The optimal state of charge (SoC) balancing control for series-connected lithium-ion battery cells is presented in this paper. A modified SoC balancing circuit for two adjacent cells, based on the principle of a bidirectional Cuk converter, is propos...
This paper proposes a novel battery cell balancing topology with reduced component count and simplified control. The balancing algorithm is based on the state of charge (SOC) of each individual cell instead of cell voltage. The principle of the propo...
In modular multilevel converter battery energy storage systems (MMC-BESS), state-of-charge (SOC) balancing is essential for ensuring safe and reliable operation. Existing methods based on linear controllers or conventional model-predictive control (M...
Based on the droop control, voltage regulation at the secondary control is required to eliminate the deviation of the average voltage across the microgrid. Meanwhile, to prevent any of energy storage (ESs) from over-charging or over-discharging, Stat...
To resolve the issue of state of charge (SOC) inconsistency among energy storage units under traditional equal-power allocation strategies, this paper proposes a multi-unit SOC balancing control strategy based on battery life degradation characterist...
In order to achieve a state-of-charge (SOC) balance among multiple energy storage units (MESUs) in an islanded DC microgrid, a SOC balancing and coordinated control strategy based on the adaptive droop coefficient algorithm for MESUs is proposed. Whe...
In this article, an approach to balance the State of Charge (SoC) of two batteries connected to the DC bus of a fuel cell (FC) electric aircraft by Droop-controlled converters is described. The proposed algorithm is based on shifting the Droop refere...
In isolated operation, DC microgrids require multiple distributed energy storage units (DESUs) to accommodate the variability of distributed generation (DG). The traditional control strategy has the problem of uneven allocation of load current when t...
This paper presents a novel integrated control architecture for automotive battery management systems (BMSs). The primary focus is on estimating the state of charge (SoC) and the state of health (SoH) of a battery pack made of sixteen parallel-connec...
Battery energy storage systems are widely used in energy storage microgrids. As the index of stored energy level of a battery, balancing the State-of-Charge (SoC) can effectively restrain the circulating current between battery cells. Compared with p...
The “double-high” characteristics of power systems—namely, the high penetration of renewable energy and the widespread use of power electronic devices—have significantly increased operational complexity. This underscores the n...
The existing state of charge (SOC) balancing scheme of the lithium battery energy storage system (LBESS) does not consider the state of health (SOH) of LBESS in the process of energy distribution, which results in an inability to reduce SOH balancing...
Multiple battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are used to compensate for the fluctuation in wind generations effectively. The stage of charge (SOC) of BESSs might be unbalanced due to the difference of wind speed, initial SOCs, line impedances and...
Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) with integrated battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming crucial for modern power grids. This paper investigates the modeling and control of a grid-connected MMC-BESS, with a specific emphasis on state-...
The growing share of renewable energy resources highlights the need for reliable energy management in frequency regulation. Multi-type battery energy storage system (M-BESS) aggregators are promising resources, yet their heterogeneous costs, capaciti...
Abstract: Non-uniformity of Lithium-ion cells in a battery pack is inevitable and has become the bottleneck to the pack capacity, especially in the fast charging process. Therefore, a balancing approach is essentially required. This paper proposes an...
State-of-charge (SOC) and temperature inconsistencies among lithium-ion battery cells can significantly degrade the performance, safety, and lifespan of battery packs. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic balancing strategy that simul...
Various balancing topology and control methods have been proposed for the inconsistency problem of battery packs. However, these strategies only focus on a single objective, ignore the mutual interaction among various factors and are only based on th...
Modular multilevel converter with integrated battery energy storage system (MMC-BESS) has been proposed for energy storage requirements in high-voltage applications. The state-of-charge (SOC) equilibrium of batteries is essential for BESS to guarante...
In order to address the issue of battery cell disparity in lithium-ion battery systems, battery balancing techniques are required. This paper proposes an improved battery balancing strategy within a reconfigurable converter system. The strategy is ba...
This paper addresses a critical challenge in Modular Multilevel DC-link based T-type Converter (MMDTC) battery energy storage systems: the inherent power symmetry between upper and lower arms that prevents natural state-of-charge (SOC) balancing. A n...
To address the instability of wind power caused by the randomness and intermittency of wind generation, as well as the challenges in power compensation by hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), this paper proposes a state of charge (SOC) balancing co...
This article introduces a new method for balancing the state of charge (SOC) in a dual-bus battery system architecture. The system consists of multiple battery cells or modules connected in series to provide high voltage output. Additionally, low-pow...
State-of-charge balance is vital for allowing multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to make the most of stored energy and ensure safe operation. Concerning scenarios wherein boost converters are used as the interfaces between ESUs and loads, this pape...
26650 LiFePO4 battery, as an ideal energy storage battery for the smart grid system, has the shortcomings of fast aging speed and large dispersion of aging trend, which is the reason for accelerating the 26650 battery system aging. However, it is not...
The growing integration of renewable energy sources has led to the development of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control as a way to enhance system stability and offer primary frequency regulation. These functions of VSGs usually rely on the pho...
For the purpose of accurate power sharing and the state of charge (SOC) balancing of each energy storage unit (ESU), a novel secondary control scheme which regulates the virtual impedance is proposed herein. However, there is a coupling relationship...
In the context of the electrification of the mobility sector, smart algorithms have to be developed to control battery packs. Smart and reconfigurable batteries are a promising alternative to conventional battery packs and offer new possibilities for...
This paper focuses on the development and experimental validation of a single-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC) based on a battery energy storage system (BESS) for residential uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with two-level active SoC balanc...
Fast-charging technology for lithium-ion batteries is of great significance in reducing charging time and enhancing user experience. However, during fast charging, the imbalance among battery cells can affect the overall performance and available cap...
The future power system, characterized by lower inertia, reduced programmability and more distributed architecture, will depend on prompt and reliable control systems. Quick ancillary services provided by battery energy storage systems (BESS) could b...
Early SOC balancing techniques primarily centered on simple hardware circuit designs. Passive balancing circuits utilize resistors to consume energy, aiming to balance the SOC among batteries; however, this approach leads to considerable energy wasta...
To mitigate global warming caused by vehicles, emission regulations have been implemented for all automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are being designed to meet consumer demand for eco-friendly vehicles that offer increased power and improve...
The DC microgrid does not need to consider frequency when accessing distributed energy, but the distributed energy access port does not have inertia and damping characteristics, so there are problems of voltage instability and power fluctuation. In t...
Maintaining the long-term viability of a wheat–maize planting system, particularly the synchronous improvement of crop production and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, is crucial for ensuring food security in the North China Plain. A fie...
The modular multilevel converter with embedded batteries is a viable alternative in electric vehicle drive systems. This research investigates integrated charging of the embedded batteries in a three-phase converter from a single-phase source without...
The Ca Mau peninsula (CMP) is a key economic region in southern Vietnam. In recent decades, the high demand for water has increased the exploitation of groundwater, thus lowering the groundwater level and leading to risks of degradation, depletion, a...
Scalability is a significant issue in system-on-a-chip architectures because of the rapid increase in numerous on-chip resources. Moreover, hybrid processing elements demand diverse communication requirements, which system-on-a-chip architectures are...
Several management and control techniques for hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) with batteries and supercapacitors are presented in the literature applied to microgrids (MGs). The filter-based control strategy for defining the control loop actuati...
Cancer can have a significant impact on one’s life situation, with many patients reporting psychosocial discomfort, worry, anxiety, fear of recurrence, depression, tiredness/fatigue, sleep problems, pain and numerous other problems even long af...
The battery-based multilevel inverter has grown in popularity due to its ability to boost a system’s safety while increasing the effective battery life. Nevertheless, the system’s high degree of freedom, induced by a large number of switc...
One of the main challenges faced by DC microgrid (DCMG) is their low inertia, which leads to rapid and significant voltage fluctuations during load or generation changes. These fluctuations can negatively impact sensitive loads and protection devices...
The modular multilevel converter with embedded supercapacitor energy storage system (MMC-SCES) is a promising solution to the integration challenges posed by large-scale renewable energy. However, inconsistencies in supercapacitor characteristics acr...
With the fast development of the electric vehicle industry, the reuse of second-life batteries in vehicles are becoming more attractive, however, both the state-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency and the capacity inconsistency of second-life batteries hav...
In order to efficiently use energy storage resources while meeting the power grid primary frequency modulation requirements, an adaptive droop coefficient and SOC balance-based primary frequency modulation control strategy for energy storage is propo...
In order to achieve the state of charge (SOC) balance of distributed energy storage systems (ESSs) in offshore isolated island DC microgrids and enhance the inertia and damping characteristics of DC microgrids, an SOC-based bidirectional virtual DC m...
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in arid zones, while land-use change could lead to changes in the balance of SOC. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of land-use change on the temporal and spatial variability i...
Lithium-ion batteries which are used in electric vehicles cannot be charged to their maximum capacity at the end of the charging period, a situation which is caused by inconsistency between the battery cells. This paper takes the 18650 ternary lithiu...
With the rapid development of renewable energy technologies, islanded DC microgrids have received extensive attention in the field of distributed power generation due to their plug-and-play, flexible operation modes and convenient power conversion, a...
Trends in soil organic carbon (SOC) were analyzed in the soils from the oldest Czech long-term field experiment, the Prague-Ruzyně Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment, conducted on Haplic Luvisol since 1955. The aim of the work was to compare the lo...
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