Pediatric Reports

8 pages, 450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of Whether Routine QTc Interval Screening Is Necessary Prior to Starting ADHD Medications: Experience from a Large Retrospective Study

by Hamza A. Alsayouf, Lima M. Dyab, Redab Al-Ghawanmeh, Luay S. Alhawawsha, Osama Alsarhan, Hadeel Al-Smadi, Ghaith M. Al-Taani, Azhar Daoud, Haitham E. Elsadek and Wael H. Khreisat

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1161-1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040098 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Routine screening electrocardiograms (ECGs) prior to starting medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain controversial. This real-world study assessed corrected QT (QTc) interval data from pediatric patients who had a baseline ECG performed prior to initiating treatment with ADHD medications and ≥6 months [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Routine screening electrocardiograms (ECGs) prior to starting medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain controversial. This real-world study assessed corrected QT (QTc) interval data from pediatric patients who had a baseline ECG performed prior to initiating treatment with ADHD medications and ≥6 months of clinical follow-up. Methods: A retrospective chart review of children aged 2–18 years diagnosed with ADHD with/without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at child neurology clinics in Jordan (June 2019 and June 2021) was performed, and children were prescribed with ADHD medications to manage symptoms. Patients had ≥6 months of follow-up and no known cardiac disease/family history. A baseline ECG and regular clinical exams were performed for each child. Results: Of 458 patients with baseline ECGs, 362 met the study inclusion criteria. Overall, 286 (79.0%) patients were diagnosed with ASD/comorbid ADHD and 76 (21.0%) with ADHD alone; 61 (16.9%) were prescribed atomoxetine, 38 (10.5%) methylphenidate, 134 (37.0%) risperidone, and 129 (35.6%) aripiprazole. The patients’ mean ± SD age was 6.4 ± 3.5 years, and most were male (n = 268, 74.0%). The mean baseline QTc interval was 400 ± 22 ms (median, 400 ms); one patient had a QTc interval >460 ms and was excluded from initiating treatment with any ADHD medications. During the ≥6-month follow-up, none of the patients had any signs or symptoms of adverse cardiac effects. Conclusions: Routine screening ECGs prior to treatment with ADHD medications may not be necessary in healthy children with no family history of cardiac disease. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of ADHD medications in low-risk pediatric patients. Full article

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12 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Symmetry of Positional Anomalies in Second Permanent Molars: Study of Romanian Patients

by Rahela Tabita Moca, Abel Emanuel Moca and Mihai Juncar

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1149-1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040097 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of positional anomalies in second permanent molars among Romanian patients. These molars play a crucial role in occlusion but can exhibit positional issues such as tilting, rotation, infraocclusion, and impaction. Methods: This retrospective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of positional anomalies in second permanent molars among Romanian patients. These molars play a crucial role in occlusion but can exhibit positional issues such as tilting, rotation, infraocclusion, and impaction. Methods: This retrospective study examined the digital models of 103 patients aged 12–40, which were obtained by using the Medit i500 intraoral scanner. Positional anomalies were categorized by tilting, rotation, infraocclusion, and impaction. Results: The results showed a high prevalence of anomalies, particularly infraocclusion and buccal tilting in upper molars and oral tilting and mesio-buccal rotations in lower molars. The significant symmetry of anomalies within the same dental arch was noted. Gender and malocclusion type did not significantly influence anomaly frequency. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for the vigilant monitoring of second permanent molars to maintain functional occlusion and suggest potential common etiological factors within dental arches. Despite this study’s limitations, including sample size and retrospective design, this study underscores the clinical importance of the early detection and management of molar anomalies. Future research should expand on these findings, considering genetic and environmental influences on dental development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of the Maxillofacial Region in Pediatric Patients)

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15 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attributional Styles and Their Impact on Depressive and Anxious Symptoms in Italian Children: Insights from the Italian Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R)

by Simona Scaini, Silvia Grazioli, Ludovica Giani, Barbara Forresi, Stefano De Francesco and Marcella Caputi

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1134-1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040096 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: There is evidence that the tendency to adopt a peculiar pattern of causal inference, known as attributional style, is likely related to specific patterns of psychopathology among youth. Objective: This study aims to assess preliminary psychometric properties of the Italian Children’s Attributional [...] Read more.

Background: There is evidence that the tendency to adopt a peculiar pattern of causal inference, known as attributional style, is likely related to specific patterns of psychopathology among youth. Objective: This study aims to assess preliminary psychometric properties of the Italian Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire-Revised (CASQ-R) and to explore the presence of any subgroups of children and early adolescents from the general population who might exhibit internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous attributional styles through latent class analysis, delving into the potential sociodemographic, namely age and gender, and clinical differences among the identified classes of attributional styles. Method: A sample of 337 children (11.29 ± 1.76 years old, 169 females, and 168 males) was recruited and their attributional styles and depressive and anxious symptoms were analyzed. Results: Two distinct classes were defined using the CASQ-R items in a latent class analysis (LCA). In particular, high levels of depressive (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 9.37, df = 1, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.002) and school phobia (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 7.17 df = 1, Bonferroni-adjusted p = 0.037) symptoms were reported by children showing an internal, global and stable attributional style for negative events and an external, specific and unstable attributional style for positive events. Conversely, low levels of depressive and school phobia symptoms were reported by children showing the opposite attributional style. Conclusions: The identified classes shed light on distinct patterns associated with depressive and anxious symptoms, offering potential insights for targeted interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

19 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incremental Validity of ADHD Dimensions in the Predictions of Emotional Symptoms, Conduct Problems, and Peer Problems in Adolescents Based on Parent, Teacher, and Self-Ratings

by Rapson Gomez and Taylor Brown

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1115-1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040095 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The present study investigated the incremental validity of the ADHD dimensions of inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM) in the predictions of emotion symptoms (ESs), conduct problems (CPs), and peer problems (PPs) in adolescents based on parent, teacher, and self- ratings. [...] Read more.

Background: The present study investigated the incremental validity of the ADHD dimensions of inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM) in the predictions of emotion symptoms (ESs), conduct problems (CPs), and peer problems (PPs) in adolescents based on parent, teacher, and self- ratings. Method: A total of 214 ratings were collected from adolescents, their parents, and teachers in Australia. A structural equation modeling approach was employed to evaluated incremental validity. Results: The findings revealed that, controlling for gender, IM contributed moderate, low, and low levels of variance in predicting ESs based on parent, teacher, and self-ratings, respectively. Additionally, IM contributed moderate, substantial, and moderate levels of variance to CP predictions based on parent, teacher, and self-ratings, respectively. Furthermore, after controlling for gender, IM, and HY, parent-rated IA contributed a low level of variance to the prediction of ESs, while teacher and self-rated IA did not contribute significantly to the prediction of ESs, CPs, or PPs. Conclusions: The findings underscore the differential predictive validity of ADHD dimensions across informants and outcomes, highlighting impulsivity’s stronger association with conduct problems and emotional symptoms. These results have theoretical and practical implications for understanding ADHD-related risks in adolescence and tailoring interventions accordingly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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16 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Pediatric CKD: Correlations with Renal Function and Mineral Metabolism

by Ruxandra Maria Steflea, Emil Robert Stoicescu, Oana Aburel, Florin George Horhat, Silviu Valentin Vlad, Felix Bratosin, Andreea-Mihaela Banta and Gabriela Doros

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1099-1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040094 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires reliable biomarkers for early detection and monitoring. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged as a potential marker due to its responsiveness to renal impairment and involvement in mineral metabolism. Objectives: To evaluate serum NGAL levels in [...] Read more.

Background: Pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires reliable biomarkers for early detection and monitoring. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has emerged as a potential marker due to its responsiveness to renal impairment and involvement in mineral metabolism. Objectives: To evaluate serum NGAL levels in pediatric CKD patients and explore correlations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ferritin, calcium-phosphorus (Ca*P) product, and total serum protein. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 54 pediatric CKD patients and 29 healthy controls. Laboratory assessments encompassed serum NGAL, creatinine, ferritin, calcium, phosphorus, and total serum protein. eGFR was calculated using the Schwartz formula. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses determined associations between NGAL and other parameters. Results: NGAL levels were significantly higher in CKD patients compared to controls (median 453 ng/mL vs. 78 ng/mL, p < 0.001). A strong negative correlation existed between NGAL and eGFR (r = –0.81, p < 0.001). NGAL showed moderate positive correlations with ferritin (r = 0.56, p = 0.009) and CaP product (r = 0.57, p = 0.006) and a moderate negative correlation with total serum protein (r = –0.36, p = 0.225). Regression analysis confirmed NGAL as a significant predictor of eGFR, ferritin, and CaP product. Conclusions: Elevated serum NGAL levels are associated with decreased renal function and alterations in mineral metabolism in pediatric CKD patients. NGAL may serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing disease progression and guiding clinical management in this population. Full article

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10 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Re-Evaluation of the Utility of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised for Measuring the Spectra in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology

by Rapson Gomez, Daniel Zarate, Taylor Brown and Vasileios Stavropoulos

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1089-1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040093 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

The present study examines the potential of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTop) model. Two structural models were evaluated. In Model 1, the SCL-90-R dimensions were allocated to somatoform (comprising somatization), internalizing (comprising obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal [...] Read more.

The present study examines the potential of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTop) model. Two structural models were evaluated. In Model 1, the SCL-90-R dimensions were allocated to somatoform (comprising somatization), internalizing (comprising obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and phobic anxiety), and antagonistic disinhibited (comprising hostility) spectra. Model 2 included an additional detachment spectrum (comprising paranoid ideation and psychoticism). Method: A total of 1594 adolescents [52.2% boys; age ranged from 14 to 17 years; mean age (SD) = 16.04 years (0.737 years)] from the general community in Athens completed the SCL-90-R and the Funf-Faktoren-Fragebogen fur Kinder (FFFK). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to validate the proposed models. Results: The findings supported Model 1, demonstrating adequate global fit, salient and significant factor loadings, discriminant validity, reliability, and external validity of the factors. Conclusions: These results indicate that the SCL-90-R scales of somatization, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, and phobic anxiety are appropriate measures for the corresponding HiTop dimensions. However, the scales for paranoid ideation and psychoticism were not suitable for this purpose. The theoretical contributions and conclusions are discussed, highlighting the implications of these findings for the clinical and theoretical application of the SCL-90-R in psychopathological assessment and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits Predict Interoceptive Deficits and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa—A Cross-Sectional Analysis: Italian Preliminary Data

by Maria Califano, Jacopo Pruccoli, Melania Martucci, Caterina Visconti, Emma Barasciutti, Carla Sogos and Antonia Parmeggiani

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1077-1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040092 - 5 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe Feeding and Eating Disorder (FED) that is more prevalent in females, often manifesting during adolescence. Recent research highlights an elevated presence of comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits among individuals with AN, with specific expressions in [...] Read more.

Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe Feeding and Eating Disorder (FED) that is more prevalent in females, often manifesting during adolescence. Recent research highlights an elevated presence of comorbid Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits among individuals with AN, with specific expressions in females accounting for sensorial and interoceptive experiences. This study retrospectively explores the association between ASD traits, eating symptomatology, and interoceptive deficits in Italian female adolescents with AN. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of female AN/Atypical AN patients (n = 52) aged 13–17 years was conducted at two university pediatric hospitals in Italy. The participants underwent neuropsychiatric assessments, including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2), and measurement of ASD traits with the Autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), camouflaging ASD traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and FED-symptomatology-related measures. Results: Overall, 9.6% of the participants exhibited an ADOS-2 clinical impression consistent with ASD. Higher scores in AQ and CAT-Q revealed ASD traits and camouflaging strategies. The interoceptive deficits positively correlated with the ASD traits, alexithymia, and camouflage, and TAS—Difficulty Identifying Feelings emerged as the sole predictor for interoceptive deficits. Discussion: This Italian study preliminarily underscores the importance of recognizing ASD traits in the AN population, emphasizing early intervention strategies. The intersection of alexithymia and interoceptive deficits emerges as a crucial nexus between ASD and AN, with potential therapeutic implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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13 pages, 417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

It Takes a Village: How Community-Based Peer Support for Breastfeeding Bolsters Lactation Prevalence Among Black Mississippians on the Gulf Coast

by John P. Bartkowski, Katherine Klee, Xiaohe Xu, Jacinda B. Roach and Shakeizia (Kezi) Jones

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1064-1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040091 - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding rates are considerably lower among African American women and across the U.S. South. Our study introduces the concept of community-based peer support for breastfeeding, as measured through beliefs about women’s comfort breastfeeding in various social situations (i.e., in the presence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding rates are considerably lower among African American women and across the U.S. South. Our study introduces the concept of community-based peer support for breastfeeding, as measured through beliefs about women’s comfort breastfeeding in various social situations (i.e., in the presence of women and men as well as close friends and strangers). Methods: We examine if community-based peer support for breastfeeding is associated with reported lactation prevalence in primary social networks among survey respondents living on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Special attention is paid to racial differences in the breastfeeding support–prevalence relationship. We use data drawn from a survey that combines a random sample of adults who are representative of the Mississippi Gulf Coast population and a non-random oversample of African Americans in this predominantly rural tri-county area. Results: Analyses of data from wave 1 of the CDC-funded 2019 Mississippi REACH Social Climate Survey reveal low overall levels of African American breastfeeding network prevalence (knowing friends and family who have breastfed). However, community-based peer support for breastfeeding significantly amplifies breastfeeding network prevalence for black Mississippians when compared with their white counterparts. Discussion: Previous research has indicated that breastfeeding promotional messages have a limited impact on African American breastfeeding propensity along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. However, the current study indicates that enhanced community-based peer support for breastfeeding can be a key facilitator for improved lactation outcomes among African Americans as compared with whites. Conclusion: We establish that breastfeeding is best conceived as both an interpersonal encounter (an activity often conducted in the presence of others) and a collective achievement (a practice influenced by community norms). We discuss study implications and directions for future research. Full article

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10 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Validation of the Greek Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire—Parent Form

by Emilia Vassilopoulou, Anna Comotti, Dafni Athanasaki, Gregorio Paolo Milani, Carlo Agostoni and George N. Konstantinou

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1054-1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040090 - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of food allergy is increasing, posing a significant health concern. Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with food allergies is crucial, and various questionnaires exist for this purpose. However, translation and validation of these tools are necessary to [...] Read more.

Background: The prevalence of food allergy is increasing, posing a significant health concern. Assessing health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in individuals with food allergies is crucial, and various questionnaires exist for this purpose. However, translation and validation of these tools are necessary to ensure cultural relevance. This study aimed to translate the FAQLQ-PF into Greek and perform a cross-sectional validation to assess its effectiveness in evaluating HRQOL among Greek children with food allergies. Methods: Parents of children aged 0 to 12 years diagnosed with food allergy completed the Greek version of the FAQLQ-PF, consisting of 30 items across three subscales. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected. Statistical analyses included nonparametric tests, correlation analysis for validity, and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency. Results: Out of 85 participants, 81 were included. The FAQLQ-PF demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.94). Validity evaluation indicated its ability to measure HRQOL in younger children. HRQOL in the Greek pediatric population was significantly correlated with the number of food allergies, symptoms, parental and child concerns, anxiety levels, and activity restrictions. However, sex and general health status were not significantly correlated with HRQOL. Conclusions: The Greek translation and validation of FAQLQ-PF provides insights into HRQOL among Greek children with food allergies. Factors such as anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine autoinjector usage, number of food allergies, and symptoms influenced HRQOL in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Dental Pain in Schoolchildren Aged 6 to 12 Years and Clinical, Sociodemographic, and Socioeconomic Risk Indicators: A Multicenter Study of Four Mexican Cities

by Manuel Jesús Godínez-López, Martha Mendoza-Rodríguez, María de Lourdes Márquez-Corona, Sandra Isabel Jiménez-Gayosso, Mauricio Escoffié-Ramírez, Nuria Patiño-Marín, Juan José Villalobos-Rodelo, Juan Fernando Casanova-Rosado, Alejandro José Casanova-Rosado and Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1042-1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040089 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Dental pain is a significant public health issue globally and in Mexico, with substantial negative impacts on affected individuals. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental pain and its association with clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic risk [...] Read more.

Background: Dental pain is a significant public health issue globally and in Mexico, with substantial negative impacts on affected individuals. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental pain and its association with clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic risk indicators in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in four cities in Mexico. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 children attending public schools in the cities of Pachuca, Tepatitlán, Toluca, and San Luis Potosí. A questionnaire was applied, and a clinical examination was performed on the schoolchildren. Self-reported dental pain within the 12 months preceding the study, categorized as 0 (no pain) and 1 (pain), was used as the dependent variable. For the statistical analysis, the Stata program was used, where a multivariate binary logistic regression model was applied. Results: The mean age was 8.92 ± 1.99 years; 50% were girls. The prevalence of dental pain was 34.0%. Independent variables associated (p < 0.05) with the experience of dental pain were as follows: age (OR = 0.81), having a car at home (OR = 0.77), a lower socioeconomic position (OR = 2.03), curative or specialized dental care (OR = 8.40), and self-reported dental and/or gingival disease (OR = 5.39). Conclusions: Dental pain is a significant health problem in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in Mexico, with a prevalence of 34% in this study. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as clinical indicators, play an important role in the experience of dental pain. Inequalities in oral health were observed. There is a need for public health interventions to reduce this problem in vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Solutions for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics)

8 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Study of Vitamin D Levels in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Infections

by Gena Stoykova Petkova, Eleonora Nikolaeva Mineva and Venetsia Tsvetkova Botsova

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1034-1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040088 - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The aim of our research was to evaluate and analyze serum 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency serves as a risk factor for an increased incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. Serum PTH [...] Read more.

The aim of our research was to evaluate and analyze serum 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency serves as a risk factor for an increased incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children. Serum PTH levels were used as an indicator of vitamin D sufficiency, as normal PTH levels require an optimal concentration of 25(OH) vitamin D. The study included 129 children, divided into five subgroups: children with acute bronchopneumonia (n = 42), acute laryngotracheitis (n = 7), acute bronchiolitis (n = 32), acute bronchitis (n = 18), and a control group (n = 30). No statistically significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were observed between the overall population of children with ARI and the control group (p = 0.073). However, significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were identified between the control group and children with bronchopneumonia, acute bronchitis, and laryngotracheitis (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Regarding PTH levels, statistical significance was found between the control group and the acute bronchiolitis group, due to the high percentage of children with hypervitaminosis in this subgroup. These results highlight the crucial role of vitamin D in the onset and progression of acute respiratory tract infections in children, emphasizing its impact on their overall respiratory health. Full article

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12 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Social Media Use and Fear of Missing out: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study in Junior High Students from Western Mexico

by Manuel Maciel-Saldierna, Ignacio Roberto Méndez-Garavito, Emmanuel Elizondo-Hernandez, Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco, Alejandro González-Ojeda, Sol Ramírez-Ochoa, Enrique Cervantes-Pérez, Berenice Vicente-Hernández, Sergio Jiram Vázquez-Sánchez, Jonathan Matías Chejfec-Ciociano and Gabino Cervantes-Guevara

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1022-1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040087 - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The increased use of social media in Mexico has given rise to the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) phenomenon, especially among adolescents. This study aimed to measure the extent of FoMO among junior high school students in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this study explored the association between FoMO levels and demographic characteristics, as well as the type and frequency of social media use. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in four junior high schools. A total of 1264 students (656 females and 608 males) aged 11–16 years completed the Fear of Missing Out Scale, adapted to the Mexican context. Data on demographics, social media usage, and school shifts were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients. Results: The mean FoMO score was 1.79 ± 0.64, with higher scores observed in females (p < 0.001) and students attending morning shifts (p = 0.001). Significant associations were found between higher FoMO scores and the use of social media platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest (p < 0.001 for each). The most frequently used social media platforms were WhatsApp (1093), TikTok (828), and Instagram (583). Participants who used social media all week exhibited significantly higher FoMO scores than those who used it only on weekends (p < 0.001). Conclusions: FoMO is a significant phenomenon among junior high school students in Guadalajara, Mexico, particularly among females and those who use multiple social media platforms. The findings suggest a need for interventions to manage social media use and mitigate FoMO-related negative health outcomes in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

8 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Survey of Dental Students from Polish Medical Universities

by Wojciech Tynior, Daria Pietraszewska, Magdalena Truszkowska and Danuta Ilczuk-Rypuła

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1014-1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040086 - 18 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a congenital qualitative disorder of the enamel tissue. During examinations, clinicians may observe a range of enamel opacities during examinations. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental students in Poland [...] Read more.

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a congenital qualitative disorder of the enamel tissue. During examinations, clinicians may observe a range of enamel opacities during examinations. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental students in Poland regarding MIH. Methods: This study was conducted among dental students who participated in scientific conferences for dental students in Poland. An electronic questionnaire was created for this purpose, accessible via a QR code. Results: The respondents consisted of dental students from the first to the fifth year of study, including 98 fourth-year students and 76 fifth-year students. The students represented 10 medical universities in Poland. Of the 341 respondents, 256 (75.07%) stated that they were familiar with the term MIH, but only 61 (17.89%) correctly indicated the diagnostic criteria of MIH. The most frequently indicated condition resembling MIH was enamel hypoplasia, with 158 (46.33%) respondents identifying it. Conclusions: Dental students at Polish medical universities have basic knowledge of MIH, but it is insufficient and needs to be improved during their educational training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Solutions for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics)

13 pages, 2992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Disease Patterns in Children with Intracranial Abscesses for Enhanced Clinical Decision-Making

by Maximilian Middelkamp, Marcus M. Kania, Friederike S. Groth, Franz L. Ricklefs and Lasse Dührsen

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 1001-1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040085 - 12 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Intracranial suppurative infections in pediatric patients, while rare, pose a significant risk to patient mortality. Early recognition and fast initiation of diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent fatal outcomes. Between December 2022 and May 2023, a significant cluster of nine cases [...] Read more.

Background: Intracranial suppurative infections in pediatric patients, while rare, pose a significant risk to patient mortality. Early recognition and fast initiation of diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent fatal outcomes. Between December 2022 and May 2023, a significant cluster of nine cases emerged, each necessitating neurosurgical intervention. This series highlights an important trend in clinical outcomes and raises questions about underlying factors contributing to this pattern. The need for surgical procedures in all instances suggests a commonality in severity, warranting further investigation into potential causes and preventative measures. This retrospective monocentric study aims to explore the clinical features associated with these cases to identify specific disease patterns that can expedite management in clinical practice. Methods: Cramer’s V effect size was employed to evaluate combinations of clinical features, followed by Fisher’s exact test applied to a constructed contingency table. A p-value was assessed for significance analysis, with combinations achieving a Cramer’s V value of 0.7 or higher being classified as exhibiting very strong correlations. Results: The analysis revealed distinct patterns of clinical features among children diagnosed with intracranial abscesses. Significant associations were identified, including correlations between sinusitis and Streptococcus pyogenes, and fever accompanied by affected temporal, frontal, and frontobasal lobe regions. Conclusions: Despite the generally limited statistical analysis of pediatric intracranial abscesses in the existing literature, this study provides meaningful significant associations between clinical features, delineating specific disease patterns for children with intracranial abscesses. By addressing this gap, the findings contribute valuable insights and offer a framework that could enhance clinical decision-making and support timely disease management in pediatric cases. Full article

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18 pages, 1582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Childhood Behavioral, Mental, and Developmental Problems (2019–2022) Using the National Survey of Children’s Health

by Austin Lent, Ayden Dunn, Nada Eldawy, Vama Jhumkhawala, Meera Rao, Joshua Sohmer and Lea Sacca

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 983-1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040084 - 11 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: This study examines nationwide prevalence of US childhood behavioral, mental, and developmental problems in the 6–11 age group category between 2019 and 2022, and several key metrics related to caregiver social determinants of health. Methods: We used NSCH data for 6–11-year-old children [...] Read more.

Background: This study examines nationwide prevalence of US childhood behavioral, mental, and developmental problems in the 6–11 age group category between 2019 and 2022, and several key metrics related to caregiver social determinants of health. Methods: We used NSCH data for 6–11-year-old children for the years 2019–2022. Summary statistics for the selected sample were generated and binary logistic regressions were conducted for each severity level binary variable for each study year with caregiver mental or emotional health as a covariate. Results: Our study found significant associations between severe childhood anxiety and “fair” or “poor” caregiver rankings of mental and emotional health for both the 2020 and 2022 survey years. Our study also found that caregiver mental and emotional health may play a role in childhood ADD and ADHD prevalence rates as caregivers who ranked their mental health as “fair” or “good” had significantly higher odds of having a child with severe ADD or ADHD than caregivers who reported “excellent” mental and emotional health. Conclusion: These findings support prospects of an increase in the need for developmental health services, thus necessitating efforts towards effective allocation and focus of developmental treatment programs tailored to children and pediatric population groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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9 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Renal Biopsy in Greek Children: 15 Years of Experience at a Single Center

by John Dotis, Antonia Kondou, Vasiliki Karava, Pavlos Siolos, Vivian Georgopoulou, George Liapis, Maria Stamou, Fotios Papachristou and Nikoleta Printza

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 974-982; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040083 - 8 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy (PRB) is a key element for diagnosis and management of several renal pathologies. We aimed to lay out the experience of our pediatric nephrology unit performing PRBs. The rationale and findings of these biopsies, safety issues and considerations [...] Read more.

Background: Percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy (PRB) is a key element for diagnosis and management of several renal pathologies. We aimed to lay out the experience of our pediatric nephrology unit performing PRBs. The rationale and findings of these biopsies, safety issues and considerations of the extracted data are going to be analyzed. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from 2008 to 2023 based on the review of the medical records of pediatric patients who underwent PRBs. In total, 216 kidney biopsies in 206 patients were performed: 115 (53.2%) during the 2008–2015 period and 101 (46.8%) during the 2016–2023 period. Results: The most frequent clinical indication for PRBs was nephritic syndrome followed by nephrotic syndrome, observed in 84 (40.8%) and 72 (34.9%) patients, respectively. The predominant diagnosis was minimal change disease (MCD) (23.3%), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (15%) equal to lupus nephritis (LN) (15%), and immunoglobulin A nepropathy (10.2%). Minor complications, such as subcapsular hematomas were observed in approximately 15% of patients while no therapeutic intervention was needed. Conclusions: This report is the first review of pathohistological data covering a pediatric population over a 15-year period in Greece and one of the largest in southeastern Europe, especially in the Balkan region. The main indication for a PRB was nephritic syndrome; however, MCD was the main histological diagnosis. This study emphasis the fact that PRBs constitute a safe and reliable method of diagnostic approach to kidney diseases in childhood and offers important information on therapeutic approaches as well as the prognosis of these patients. Full article

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17 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Life and Coping Strategies in Children with and Without Learning Disabilities from the Perspective of Their Parents and Caregivers

by Ayoob Lone, Abdul Sattar Khan, Fahad Abdullah Saeed AlWadani and Abdullah Almaqhawi

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 957-973; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040082 - 7 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Children with learning disability (LD) often experience a poor quality of life (QOL) compared to their peers without a known history of LD. Coping strategies are known to play a role in influencing their QOL. Objectives: This study aims to compare the [...] Read more.

Background: Children with learning disability (LD) often experience a poor quality of life (QOL) compared to their peers without a known history of LD. Coping strategies are known to play a role in influencing their QOL. Objectives: This study aims to compare the QOL and coping strategies between children with and without LD. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate how coping strategies impact the QOL of children with LD in the Eastern Governorate of Saudi Arabia. Method: A representative sample of 6 to 18-year-old children with (n = 97) and without (n = 89) LD were recruited from different schools. The Short Form-12 (SF-12) health survey was used to assess both physical and mental health components, while the validated Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) measured coping strategies. Data analysis included descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage), independent t-tests, Spearman’s correlation, and binary logistic regression. Results: The results reveal that participants with LD show poor QOL in terms of role functioning, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotion, and mental health in comparison to non-disabled children. Participants with LD show greater reliance on substance abuse and religious coping than non-disabled children. The results clearly indicate a fairly to moderately strong correlation between the physical component summary and all approaches to coping strategies except religious coping. Of all the approaches to coping methods, we observe a weak correlation among denial (r = −0.17, p < 0.05), substance abuse (r = −0.15, p < 0.05), and behavioral disengagement (r = −0.18, p < 0.05) with the mental component summary aspect of QOL. The results of logistic regression analysis indicate that grade (OR = 3.79; p = 0.01) is significantly related to LD. The physical component summary score is significantly associated with denial (β = −0.33, CI = −6.87–−2.19, p < 0.01), and substance abuse (β = −0.14, CI = −4.96–0.40, p < 0.05), while the mental component summary is significantly associated with active coping (β = −0.30, CI = −4.50–0.76, p < 0.01), behavioral disengagement (β = −0.20, CI = −4.48–0.30, p < 0.05), and humor coping strategy (β = 0.22, CI = 0.06–4.55, p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings are relevant to researchers, psychologists, special educators, teachers, and clinicians, given the need to understand the coping variables to improve the QOL of these learning-disabled children. Full article

12 pages, 995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in Children/Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Milagros Fuentes-Albero, Mayra Alejandra Mafla-España, José Martínez-Raga and Omar Cauli

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 945-956; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040081 - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background: Sleep disorders are common in youths with autism spectrum disorders. Inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1 beta and Il-6 in saliva have been associated with alterations in sleep quality in various conditions. We assessed whether there were associations between the salivary concentration of [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep disorders are common in youths with autism spectrum disorders. Inflammatory cytokines such as Il-1 beta and Il-6 in saliva have been associated with alterations in sleep quality in various conditions. We assessed whether there were associations between the salivary concentration of IL-1 beta and IL-6 and sleep quality in youths with ASD versus typically developing (TD) age- and gender-matched youths. Method: Forty children and adolescents with ASD or TD participated in this study (20% females). Their parents answered the items of a validated questionnaire on sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Results: The mean Pittsburgh score was significantly higher (i.e., the quality of sleep was poorer) in the ASD group (8.68 ± 0.35 (SEM), ranging from 7 to 12 points), compared to the TD group (7.35 ± 0.54 (SEM), ranging from 2 to 12 points) (p = 0.02, Mann–Whitney U test). There were no significant differences in the salivary concentration of Il-1 beta and IL-6 receptor between the two groups, but salivary IL-1 beta concentration was inversely associated with poor sleep quality in the ASD group. No associations between the salivary Il-6 concentration and sleep quality were found in either group. Linear regression analysis by separate groups revealed significant associations between the sleep quality score and the concentration of IL-1 beta in the ASD group (p = 0.01, OR = −0.53, 95% CI −0.008–0.001). In contrast, no significant associations were observed in the TD group, or for IL-6 in either group. No significant effects of sex, age, or use of psychotropic medications were found. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ASD showed significantly poorer sleep quality based on their parents’ reports compared to the TD group, and the salivary IL-1 beta concentration was inversely associated with sleep quality only in the ASD group. Further studies on the associations between inflammatory cytokines and sleep in ASD are needed. Full article

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11 pages, 1467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevation of NT-proBNP Levels in Pediatric and Young Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients with Endotheliopathy

by Kimberly Uchida, Xiaomeng Yuan, Jennifer McArthur, Rebekah Lassiter, Haitao Pan, Dinesh Keerthi, Katherine Tsai, Yvonne Avent, Melissa Hines, Hugo R. Martinez, Amr Qudeimat and Saad Ghafoor

Pediatr. Rep. 2024, 16(4), 934-944; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040080 - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric and young adult (YA) patients can lead to endotheliopathy, such as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Natriuretic peptides have been studied as markers of endotheliopathy and critical illness. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric and young adult (YA) patients can lead to endotheliopathy, such as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH). Natriuretic peptides have been studied as markers of endotheliopathy and critical illness. We hypothesized that an elevation in NT-proBNP was associated with the development of endotheliopathy (DAH, SOS, or TMA) in the first 100 days following HSCT in pediatric and YA patients. Methods: IRB-exempt status was obtained. This retrospective case–control study reviewed HSCT at our institution from 2016 to 2020. Cases were selected based on an endotheliopathy diagnosis in the first 100 days after HSCT. Cases were matched with controls. Baseline and near-event NT-proBNP levels were compared between cases and matched controls. The effect of NT-proBNP levels on developing endotheliopathy was estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Sixty-two patients were included (31 cases, 31 controls). Near-event NT-proBNP was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (median: 473 vs. 187 pg/mL, p = 0.03, Wilcoxon rank–sum test), in contrast to comparison in baseline NT-proBNP (median: 86 vs. 86 pg/mL, p = 0.51). After adjusting for covariates, an association between near-event NT-proBNP and odds of developing endotheliopathy did not achieve statistical significance. However, trends from most common transplant indications suggested an association between an elevated near-event NT-proBNP level and endotheliopathy, particularly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Conclusions: NT-proBNP should be studied further as a biomarker for endotheliopathy in pediatric and YA patients undergoing HSCT. This may be particularly relevant for patients undergoing HSCT for ALL. Full article

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