Next Article in Journal
A Raindrop Energy Harvester for Application to Microrobots
Previous Article in Journal
Optimal Scheduling with Potential Game of Community Microgrids Considering Multiple Uncertainties
Previous Article in Special Issue
Early Detection of ITSC Faults in PMSMs Using Transformer Model and Transient Time-Frequency Features
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells

1
School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
2
National Engineering Research Centre of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, Changsha 410083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164231
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 29 July 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Power and Energy Systems)

Abstract

State-of-charge (SOC) and temperature inconsistencies among lithium-ion battery cells can significantly degrade the performance, safety, and lifespan of battery packs. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic balancing strategy that simultaneously regulates both SOC and cell temperature in real time. Each battery cell is connected to an individual Boost converter, enabling independent control of energy flow. An outer loop is adopted to stabilize the pack-level bus voltage. The balancing factors for SOC and temperature are adaptively fused using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which dynamically adjusts the weightings based on real-time operating conditions. This approach allows the controller to prioritize either thermal or electrical balance when needed, ensuring robust performance under varying load and environmental disturbances. Simulation-based validation on a multi-cell lithium-ion pack demonstrates that the proposed method effectively reduces SOC and temperature deviation, improves pack-level energy utilization, and extends operational stability compared to fixed-weight balancing strategies.
Keywords: state-of-charge; SOC balancing; thermal balancing; battery management state-of-charge; SOC balancing; thermal balancing; battery management

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Cao, Y.; Chen, L.; Wang, C. Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells. Energies 2025, 18, 4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164231

AMA Style

Cao Y, Chen L, Wang C. Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells. Energies. 2025; 18(16):4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164231

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cao, Yuan, Long Chen, and Chunsheng Wang. 2025. "Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells" Energies 18, no. 16: 4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164231

APA Style

Cao, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, C. (2025). Coordinated Thermal and Electrical Balancing for Lithium-Ion Cells. Energies, 18(16), 4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164231

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop