing awaren...
Background: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is increasingly adopted in pediatric surgical practice, yet it demands specific technical skills that require structured training. Simulation-based education offers a safe and effective environment for ski...
Deep learning systems for radiographic fracture detection routinely achieve high internal accuracy, yet they rarely undergo external validation across demographically distinct populations, leaving critical generalization gaps unexamined. Pediatric an...
Accurate brain tumor segmentation in both adult and pediatric populations remains a challenge due to substantial differences in brain anatomy, tumor distribution, and subregion size. This study proposes a unified segmentation framework based on nnU-N...
Patellar instability is a common pathology of the knee in pediatric patients. The management of this condition can be a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon, and a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the structures around t...
Background and Objectives: Pulmonary sequestration (PS) is a rare congenital lung anomaly with anomalous systemic arterial supply. Surgical resection is the standard treatment, but some children have contraindications. Endovascular embolization (EE)...
Introduction: Transimpedance matrix measurement (TIM) is an electrophysiological measurement protocol of the impedance patterns of electrode contacts within the cochlea. Several studies have reported that TIM is an effective tool for the identificati...
21 June 2021
Study Design: Pediatric mandible fractures mandate special consideration because of unerupted teeth, mixed dentition, facial growth and the inability to tolerate maxillomandibular fixation. No consensus exists as to whether resorbable or titanium pla...
The higher skin surface area to body weight ratio in children and the prematurity of skin in neonates may lead to higher chemical exposure as compared to adults. The objectives of this study were: (i) to provide a comprehensive review of the age-depe...
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), or as it is newly redefined, diffuse midline glioma (DMG), remains one of the most horrific diagnoses in pediatric oncology. Aggressive and inaccessible to standard treatments, it is generally considered incur...
Background/Objectives: Achieving complete, yet safe tumor resections are particularly challenging in pediatric oncology due to infiltrative tumor growth patterns, small patient size, and the close proximity to critical structures. Fluorescence-guided...
It has been shown that ultra-high frequency (UHF) ultrasound applied to the external bowel wall can delineate the histo-anatomic layers in detail and distinguish normal bowel from aganglionosis. This would potentially reduce or lessen the need for bi...
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