19 January 2023
During the period of school–work transition, caregivers of young adults with disorders of intellectual development (ID) often play an extended and leading role in supporting their children. This article explores caregivers’ overall experi...
Many learners with mild intellectual developmental disorders (IDD) in mainstream primary schools in the Free State Province of South Africa require support to maximise their learning potential and prepare them for work post-school. In this study, a q...
Students with disorders of intellectual development (ID) experience challenges in reading and writing, indicating the need for research-based interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of reading and writing inte...
Intellectual disability (ID)—termed intellectual developmental disorder in DSM-5-TR and disorders of intellectual development in ICD-11—is a heterogeneous spectrum of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in general i...
Students with disorders of intellectual development (ID) often experience writing difficulties, and effective interventions are highly needed. This systematic review and meta-analysis of single-case experimental design (SCED) studies summarize the ef...
This study developed and refined the Judo Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Including Participants with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (J-TAID) survey, addressing the need to assess attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and...
(1) Background: The experience of sexuality by individuals with Intellectual Development Disorder represents a significant challenge for themselves, as well as for parents, educators, and researchers. (2) Methods: Eighteen studies exploring sexual ed...
14 January 2026
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) frequently coexist and share heterogeneous cognitive manifestations, yet their specific performance patterns on Wechsler scales remain poorly systematized. This meta-analysis synthesized...
The Quality of Life Supports Model (QOLSM) is emerging as a new framework that is applicable to people with disabilities in general, but specially to people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The aim of this conceptual paper is t...
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multi-system genetic disorder characterized by a high incidence of epilepsy and neuropsychiatric manifestations known as tuberous-sclerosis-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (TANDs), including autism spe...
This retrospective chart review study sought to explore neuropsychological profiles, neuropsychiatric and psychiatric comorbidity, changes in diagnoses, support at daycare and school, medication use, psychiatric referrals, and progression into furthe...
Individuals with mild nonspecific intellectual disability (NSID) often exhibit delayed literacy development. Unfortunately, how cognitive–linguistic processing profiles influence literacy in this population lacks clarity. This study investigate...
Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or Intellectual/Developmental Disability (IDD) are at greater risk of developing comorbid medical conditions, mental health diagnoses, behavioral challenges, and having overall poorer p...
1 January 2009
Background: Despite the difficulties associated with establishing a diagnosis of a mental illness in persons with intellectual disability, most authors agree to say that those persons are at high risk of developing comorbid serious mental illness but...
Impaired intellectual functioning is an important risk factor for the emergence of severe mental illness. Unlike many other forms of mental disorder however, the association between bipolar disorder and intellectual deficits is unclear. In this narra...
19 December 2022
With the introduction of the ICD-11 and DSM-5, indicators of adaptive behavior, including social–emotional skills, are in focus for a more comprehensive understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders. Emotional skills can be assessed with the Sc...
Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell surface glycoproteins that play critical roles during multiple stages of synapse formation, including axon and dendrite growth and guidance, target recognition, axo-dendritic c...
SETD2 belongs to the family of histone methyltransferase proteins and has been associated with three nosologically distinct entities with different clinical and molecular features: Luscan–Lumish syndrome (LLS), intellectual developmental disord...
Non-syndromic intellectual disability (NS-ID or idiopathic) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that represents a global health issue. Although many efforts have been made to characterize it and distinguish it from syndromic intellectual disabil...
Background: The use of NGS technology has rapidly increased during the last decade, and many new monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders have emerged. Pathogenic variants in the neuronal CAMK2A gene have been recently associated with “intellectu...
Rafiq syndrome (RAFQS) is a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) that is caused by mutations in the MAN1B1 gene and characterized by impaired protein and lipid glycosylation. RAFQS is characterized by a delay in intellectual and motor developme...
Intellectual disability (ID) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neurodevelopmental defects such as the congenital impairment of intellectual function and restricted adaptive behavior. However, genetic studies have been signif...
Two causes of intellectual disability are 15q13.3 deletion syndrome and BRWD3 X-linked intellectual disability. 15q13.3 deletion syndrome causes a heterogenous phenotype including intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), autism spectru...
CSMD1 is a gene involved in various biological processes and is highly expressed in the central nervous system, where it plays a key role in complement activity, brain circuit development, and cognitive function. It has been implicated as a susceptib...
Adolescents with intellectual disabilities display maladaptive behaviors in activities of daily living because of physical abnormalities or neurological disorders. These adolescents typically exhibit poor locomotor performance and low cognitive abili...
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is the most common recurrent microdeletion in humans and a prototypical high-risk neurogenetic copy number variant (CNV) associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including...
Bi-allelic disruptive variants (nonsense, frameshift, and splicing variants) in KDM5B have been identified as causative for autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder type 65. In contrast, dominant variants, usually disruptive as well, h...
Chromosomal abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 2 in the region p11.2 have been associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, facial anomalies, abnormal ears, skeletal and genital malformations. Here we describe a patient wit...
Background: Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by NSD1 gene (nuclear receptor binding SET domain containing protein 1) variants and characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, learning disabilities, and co-occurring neuropsychiatric symptoms....
1 December 2023
This case report was conducted by searching for the following keywords on PubMed: High Functioning Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder, cariprazine, aripiprazole, partial agonist antipsychotic, DRD2/DRD3. High Functioning Autism (HFA) is a neurodevelopm...
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of neuropediatric diseases associated with epileptic seizures, severe delay or regression of psychomotor development, and cognitive and behavioral deficits. What sets DEEs apart is their...
18 February 2021
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in children with intellectual disabilities (ID). However, the high variability of results in prevalence studies suggests problems that should be investigated furthe...
Background: Autosomal dominant intellectual developmental disorder 51 (MIM #617788) is caused by pathogenic variants in KMT5B, a histone methyltransferase essential for transcriptional repression and central nervous system development. The disorder m...
13 June 2022
Mild Intellectual Disability (MID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood and is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ = 55–69) and adaptive behavior that manifests in everyday living. In addition to th...
This paper argues that the repetitive behaviour and restrictive interests (RBRI) displayed by individuals with Down syndrome have mostly positive functions. However, as research has developed from interests in Obsessional Compulsive Disorder or Autis...
Pathogenic variants in the PAK1 gene are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders by disrupting neuronal signaling and function. Despite increasing recognition, the mechanisms underlying these conditions remain incompletely unders...
Background: The study of the biological basis of anxiety, depression, and intellectual disabilities in humans is one of the most actual problems of modern neurophysiology. Of particular interest is the study of complex interactions between molecular...
12 October 2022
Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a related co-occurrence of mental health issues and challenging behaviors. In addition to purely cognitive functions, socio-emotional competencies may also be affected. In this paper, the...
Background: Pathogenic variants in KDM3B have been implicated as the cause of Diets-Jongmans syndrome (DIJOS), an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by growth retardation, intellectual disability, facial dysmorphism and autism-spectrum disorde...
Roughly 20% of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are syndromic with a well-established genetic cause. Studying the genes involved can provide insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ASD. 2q23.1 deletion syndrome (causative gene, MBD5) is...
Approximately half of all autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals suffer from comorbid intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, the prevalence of epilepsy has been estimated to be 46% of patients with low intelligence quotient. It is important to i...
Adolescents with intellectual disability have substantial health needs. This retrospective analysis of data from the Ask Study describes reasons for primary care encounters and the prevalence and incidence of chronic physical and mental conditions am...
(1) Background: Atypical auditory perception has been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Altered auditory evoked brain responses are also associated with childhood ASD. They are likely to be associated with atypical brain ma...
20 March 2019
This study examined the health profile of children with different types of disabilities and explored the disability-specific associations with various types of health and functioning using a large nonclinical sample of children. A cross-sectional sch...
1 January 2008
A constant number of female students consult the Psychological Counselling Centre for Students in Zurich regularly because of learning disorders and work inhibitions.These disorders are “localised” and appear in certain situations, but they can devel...
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is consistently associated with a high prevalence of sleep disturbances across the lifespan, with reported rates ranging from 60% to 86% depending on age and clinical characteristics. Although this issue has...
Diagnosis of pediatric intellectual disability (ID) can be difficult because it is due to a vast number of established and novel causes. Here, we described a full-term female infant affected by Kleefstra syndrome-2 presenting with neurodevelopmental...
(1) Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is associated with a higher incidence of epileptic seizures. This study uses a prediction model to identify the factors associated with epilepsy in children with CP. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective longitudina...
A growing number of genetic neurodevelopmental disorders are known to be associated with unique genomic DNA methylation patterns, called episignatures, which are detectable in peripheral blood. The intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndr...
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability (ID) and a known monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, in which more than 200 CGG repeats in the 5’ untran...
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