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Electronics
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Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables
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Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 November 2025 | Viewed by 2553

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fulin Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: energy storage; hydrogen; integrated energy system; renewable energy; smart grid
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kai Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: hydrogen energy; power conversion; energy storage; wireless charging technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid development and increasing integration of renewable and clean energy technologies, electricity grids have been undergoing low-carbon transformation and facing the challenges of efficient and reliable operation. Great efforts are being made to optimise renewable-based electricity grids from the perspectives of planning methods, scheduling algorithms, and control strategies in order to cope with the fluctuations, intermittency, and randomness of renewable generation, including wind and solar energy. While energy storage systems such as supercapacitors, stationary or on-board batteries, and pumped storage are widely explored to balance and support electricity grids in different time scales, increasing attention is being paid to the role of hydrogen energy in the context of electricity grids, not only due to its capability of long-term, large-scale energy storage but also because the green hydrogen produced from excessive renewables can be applied to the deep decarbonisation of energy sectors, which are difficult to decarbonise directly through electricity. This manifests in the need for new design, operation, and control strategies for grids with the strong integration of renewables and green hydrogen.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the advanced and innovative research related to the planning, scheduling, and control of renewable-based electricity grids, in particular, those that involve green hydrogen technologies such as electrolysers and fuel cells. Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Grid control with high penetration of renewables;
  • Grid control for green hydrogen production;
  • Active network management;
  • Multiple time scale grid scheduling;
  • Coordination of complementary resources;
  • Energy storage system planning;
  • Hydrogen energy system planning;
  • Converter design and control;
  • Electricity markets and ancillary service markets.

Dr. Fulin Fan
Prof. Dr. Kai Song
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • grid modelling
  • system planning
  • grid scheduling
  • control strategies
  • multiple-resources coordination
  • renewable energy
  • green hydrogen
  • converters

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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53 pages, 35644 KiB  
Article
Impact Analysis and Optimal Placement of Distributed Energy Resources in Diverse Distribution Systems for Grid Congestion Mitigation and Performance Enhancement
by Hasan Iqbal, Alexander Stevenson and Arif I. Sarwat
Electronics 2025, 14(10), 1998; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101998 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 185
Abstract
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) introduces new challenges to distribution networks despite offering opportunities for decarbonization and grid flexibility. This paper proposes a scalable simulation-based framework that [...] Read more.
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery energy storage systems (BESSs), and electric vehicles (EVs) introduces new challenges to distribution networks despite offering opportunities for decarbonization and grid flexibility. This paper proposes a scalable simulation-based framework that combines deterministic nodal hosting capacity analysis with probabilistic Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate and optimize DER integration in diverse feeder types. The methodology is demonstrated using the IEEE 13-bus and 123-bus test systems under full-year time-series simulations. Deterministic hosting capacity analysis shows that individual nodes can accommodate up to 76% of base load from PV sources, while Monte Carlo analysis reveals a network-wide average hosting capacity of 62%. Uncoordinated DER deployment leads to increased system losses, overvoltages, and thermal overloads. In contrast, coordinated integration achieves up to 38.7% reduction in power losses, 25% peak demand shaving, and voltage improvements from 0.928 p.u. to 0.971 p.u. Additionally, congestion-centric optimization reduces thermal overload indices by up to 65%. This framework aids utilities and policymakers in making informed decisions on DER planning by capturing both spatial and stochastic constraints. Its modular design allows for flexible adaptation across feeder scales and configurations. The results highlight the need for node-specific deployment strategies and probabilistic validation to ensure reliable, efficient DER integration. Future work will incorporate optimization-driven control and hardware-in-the-loop testing to support real-time implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables)
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29 pages, 6610 KiB  
Article
Research on Distributed Optimization Scheduling and Its Boundaries in Virtual Power Plants
by Jiaquan Yu, Yanfang Fan and Junjie Hou
Electronics 2025, 14(5), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050932 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
To improve the operational efficiency of the Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and the effectiveness and reliability of scheduling boundary characterization, this paper proposes a time-decoupled distributed optimization algorithm. First, based on the Lyapunov optimization theory, time decoupling is implemented within the VPP, transforming [...] Read more.
To improve the operational efficiency of the Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and the effectiveness and reliability of scheduling boundary characterization, this paper proposes a time-decoupled distributed optimization algorithm. First, based on the Lyapunov optimization theory, time decoupling is implemented within the VPP, transforming long-term optimization problems into single-period optimization problems, thereby reducing optimization complexity and improving operational efficiency. Second, the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) framework is used to decompose the optimization problem into multiple subproblems, combined with a hybrid strategy to improve the particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving the problem, thus achieving distributed optimization for the VPP. Finally, to facilitate intra-day interaction between the VPP and the distribution network, the remaining controllable capacity of the VPP’s devices is used as the spinning reserve to address renewable energy fluctuations. A dynamic scheduling boundary model is constructed by introducing wind and solar fluctuation factors. Based on time decoupling and algorithm improvement, the scheduling boundaries are solved and updated on a rolling basis. Simulation results show that, firstly, the time decoupling strategy based on Lyapunov optimization has an error of less than 3%, and the solving time is reduced by 86.11% after decoupling, significantly improving solving efficiency and validating the feasibility and effectiveness of the time decoupling strategy. Secondly, the hybrid strategy-improved particle swarm optimization algorithm achieves improvements in convergence speed and accuracy compared to other algorithms. Finally, the VPP scheduling boundary and scheduling cost characterization times are 115 s and 6.7 s, respectively, effectively meeting the timeliness of VPP and distribution network interaction while ensuring the safety and reliability of the scheduling boundaries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables)
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19 pages, 11289 KiB  
Article
Research on Grid-Connected and Off-Grid Control Strategy for Bidirectional Energy Storage Inverter
by Yafeng Ju, Hui Zhang, Xudong Cao, Ruogu Zhang, Li Ji, Xueliang Wei and Yanqing Liu
Electronics 2024, 13(24), 4911; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244911 - 12 Dec 2024
Viewed by 968
Abstract
Bidirectional energy storage inverters serve as crucial devices connecting distributed energy resources within microgrids to external large-scale power grids. Due to the disruptive impacts arising during the transition between grid-connected and islanded modes in bidirectional energy storage inverters, this paper proposes a smooth [...] Read more.
Bidirectional energy storage inverters serve as crucial devices connecting distributed energy resources within microgrids to external large-scale power grids. Due to the disruptive impacts arising during the transition between grid-connected and islanded modes in bidirectional energy storage inverters, this paper proposes a smooth switching strategy based on droop control to mitigate such impacts. Firstly, this paper introduces the principle of droop control under inductive line impedance conditions, elaborating on the relevant components and the design rationale and parameter selection for the control components adopted in this study. During the transition from grid-connected to islanded mode, an improved Active Frequency Drift with Positive Feedback (AFDPF) method is introduced. Building upon the traditional AFDPF, this method optimizes the chopping coefficient by incorporating a positive feedback coefficient and a piecewise function, and proposes a tracking step size with the cube root of the frequency difference, thereby enhancing the efficiency of islanding detection while ensuring harmonic quality in the system. Conversely, during the transition from islanded to grid-connected mode, this paper proposes a composite pre-synchronization control strategy based on droop control, which enables precise tracking of the phase, amplitude, and frequency of the output voltage of the bidirectional energy storage inverter relative to the grid voltage. Finally, simulation models are established using MATLAB/Simulink(MathWorks, R2022b, U.S.), and an experimental platform with the TMS320F28378DPTPS controller built for verification. The results demonstrate that the proposed switching strategy exhibits excellent stability and achieves smooth transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes, outperforming traditional control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Scheduling and Control of Grids with Renewables)
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