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  • Article
  • Open Access
77 Citations
9,785 Views
12 Pages

Improved Bidirectional RRT* Algorithm for Robot Path Planning

  • Peng Xin,
  • Xiaomin Wang,
  • Xiaoli Liu,
  • Yanhui Wang,
  • Zhibo Zhai and
  • Xiqing Ma

16 January 2023

In order to address the shortcomings of the traditional bidirectional RRT* algorithm, such as its high degree of randomness, low search efficiency, and the many inflection points in the planned path, we institute improvements in the following directi...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Mobile Robotics Navigation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,213 Views
20 Pages

An FPGA Architecture for the RRT Algorithm Based on Membrane Computing

  • Zeyi Shang,
  • Zhe Wei,
  • Sergey Verlan,
  • Jianming Li and
  • Zhige He

This paper investigates an FPGA architecture whose primary function is to accelerate parallel computations involved in the rapid-exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm. The RRT algorithm is inherently serial, while in each computing step there are man...

(This article belongs to the Topic Theory and Applications of High Performance Computing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
819 Views
20 Pages

Optimized PAB-RRT Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicle Path Planning in Complex Scenarios

  • Jinbo Wang,
  • Weihai Zhang,
  • Jinming Zhang,
  • Wei Liao and
  • Tingwei Du

Path planning is a pivotal technology for autonomous vehicles, directly influencing driving safety and comfort. Developing algorithms adaptable to diverse scenarios is critical for ensuring the safe operation of autonomous driving systems and advanci...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
52 Citations
7,740 Views
16 Pages

19 December 2023

RRT (rapidly exploring random tree) is a sampling-based planning algorithm that has been widely used due to its simple structure and fast speed. However, the RRT algorithm has several issues such as low planning efficiency, high randomness, and poor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
628 Views
27 Pages

Research on Three-Dimensional Simulation Technology Based on an Improved RRT Algorithm

  • Nan Zhang,
  • Yang Luan,
  • Chengkun Li,
  • Weizhou Xu,
  • Fengju Zhu,
  • Chao Ye and
  • Nianxia Han

As urban power grids grow increasingly complex and underground space resources become increasingly scarce, traditional two-dimensional cable design methods face significant challenges in spatial representation accuracy and design efficiency. This stu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,094 Views
20 Pages

21 November 2025

Planning algorithms are essential for reducing computational complexity in robotics and autonomous driving. While the Rapidly exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) algorithm offers probabilistic completeness and asymptotic optimality, its practical effic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,199 Views
14 Pages

17 December 2024

To address the shortcomings of the original rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm, such as long and non-smooth paths, slow convergence to the goal region, and limited adaptability in dynamic environments, this paper proposes a hybrid path pla...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,026 Views
19 Pages

Motion Planning of UAV for Port Inspection Based on Extended RRT* Algorithm

  • Gang Tang,
  • Pengfei Liu,
  • Zhipeng Hou,
  • Christophe Claramunt and
  • Peipei Zhou

A suitable trajectory in a port inspection mission is important for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Motion planning can help UAVs quickly generate an optimal trajectory that meets the constraints. The motion planning of UAVs is achieved in this pape...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
7,139 Views
31 Pages

16 June 2024

For the RRT* algorithm, there are problems such as greater randomness, longer time consumption, more redundant nodes, and inability to perform local obstacle avoidance when encountering unknown obstacles in the path planning process of autonomous veh...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control Systems for Autonomous Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
870 Views
19 Pages

8 December 2025

In order to solve the problem of obstacle avoidance for unmanned surface vehicles (USV), based on the classic RRT algorithm and Velocity Obstacle principle, an improved RRT algorithm is proposed. For the situation of the extension direction of the pa...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Technology: Latest Advancements and Prospects)
  • Article
  • Open Access
204 Views
26 Pages

6 October 2026

Unordered parcel sorting corresponds to collision-free motion planning for manipulators within 3D unstructured obstacle-laden environments. Random poses of sorted objects impose stringent requirements on planning real-time performance and trajectory...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
4,937 Views
23 Pages

Cooperative Path Planning for Multiple UAVs Based on APF B-RRT* Algorithm

  • Cailong Wu,
  • Zhengyu Guo,
  • Jian Zhang,
  • Kai Mao and
  • Delin Luo

27 February 2025

Aiming at the path planning problem of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in a complex unknown environment, this paper proposes a cooperative path planning algorithm for multiple UAVs. Using the local environment information, several rolling path plann...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swarm Intelligence in Multi-UAVs)
  • Article
  • Open Access
67 Citations
9,192 Views
24 Pages

FC-RRT*: An Improved Path Planning Algorithm for UAV in 3D Complex Environment

  • Yicong Guo,
  • Xiaoxiong Liu,
  • Xuhang Liu,
  • Yue Yang and
  • Weiguo Zhang

In complex environments, path planning is the key for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to perform military missions autonomously. This paper proposes a novel algorithm called flight cost-based Rapidly-exploring Random Tree star (FC-RRT*) extending the...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unmanned Aerial Systems and Geoinformatics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,061 Views
18 Pages

Path Planning for Dragon-Fruit-Harvesting Robotic Arm Based on XN-RRT* Algorithm

  • Chenzhe Fang,
  • Jinpeng Wang,
  • Fei Yuan,
  • Sunan Chen and
  • Hongping Zhou

27 April 2025

This paper proposes an enhanced RRT* algorithm (XN-RRT*) to address the challenges of low path planning efficiency and suboptimal picking success rates in complex pitaya harvesting environments. The algorithm generates sampling points based on normal...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
522 Views
19 Pages

29 June 2026

This paper investigates the path-planning problem of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for logistics delivery in urban environments. The impact of real-time obstacle avoidance and path smoothness on the flyability of UAVs remains a challenge in existin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
90 Citations
7,095 Views
14 Pages

It is well known that path planning has always been an important study area for intelligent ships, especially for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). Therefore, it is necessary to study the path-planning algorithm for USVs. As one of the basic algorith...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,528 Views
33 Pages

In order to solve the problems of traditional RRT algorithms that are too random in planning, have low planning efficiency, and have insufficient security, this paper proposes an algorithm that fuses APF and the improved bidirectional RRT* algorithm...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Intelligent Vehicle Path Planning Algorithm)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,252 Views
33 Pages

22 February 2026

In response to issues such as insufficient bias in random sampling, low convergence efficiency, inadequate path search efficiency, and lack of path smoothness encountered by the traditional RRT* algorithm during path planning, an improved algorithm i...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
88 Citations
7,982 Views
18 Pages

Path planning is one of the key technologies for unmanned driving of underground intelligent vehicles. Due to the complexity of the drift environment and the vehicle structure, some improvements should be made to adapt to underground mining condition...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Motion Planning and Control of Autonomous Vehicles)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,786 Views
14 Pages

12 July 2024

This paper proposes a solution for the cooperative obstacle avoidance path planning problem in dual manipulator arms using an improved Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm. The dual manipulator arms are categorized into a main arm and a seco...

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,906 Views
22 Pages

15 November 2021

The application of robots to replace manual work in live-line working scenes can effectively guarantee the safety of personnel. To improve the operation efficiency and reduce the difficulties in operating a live-line working robot, this paper propose...

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics and Automation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
792 Views
16 Pages

17 April 2026

An automotive welding unit is a modular production cell within a welding workshop that integrates industrial manipulators, welding equipment, fixtures, and control systems to perform specific welding and assembly tasks. A large number of industrial m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twins and Intelligent Systems for Condition-Based Industrial Maintenance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,726 Views
29 Pages

14 October 2024

To address the limitations of low node utilization and inadequate adaptability in complex environments encountered by Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithms during the expansion phase, this study presents an enhanced path planning algorithm&m...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Vehicles Technological Trends, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
265 Citations
20,460 Views
15 Pages

13 February 2018

In a future intelligent factory, a robotic manipulator must work efficiently and safely in a Human–Robot collaborative and dynamic unstructured environment. Autonomous path planning is the most important issue which must be resolved first in the proc...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors for Mechatronic and Robotic Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
58 Citations
8,556 Views
17 Pages

18 April 2022

In the future of automated production processes, the manipulator must be more efficient to complete certain tasks. Compared to single-arm robots, dual-arm robots have a larger workspace and stronger load capacity. Coordinated motion planning of multi...

(This article belongs to the Topic Industrial Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,988 Views
17 Pages

For the path planning of quad-rotor UAVs, the traditional RRT* algorithm has weak exploration ability, low planning efficiency, and a poor planning effect. A TD-RRT* algorithm based on target bias expansion and dynamic step size is proposed herein. F...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,021 Views
22 Pages

Evaluation of Operational Energy Efficiency for Bridge Cranes Based on an Improved Multi-Strategy Fusion RRT Algorithm

  • Quanwei Wang,
  • Xiaoyang Wang,
  • Ziya Ji,
  • Weili Liu,
  • Yingying Fang,
  • Jiayi Hou,
  • Xuying Liu and
  • Hao Wen

7 October 2025

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency, high energy consumption, and poor path quality during the multi-mechanism operation of bridge cranes in spatial tasks, an improved Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm based on multi-strategy fusion...

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
3,584 Views
19 Pages

Mobile Robot Path Planning Algorithm Based on RRT_Connect

  • Lieping Zhang,
  • Xiaoxu Shi,
  • Yameng Yi,
  • Liu Tang,
  • Jiansheng Peng and
  • Jianchu Zou

Targeting some problems of the RRT_Connect path planning algorithm, such as average search and low efficiency, proposes an improved RRT_Connect algorithm that may optimize the searched nodes and parts of planned paths. Firstly, an improved RRT_Connec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
4,173 Views
17 Pages

Improved RRT* Algorithm for Disinfecting Robot Path Planning

  • Haotian Wang,
  • Xiaolong Zhou,
  • Jianyong Li,
  • Zhilun Yang and
  • Linlin Cao

26 February 2024

In this paper, an improved APF-GFARRT* (artificial potential field-guided fuzzy adaptive rapidly exploring random trees) algorithm based on APF (artificial potential field) guided sampling and fuzzy adaptive expansion is proposed to solve the problem...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,852 Views
18 Pages

Compared to terrestrial transportation systems, the expansion of urban traffic into airspace can not only mitigate traffic congestion, but also foster establish eco-friendly transportation networks. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) task al...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Design and Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,237 Views
21 Pages

4 November 2025

Percutaneous puncture has become one of the most widely used minimally invasive techniques in clinical practice due to its advantages of low trauma, quick recovery and easy operation. However, incomplete needle tip movement, tissue barriers and compl...

(This article belongs to the Section Combinatorial Optimization, Graph, and Network Algorithms)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,525 Views
15 Pages

Double-Layer RRT* Objective Bias Anytime Motion Planning Algorithm

  • Hamada Esmaiel,
  • Guolin Zhao,
  • Zeyad A. H. Qasem,
  • Jie Qi and
  • Haixin Sun

This paper proposes a double-layer structure RRT* algorithm based on objective bias called DOB-RRT*. The algorithm adopts an initial path with an online optimization structure for motion planning. The first layer of RRT* introduces a feedback-based o...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Control in Robotics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
135 Citations
11,341 Views
32 Pages

Improved RRT-Connect Algorithm Based on Triangular Inequality for Robot Path Planning

  • Jin-Gu Kang,
  • Dong-Woo Lim,
  • Yong-Sik Choi,
  • Woo-Jin Jang and
  • Jin-Woo Jung

6 January 2021

This paper proposed a triangular inequality-based rewiring method for the rapidly exploring random tree (RRT)-Connect robot path-planning algorithm that guarantees the planning time compared to the RRT algorithm, to bring it closer to the optimum. To...

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,093 Views
18 Pages

Path Planning of Quadrupedal Robot Based on Improved RRT-Connect Algorithm

  • Xiaohua Xu,
  • Peibo Li,
  • Jiangwu Zhou and
  • Wenzhuo Deng

18 April 2025

In view of the large randomness, redundant path nodes, and low search efficiency of RRT-connect in a complex obstacle environment, this study intends to develop a path-planning method combining RRT-connect and Informed RRT*. First, to solve the probl...

(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
527 Views
24 Pages

18 June 2026

To address the limitations of the traditional rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm, including redundant exploration, limited adaptability in dense environments, insufficient obstacle clearance, and poor path smoothness, this paper proposes a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
50 Citations
5,036 Views
22 Pages

Due to the complexity of the marine environment, underwater target search and interception is one of the biggest problems faced by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). At present, there is quite a lot of research in terms of the two-dimensional en...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Sensors and Robotic Platform Technologies for the Exploration and Monitoring of Marine Ecosystems and Far Beyond)
  • Article
  • Open Access
488 Views
30 Pages

Underwater Vehicle Path Planning Based on the Improved Bidirectional APF-RRT* Algorithm

  • Chenrui Bai,
  • Ya Zhang,
  • Zehui Yuan,
  • Shuwen Zhao and
  • Chenghao Yang

10 August 2026

Aiming at the problems of traditional Rapidly exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*), its modified algorithms in the three-dimensional complex underwater path planning of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), including sampling redundancy, simplistic exp...

(This article belongs to the Section Unmanned Surface and Underwater Drones)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,326 Views
20 Pages

Research on Path Planning Based on Multi-Dimensional Optimized RRT Algorithm

  • Jinbo Wang,
  • Tongjia Pang,
  • Weihai Zhang,
  • Wei Liao and
  • Tingwei Du

The Rapidly Exploring Random Tree (RRT) is widely employed in the field of intelligent vehicles, but traditional RRT has issues like inefficient blind expansion, tortuous/discontinuous paths, and slow convergence. Thus, a multi-dimensional optimized...

(This article belongs to the Section Propulsion Systems and Components)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,645 Views
22 Pages

An Adaptive Path Planning Algorithm for USV in Complex Waterways: SA-Bi-APF-RRT*

  • Sixian Li,
  • Ke Chen,
  • Dongfang Li,
  • Jieyu Xian,
  • Tieli Lyu,
  • Yimeng Li,
  • Hong Zhu and
  • Maohua Xiao

In recent years, the RRT* algorithm has been widely applied in industrial fields because of its asymptotic optimality. However, the traditional RRT* algorithm exhibits limitations in terms of convergence speed and quality of generated paths, and its...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Path Planning for Intelligent Ships)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,292 Views
27 Pages

Path Planning Algorithm for Manipulators in Complex Scenes Based on Improved RRT*

  • Xiqing Zhang,
  • Pengyu Wang,
  • Yongrui Guo,
  • Qianqian Han and
  • Kuoran Zhang

8 January 2025

Aiming at the problems of a six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm in a three-dimensional multi-obstacle space, such as low sampling efficiency and path search failure, an improved fast extended random tree (RRT*) algorithm for robotic arm path planning m...

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,392 Views
20 Pages

Pruning branches of apple trees is a labor-intensive task. Pruning robots can save manpower and reduce costs. A full map of the apple orchard with collision-free paths, which is navigation planning, is essential. To improve the navigation efficiency...

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
2,506 Views
17 Pages

19 March 2025

The Rapidly Exploring Random Tree algorithm, renowned for its randomness, asymptotic properties, and local planning capabilities, is extensively employed in autonomous driving for path planning. Addressing issues such as pronounced randomness, low se...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,766 Views
20 Pages

Autonomous valet parking technology refers to a vehicle’s use of onboard sensors and line-controlled chassis to carry out a fully automatic valet parking function, which can greatly improve the driver’s experience. This study focuses on a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Design Theory and Methods of Intelligent Electric Vehicle Chassis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
5,558 Views
23 Pages

Motion Planning of the Citrus-Picking Manipulator Based on the TO-RRT Algorithm

  • Cheng Liu,
  • Qingchun Feng,
  • Zuoliang Tang,
  • Xiangyu Wang,
  • Jinping Geng and
  • Lijia Xu

The working environment of a picking robot is complex, and the motion-planning algorithm of the picking manipulator will directly affect the obstacle avoidance effect and picking efficiency of the manipulator. In this study, a time-optimal rapidly-ex...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Robots and Autonomous Machines for Agriculture Production)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,303 Views
20 Pages

CERRT: A Mobile Robot Path Planning Algorithm Based on RRT in Complex Environments

  • Kun Hao,
  • Yang Yang,
  • Zhisheng Li,
  • Yonglei Liu and
  • Xiaofang Zhao

26 August 2023

In complex environments, path planning for mobile robots faces challenges such as insensitivity to the environment, low efficiency, and poor path quality with the rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) algorithm. We propose a novel algorithm, the comple...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Robot Path Planning, Volume II)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,695 Views
15 Pages

7 March 2023

Manipulator motion planning for real-time obstacle avoidance in a dynamic environment is explored in this article. To address obstacle avoidance problems, a multiple-query and sampling-based motion replanning algorithm with the dynamic bias-goal fact...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Applications of Machine Tools and Robot Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
5,575 Views
26 Pages

16 December 2024

Efficient and effective path planning can significantly enhance the task execution capabilities of UAVs in complex environments. This paper proposes an improved sampling-based path planning algorithm, Bi-APF-RRT*, which integrates an Artificial Poten...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cartography, Mission Planning, Path Search, and Path Following for Drones)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,238 Views
20 Pages

A Path Planning Algorithm of Inspection Robots for Solar Power Plants Based on Improved RRT*

  • Fangbin Wang,
  • Yefei Gao,
  • Zhong Chen,
  • Xue Gong,
  • Darong Zhu and
  • Wanlin Cong

29 October 2023

In order to improve the safety and efficiency of inspection robots for solar power plants, the Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) algorithm is studied and an improved method based on an adaptive target bias and heuristic circular sampling is p...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,501 Views
14 Pages

An Improved RRT Path-Planning Algorithm Based on Vehicle Lane-Change Trajectory Data

  • Jianlong Li,
  • Bingzheng Liu,
  • Dong Guo,
  • Xianjie Gao and
  • Pengwei Wang

The Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm faces issues in path planning, including low search efficiency, high randomness, and suboptimal path quality. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes an improved RRT planning algorithm based on...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Intelligent Vehicle Path Planning Algorithm)
  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,627 Views
21 Pages

30 March 2025

The Rapidly-exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) algorithm, widely utilized for path planning, faces challenges, such as slow acquisition of feasible paths and high path costs. To address this issue, this paper presents an improved algorithm based on RR...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sensing, Control and Path Planning for Robotic Systems)

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