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  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
47,864 Views
17 Pages

6 November 2023

Ascorbic acid (AA), or vitamin C, is one of the most important vitamins consumed through the diet due to its critical role in many biological processes. Although the human body cannot synthesize it, AA is essential in maintaining healthy bodily struc...

  • Review
  • Open Access
123 Citations
40,459 Views
22 Pages

23 July 2023

Plasma-activated water (PAW) is water that has been treated with atmospheric pressure plasma. Due to the presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), PAW can be used in various applications such as (1) surface disinfection and food decont...

  • Review
  • Open Access
91 Citations
38,840 Views
26 Pages

26 September 2024

This review highlights recent innovations in food packaging, emphasizing the shift from conventional petroleum-based materials to bio-based alternatives and smart packaging systems. Bio-based materials, such as starch, cellulose, and polyhydroxyalkan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
38,763 Views
10 Pages

Extraction and Characterization of Bromelain from Pineapple Core: A Strategy for Pineapple Waste Valorization

  • Alex Fissore,
  • Mauro Marengo,
  • Valentina Santoro,
  • Giorgio Grillo,
  • Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso,
  • Giancarlo Cravotto,
  • Fabrizio Dal Piaz and
  • Salvatore Adinolfi

11 July 2023

Bromelain is a mixture of cysteine endopeptidase usually extracted from pineapple juice and is used for the treatment of various human diseases and in industrial applications. Bromelain demand is quickly increasing, and its recovery from pineapple re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
245 Citations
38,410 Views
29 Pages

Integration of Renewable-Energy-Based Green Hydrogen into the Energy Future

  • Ismail Marouani,
  • Tawfik Guesmi,
  • Badr M. Alshammari,
  • Khalid Alqunun,
  • Ahmed Alzamil,
  • Mansoor Alturki and
  • Hsan Hadj Abdallah

7 September 2023

There is a growing interest in green hydrogen, with researchers, institutions, and countries focusing on its development, efficiency improvement, and cost reduction. This paper explores the concept of green hydrogen and its production process using r...

  • Review
  • Open Access
53 Citations
37,134 Views
20 Pages

12 March 2025

Industrial robotics has shifted from rigid, task-specific tools to adaptive, intelligent systems powered by artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and sensor integration, revolutionizing efficiency and human–robot collaboration ac...

  • Review
  • Open Access
70 Citations
34,759 Views
32 Pages

A Comprehensive Review of Organic Rankine Cycles

  • José C. Jiménez-García,
  • Alexis Ruiz,
  • Alejandro Pacheco-Reyes and
  • Wilfrido Rivera

30 June 2023

It has been demonstrated that energy systems driven by conventional energy sources like fossil fuels are one of the main causes of climate change. Organic Rankine cycles can help to reduce that impact, as they can be operated by using the industrial...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
34,145 Views
17 Pages

Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry

  • Ahmad Hazim Abdul Aziz,
  • Dwila Nur Rizkiyah,
  • Lailatul Qomariyah,
  • Irianto Irianto,
  • Mohd Azizi Che Yunus and
  • Nicky Rahmana Putra

15 August 2023

This review article provides an overview of the bioactive compounds of clove, their health benefits, and their potential application in food and beverages. Cloves are rich in phenolic compounds, mainly eugenol, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflamm...

  • Review
  • Open Access
71 Citations
33,630 Views
40 Pages

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes

  • Montserrat Cerón Ferrusca,
  • Rubi Romero,
  • Sandra Luz Martínez,
  • Armando Ramírez-Serrano and
  • Reyna Natividad

28 June 2023

Presently, the use of fossil fuels is not ecologically sustainable, which results in the need for new alternative energies such as biodiesel. This work presents a review of the classification of the lipidic feedstocks and the catalysts for biodiesel...

  • Review
  • Open Access
193 Citations
32,488 Views
17 Pages

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: From Conventional to ‘Modern’ Methods—A Review

  • Ngoc Phuong Uyen Nguyen,
  • Ngoc Tung Dang,
  • Linh Doan and
  • Thi Thu Hoai Nguyen

2 September 2023

Silver nanoparticles, also known as AgNPs, have been extensively researched due to their one-of-a-kind characteristics, including their optical, antibacterial, and electrical capabilities. In the era of the antibiotics crisis, with an increase in ant...

  • Review
  • Open Access
137 Citations
31,701 Views
58 Pages

A Review of Third Generation Solar Cells

  • N. Shah,
  • A. A. Shah,
  • P. K. Leung,
  • S. Khan,
  • K. Sun,
  • X. Zhu and
  • Q. Liao

20 June 2023

Third-generation solar cells are designed to achieve high power-conversion efficiency while being low-cost to produce. These solar cells have the ability to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit. This review focuses on different types of third-ge...

  • Review
  • Open Access
154 Citations
30,692 Views
32 Pages

Green Extraction Techniques of Bioactive Compounds: A State-of-the-Art Review

  • Rodrigo Martins,
  • Ana Barbosa,
  • Bárbara Advinha,
  • Hélia Sales,
  • Rita Pontes and
  • João Nunes

26 July 2023

Green extraction techniques are more and more relevant due to major sustainable goals set by the United Nations. Greener extraction processes are being designed through the use of unconventional extraction techniques and green solvents, resulting in...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
28,090 Views
29 Pages

Potential Health Risks of Exposure to Graphene and Its Derivatives: A Review

  • Huanyu Jin,
  • Nami Lai,
  • Chao Jiang,
  • Mengying Wang,
  • Wanying Yao,
  • Yue Han and
  • Weiwei Song

13 January 2025

Graphene and its derivatives (GDs) have been applied in many fields, like photocatalysts, sensors, and biomedical delivery, due to its excellent physicochemical properties. However, the widespread use of GDs has significantly increased human exposure...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
71 Citations
26,045 Views
49 Pages

14 February 2025

The advancement of intelligent packaging technologies has emerged as a pivotal innovation in the food industry, significantly enhancing food safety and preservation. This review explores the latest developments in the fabrication of intelligent packa...

  • Review
  • Open Access
132 Citations
25,907 Views
17 Pages

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: A Review of Hydrochar Preparation and Environmental Application

  • Jelena Petrović,
  • Marija Ercegović,
  • Marija Simić,
  • Marija Koprivica,
  • Jelena Dimitrijević,
  • Aleksandar Jovanović and
  • Jovana Janković Pantić

18 January 2024

The concept of a bio-based economy has been adopted by many advanced countries around the world, and thermochemical conversion of waste biomass is recognized as the most effective approach to achieve this objective. Recent studies indicate that hydro...

  • Review
  • Open Access
44 Citations
25,571 Views
34 Pages

18 December 2023

The power battery is an important component of new energy vehicles, and thermal safety is the key issue in its development. During charging and discharging, how to enhance the rapid and uniform heat dissipation of power batteries has become a hotspot...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
25,325 Views
69 Pages

Upcycling Coffee Waste: Key Industrial Activities for Advancing Circular Economy and Overcoming Commercialization Challenges

  • Kanokthip Pongsiriyakul,
  • Peerawat Wongsurakul,
  • Worapon Kiatkittipong,
  • Aerwadee Premashthira,
  • Kulapa Kuldilok,
  • Vesna Najdanovic-Visak,
  • Sushil Adhikari,
  • Patrick Cognet,
  • Tetsuya Kida and
  • Suttichai Assabumrungrat
Processes2024, 12(12), 2851;https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122851 
(registering DOI)

12 December 2024

The valorization of coffee waste has gained traction due to its potential to generate valuable products, lessen its impact on the environment, and promote sustainability. This review examines the diverse range of coffee waste, including pulp, husk, m...

  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
25,033 Views
15 Pages

Biofilm Formation in Water Distribution Systems

  • Patrícia Erdei-Tombor,
  • Gabriella Kiskó and
  • Andrea Taczman-Brückner

27 January 2024

A biofilm is a biologically active matrix attached to the surface of cells and their extracellular products. As they are a mixture of many microorganisms, the microbiological activity of biofilms varies according to their position in the aggregate. W...

  • Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
23,953 Views
41 Pages

A Review of Thin-Film Growth, Properties, Applications, and Future Prospects

  • Subramanian Sakthinathan,
  • Ganesh Abinaya Meenakshi,
  • Sivaramakrishnan Vinothini,
  • Chung-Lun Yu,
  • Ching-Lung Chen,
  • Te-Wei Chiu and
  • Naratip Vittayakorn

19 February 2025

This review article’s primary aim is to discuss different thin-film deposition technique methods and their important uses. The histories of thin-film technology, thin-film growth, thin-film classification, and thin-film preparation techniques a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
103 Citations
23,676 Views
18 Pages

Recent Advancements in Photo-Bioreactors for Microalgae Cultivation: A Brief Overview

  • Giannis Penloglou,
  • Alexandros Pavlou and
  • Costas Kiparissides

28 May 2024

Inspired by the vast potential of microalgae in the bioeconomy and the numerous applications and benefits associated with their cultivation, a multitude of pilot- and industrial-scale microalgae production systems have been developed in recent years....

  • Review
  • Open Access
62 Citations
23,229 Views
39 Pages

16 June 2024

Rare earth elements (REEs) are at the forefront of discussions, given their crucial role in cutting-edge and eco-friendly innovations that propel the industrial revolution towards a green economy. These elements have become indispensable to various m...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
23,075 Views
33 Pages

Recent Progress in Design and Performance Analysis of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines—A Comprehensive Review

  • Djamal Hissein Didane,
  • Mostafa Radwan Behery,
  • Mohanad Al-Ghriybah and
  • Bukhari Manshoor

27 May 2024

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are receiving more and more attention as they involve simple design, cope better with turbulence, and are insensitive to wind direction, which has a huge impact on their cost since a yaw mechanism is not needed. Ho...

  • Review
  • Open Access
87 Citations
23,028 Views
18 Pages

Review on Waste-to-Energy Approaches toward a Circular Economy in Developed and Developing Countries

  • Shahabaldin Rezania,
  • Bahareh Oryani,
  • Vahid Reza Nasrollahi,
  • Negisa Darajeh,
  • Majid Lotfi Ghahroud and
  • Kamyar Mehranzamir

27 August 2023

International interest in using waste-to-energy (WtE) technology toward a circular economy (CE) is developing, spurred by environmental challenges such as inefficient solid waste dumping, pollution, and resource depletion. Incineration, pyrolysis, ga...

  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
22,836 Views
26 Pages

17 December 2023

The emergence of bioplastics presents a promising solution to the environmental impact of the plastics industry. Bioplastics are engineered to degrade in aquatic or soil environments. However, not all bioplastics are completely biodegradable, and som...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
22,619 Views
57 Pages

Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing Industry Worker Safety: A New Paradigm for Hazard Prevention and Mitigation

  • Minahil Khurram,
  • Catherine Zhang,
  • Shalahudin Muhammad,
  • Hitesh Kishnani,
  • Kimi An,
  • Kalana Abeywardena,
  • Utkarsh Chadha and
  • Kamran Behdinan

25 April 2025

The phenomenal rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in the last decade, and its evolution as a versatile addition to various fields, necessitates its usage for novel purposes in multidimensional fields like the manufacturing industry. Even though AI...

  • Review
  • Open Access
158 Citations
22,420 Views
31 Pages

16 December 2023

This review explores eco-friendly methods for extracting bioactive natural products from diverse sources. The introductory exploration emphasizes the increasing demand for sustainable extraction methods, with a focus on the environmental impact of co...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
44 Citations
21,228 Views
38 Pages

20 January 2025

With the consequences of climate change becoming more urgent, there has never been a more pressing need for technologies that can help to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the most polluting sectors, such as power generation, steel, cement...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
12 Citations
21,061 Views
13 Pages

Water Kefir: Review of Microbial Diversity, Potential Health Benefits, and Fermentation Process

  • Klinger Vinícius de Almeida,
  • Cíntia Tomaz Sant’ Ana,
  • Samarha Pacheco Wichello,
  • Gabriele Estofeles Louzada,
  • Silvani Verruck and
  • Luciano José Quintão Teixeira

17 March 2025

Water kefir is a non-dairy fermented beverage that ferments water kefir grains in a sucrose solution. These grains harbor a diverse microbiota, including lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and yeast species. The composition of water kefir is...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
21,020 Views
24 Pages

Comparative Review on the Production and Purification of Bioethanol from Biomass: A Focus on Corn

  • Jean Claude Assaf,
  • Zeinab Mortada,
  • Sid-Ahmed Rezzoug,
  • Zoulikha Maache-Rezzoug,
  • Espérance Debs and
  • Nicolas Louka

15 May 2024

In the contemporary era, conventional energy sources like oil, coal, and natural gas overwhelmingly contribute 89.6% to global CO2 emissions, intensifying environmental challenges. Recognizing the urgency of addressing climate concerns, a pivotal shi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
20,654 Views
20 Pages

Research Progress on Processing Technology of Refined Betel Nut in China: A Review

  • Qinhe Zhu,
  • Senwen Deng,
  • Li Ma,
  • Qi Li,
  • Shuhua Tan,
  • Yuojun Zheng,
  • Aiqing Xu and
  • Haihua Wang

9 November 2023

Betel nut is a traditional Asian herbal medicine and ranks as the fourth most common addictive substance in the world. Refined betel nut is made from the original fruit of the Areca catechu L. tree through complex traditional processes. Betel nut has...

  • Review
  • Open Access
132 Citations
20,595 Views
42 Pages

A Comprehensive Review of Microgrid Energy Management Strategies Considering Electric Vehicles, Energy Storage Systems, and AI Techniques

  • Muhammad Raheel Khan,
  • Zunaib Maqsood Haider,
  • Farhan Hameed Malik,
  • Fahad M. Almasoudi,
  • Khaled Saleem S. Alatawi and
  • Muhammad Shoaib Bhutta

26 January 2024

The relentlessly depleting fossil-fuel-based energy resources worldwide have forbidden an imminent energy crisis that could severely impact the general population. This dire situation calls for the immediate exploitation of renewable energy resources...

  • Review
  • Open Access
105 Citations
20,356 Views
39 Pages

Recent Progress on Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Coal Gasification

  • Fei Dai,
  • Shengping Zhang,
  • Yuanpei Luo,
  • Ke Wang,
  • Yanrong Liu and
  • Xiaoyan Ji

9 June 2023

Coal gasification is recognized as the core technology of clean coal utilization that exhibits significant advantages in hydrogen-rich syngas production and CO2 emission reduction. This review briefly discusses the recent research progress on various...

  • Review
  • Open Access
58 Citations
20,340 Views
33 Pages

4 August 2023

Due to their high energy density, long calendar life, and environmental protection, lithium-ion batteries have found widespread use in a variety of areas of human life, including portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and electric ships, amo...

  • Review
  • Open Access
62 Citations
20,101 Views
47 Pages

1 January 2025

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the internet of things (IoT), known as artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), is driving significant advancements in the aquaculture industry, offering solutions to longstanding challenges relate...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
19,887 Views
21 Pages

1 July 2023

The food system plays a significant role in anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing to over one-third of these emissions. However, there has been limited attention given in the literature on how the food industry can effectively ad...

  • Review
  • Open Access
46 Citations
18,632 Views
26 Pages

Biofuels from Microalgae: A Review on Microalgae Cultivation, Biodiesel Production Techniques and Storage Stability

  • Amit Kumar Sharma,
  • Shivangi Jaryal,
  • Shubham Sharma,
  • Archana Dhyani,
  • Bhagya Sindhu Tewari and
  • Neelima Mahato

10 February 2025

Rising global energy demands, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and growing environmental concerns have led to an increasing demand for clean and renewable energy sources. Recently, microalgae biofuels have emerged as a promising and sustainable energy...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
18,351 Views
27 Pages

24 September 2024

This review focuses on the physical disruption techniques in extracting intracellular compounds, a critical step that significantly impacts yield and purity. Traditional chemical extraction methods, though long-established, face challenges related to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
17,885 Views
13 Pages

Utilizing Used Cooking Oil and Organic Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Soap Production

  • Leila Zayed,
  • Natalia Gablo,
  • Ludmila Kalcakova,
  • Simona Dordevic,
  • Ivan Kushkevych,
  • Dani Dordevic and
  • Bohuslava Tremlova

20 June 2024

This research examined the potential for utilizing waste materials generated during the production of dishes/meals and organic waste. Specifically, it evaluated the use of orange peel (OP), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and waste cooking oil in the pro...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
17,691 Views
19 Pages

21 December 2023

This study covers the critical concerns related to the sizing, selection, installation, maintenance, and testing of pressure safety valves (PSVs). The aim is to ensure the safety of pressurized systems, hydrostatic transmission systems, and hydraulic...

  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
17,022 Views
20 Pages

Development and Application of Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction Iron Process

  • Yuzhang Ji,
  • Zhongyuan Chi,
  • Shufu Yuan,
  • Yongxu Chen,
  • Yujie Li,
  • Tianchi Jiang,
  • Xin Liu and
  • Weijun Zhang

28 August 2024

The conventional iron and steel industry (ISI), driven by coal utilization as its predominant feedstock, constitutes a substantial source of greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen metallurgy presents the opportunity to mitigate carbon emissions in ISI fr...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
16,960 Views
15 Pages

Chemical and Biological Characterisation of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Extracts Obtained by Subcritical Water

  • Tanja Brezo-Borjan,
  • Jaroslava Švarc-Gajić,
  • Simone Morais,
  • Cristina Delerue-Matos,
  • Francisca Rodrigues,
  • Ivana Lončarević and
  • Biljana Pajin

10 June 2023

Orange peels, generally considered as waste, were treated with subcritical water (SWE)—a green technology and environmentally friendly extraction process—at different temperatures (120–200 °C) and extraction times (5–60 mi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
42 Citations
16,952 Views
33 Pages

20 September 2023

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a form of sustainable and renewable technology for harvesting wasted mechanical energy in nature, such as motion, waves, wind, and vibrations. TENG devices generate electricity through the cyclic w...

  • Review
  • Open Access
66 Citations
16,821 Views
75 Pages

Data-Driven Process Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Survey

  • Afrânio Melo,
  • Maurício Melo Câmara and
  • José Carlos Pinto

24 January 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the historical development, the current state of the art, and prospects of data-driven approaches for industrial process monitoring. The subject covers a vast and diverse range of works, which are compile...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
16,805 Views
21 Pages

Studying the Antioxidant and the Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Successive Extracts Compared to the Green-Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and the Crude Aqueous Extract from Azadirachta indica

  • Mostafa Ahmed,
  • Diaa Attia Marrez,
  • Nadia Mohamed Abdelmoeen,
  • Ebtesam Abdelmoneem Mahmoud,
  • Mohamed Abdel-Shakur Ali,
  • Kincső Decsi and
  • Zoltán Tóth

27 May 2023

Azadirachta indica has several medicinal uses, especially its leaves. Over 4000 years ago, Ayurvedic medicine used it for its therapeutic benefits. This study examined the biological activity of Neem crude extracts and green-chemically produced Ag-NP...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
16 Citations
16,600 Views
56 Pages

21 August 2023

Peanuts, being crucial crops of global importance, have gained widespread recognition for their versatility and nutritional value. In addition to direct consumption, either with or without treatment, peanuts can be the subject of diverse applications...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
16,320 Views
16 Pages

Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus Subtilis BSP1 from Soil: Antimicrobial Activity and Optimization of Fermentation Conditions

  • Heba Hellany,
  • Jean Claude Assaf,
  • Sara Barada,
  • Dalia el-Badan,
  • Rana El Hajj,
  • Sonia Abou Najem,
  • Antoine G. Abou Fayad and
  • Mahmoud I. Khalil

2 August 2024

This study focused on the isolation, characterization, and evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of a crude extract from Bacillus subtilis isolated from rhizosphere soil. Through biochemical and physiological assessments, followe...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
16,267 Views
42 Pages

A Review of Safety Valves: Standards, Design, and Technological Advances in Industry

  • Petrică Cană,
  • Razvan George Ripeanu,
  • Alin Diniță,
  • Maria Tănase,
  • Alexandra Ileana Portoacă and
  • Iulian Pătîrnac

3 January 2025

This review synthesizes insights from the literature and incorporates computational and experimental analyses to explore various types of safety valves and their applications across industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and power ge...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
15,956 Views
28 Pages

Critical Review of Lithium Recovery Methods: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions

  • Subin Antony Jose,
  • Jonathan Luke Stoll,
  • Tyson Smith,
  • Chase Jackson,
  • Trent Dieleman,
  • Easton Leath,
  • Nicholas Eastwood and
  • Pradeep L. Menezes

10 October 2024

The integration of lithium into technological applications has profoundly influenced human development, particularly in energy storage systems like lithium-ion batteries. With global demand for lithium surging alongside technological advancements, th...

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Processes - ISSN 2227-9717