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Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations

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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Biological Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 July 2023) | Viewed by 29044

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Bartosz

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Guest Editor

Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: free radicals; reactive oxygen species; antioxidants; membranes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
Interests: biochemistry of oxidative stress; antioxidants; enzymology; neurobiology; biogerontology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Marino Bañon-Arnao

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Guest Editor

Department Plant Physiology, University of Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain
Interests: abiotic stress; oxidative stress; antioxidants; antioxidant activity peroxidases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The idea of measuring the sum of antioxidant activities in a biological material (Total Antioxidant Activity (TAC)) has become popular in the last few decades. It has been used for evaluation of body fluids (especially blood plasma) as a potential diagnostic or prognostic marker and widely applied for evaluation of the antioxidant content of beverages and foods. Various methods have been applied to evaluate TAC and, depending on the reactivity of the testing reagents, the results obtained using various assays show moderate correlations. The general validity of TAC assays has been questioned by some researchers. The aim of this series is to discuss various methodological approaches to measure TAC, report examples of applications, bring positive and critical remarks, proposals of methodological improvements (e.g., automatization), comparison of methods and discussion of the perspectives of the application of TAC in food chemistry, clinical science and other fields. All contributions related to TAC assays are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Bartosz
Prof. Dr. Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Prof. Dr. Marino Bañon-Arnao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

ABTS
DPPH
FRAP
CUPRAC
antioxidants

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 1963 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physicochemical Analysis of Cold Brew and Hot Brew Peaberry Coffee

by Evan T. Schwarzmann, Marlena P. Washington and Niny Z. Rao

Processes 2022, 10(10), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101989 - 02 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2263

Abstract

Peaberry coffee is the result of a natural mutation of coffee beans, and they make up only about 5–7% of coffee crops. A typical coffee cherry contains two seeds that are developed against each other, resulting in the distinctive half-rounded shape of coffee beans. However, failing to fertilize both ovules of one of the seeds or failure in endosperm development can cause only one of the seeds to develop, resulting in smaller, denser beans with a more domed shape. Peaberry coffees are said to be sweeter, lighter, and more flavorful since the peaberry beans receive all nutrients from the coffee cherry. Due to its exclusive nature, the chemical characteristic of peaberry coffee is not well understood. This study explores the acidities and antioxidant activity of peaberry coffee sourced from multiple regions. Total antioxidant capacity, total caffeoylquinic acid (CQA), total caffeine concentration, and pH levels were evaluated for peaberry coffee extracts prepared by cold and hot brewing methods. Little correlation between antioxidant activity and the concentrations of caffeine and CQA in peaberry beans was shown. Six methods were performed for the characterization of total antioxidant capacity including cyclic voltammetry, ABTS assay, and FRAP assay. Peaberry bean extract demonstrated higher average total caffeine concentrations compared to traditional coffee bean extracts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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17 pages, 1573 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) of Plant Phenolic Compounds in Rapeseed Oil and Comparison of Antioxidant Measurement Methods

by Melanie Platzer, Sandra Kiese, Tobias Asam, Franziska Schneider, Thorsten Tybussek, Thomas Herfellner, Ute Schweiggert-Weisz and Peter Eisner

Processes 2022, 10(7), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10071281 - 29 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1457

Abstract

Natural antioxidants are known for their ability to scavenge free radicals and protect oils from oxidation. Our aim was to study the structural properties such as the number of hydroxyl groups and Bors criteria of phenolic substances leading to high antioxidant activity in oil in order to analyze common trends and differences in widespread in vitro antioxidant assays. Therefore, 20 different phenolic substances were incorporated into rapeseed oil and were measured using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC) and the Rancimat method. The Bors criteria had the highest influence on the antioxidant effect in rapeseed oil, which is why myricetin (MYR), fulfilling all Bors criteria, reached the highest result of the flavonoids. In the Rancimat test and P-DSC, MYR obtained an increase in oxidation induction time (OIT) of 231.1 ± 44.6% and 96.8 ± 1.8%, respectively. Due to differences in the measurement parameters, the results of the Rancimat test and P-DSC were only partially in agreement. Furthermore, we compared the results to in vitro assays (ABTS, DPPH, FC and ORAC) in order to evaluate their applicability as alternative rapid methods. These analysis showed the highest correlation of the oil methods with the results of the DPPH assay, which is, therefore, most suitable to predict the antioxidant behavior of oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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11 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Use of Moringa oleifera Twigs Extracts as an Anti-Hyperuricemic and Anti-Microbial Source

by Truong Ngoc Minh, Bui Quang Minh, Tran Ha Minh Duc, Pham Van Thinh, Le Viet Anh, Nguyen Tien Dat, Le Van Nhan and Nguyen Quang Trung

Processes 2022, 10(3), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10030563 - 14 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2371

Abstract

Moringa oleifera (MO) grows throughout most of the tropics and has several industrial and medicinal uses. Besides the various uses of the plant parts such as its leaves, seed kernels, roots, or stem barks, the twigs (MT) of this plant are usually regarded as excessive parts. Although there have been few studies conducted to determine the value of this plant part, in fact, its potential uses—especially the pharmaceutical effects—of this biomaterial remains an up-to-date topic for scientists to discover due to the lack of interest so far. This study aims to identify the optimized fractions of different solvents for the extraction of antioxidants, for xanthine oxidase inhibition agents, and for anti-microbial activities. The two most active fractions obtained by column chromatography were the Hexane-Ethyl Acetate elution at a 9:1 (E1) and 8:2 (E2) ratio, respectively. With regard to antioxidant activity, E1 and E2 displayed relatively high DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC₅₀ = 87.7 and 99.0 µg/mL), which was only four times weaker than the control BHT (IC₅₀ = 21.4 µg/mL). The highest inhibition activity against xanthine oxidase was also observed clearly in E1 and E2, which showed relatively low IC₅₀ (54.7 and 42.0 µg/mL, respectively). These levels were inconsiderably higher than that of the positive control (IC₅₀ = 20.8 µg/mL), proving that E1 and E2 exerted relatively strong antioxidant activity in terms of XOD inhibition. Regarding the antimicrobial test, E2 showed the highest inhibition activities against E. coli, K. pneumoiae, L. monocytogenes, B. subtilis, and P. mirabilis. The result indicates that (1) E1 and E2 were the strongest fractions for constraining free radical agents and several bacteria, and thus, (2) Moringa oleifera twigs are also a potential source for the prevention of gout-related symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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Review

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20 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessReview

DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay

by İlhami Gulcin and Saleh H. Alwasel

Processes 2023, 11(8), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 25747

Abstract

Today, there is an increasing interest in antioxidants, especially to prevent the known harmful effects of free radicals in human metabolism and their deterioration during processing and storage of fatty foods. In both cases, natural-source antioxidants are preferred over synthetic antioxidants. So, there has been a parallel increase in the use of assays to estimate antioxidant efficacy in human metabolism and food systems. Today, there are many bioanalytical methods that measure the antioxidant effect. Of these, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) removing assay is the most putative, popular, and commonly used method to determine antioxidant ability. In this review, a general approach to the DPPH radical scavenging assay has been taken. In this context, many studies, including attempts to adapt the DPPH radical scavenging method to different analytes, search for the highest antioxidant activity values, and optimize the method of measurement, have previously been performed. Therefore, it is highly important to introduce measures aimed at standardizing the conditions of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, including the various reaction media suitable for this assay. For this aim, the chemical and basic principles of DPPH free radical scavenging are defined and discussed in an outline. In addition, this study describes and defines the basic sections of DPPH free radical scavenging in food and biological systems. Additionally, some chemical, critical, and technical details of the DPPH free radical removal method are given. This is a simple assay in which the prospective compounds or herbal extracts are mixed with the DPPH solution and their absorbance is measured after a certain period. However, despite rapid advances in instrumental techniques and analysis, this method has not undergone extreme modification. This study presents detailed information about the DPPH method and an in-depth review of different developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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23 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Evaluation of The Antioxidant Capacity of Food Products: Methods, Applications and Limitations

by Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz and Grzegorz Bartosz

Processes 2022, 10(10), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102031 - 08 Oct 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6049

Abstract

Assays of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) are popular in the analysis of food products. This review presents the most popular assays of TAC and their limitations, databases of TAC of food products, their application in clinical studies, and the effect of processing on the TAC of food. The importance of sample preparation for TAC assays and striking effects of digestion in the gastrointestinal tract on the TAC of food are discussed. Critical opinions on the validity of food TAC assays are considered. It is concluded that TAC methods can be useful as screening assays for food quality control and as low-cost, high-throughput tools used to discover potential antioxidant sources and follow changes in the content of antioxidants during food processing. However, effects revealed by TAC assays should be followed and explained using more specific methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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16 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metal Ions, Metal Chelators and Metal Chelating Assay as Antioxidant Method

by İlhami Gulcin and Saleh H. Alwasel

Processes 2022, 10(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010132 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 16393

Abstract

Heavy metals are essential for a wide range of biological processes, including the growth and reproduction of cells, synthesis of biomolecules, many enzymatic reactions, and the body’s immunity, but their excessive intake is harmful. Specifically, they cause oxidative stress (OS) and generate free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in metabolism. In addition, the accumulation of heavy metals in humans can cause serious damage to different organs, especially respiratory, nervous and reproductive and digestive systems. Biologically, metal chelation therapy is often used to treat metal toxicity. This process occurs through the interaction between the ligand and a central metal atom, forming a complex ring-like structure. After metals are chelated with appropriate chelating agents, their damage in metabolism can be prevented and efficiently removed from the body. On the other hand, heavy metals, including Zn, Fe and Cu, are necessary for the suitable functioning of different proteins including enzymes in metabolism. However, when the same metals accumulate at levels higher than the optimum level, they can easily become toxic and have harmful effects toward biomolecules. In this case, it induces the formation of ROS and nitrogen species (RNS) resulting in peroxidation of biological molecules such as lipids in the plasma membrane. Antioxidants have an increasing interest in many fields due to their protective effects, especially in food and pharmaceutical products. Screening of antioxidant properties of compounds needs appropriate methods including metal chelating assay. In this study, a general approach to the bonding and chelating properties of metals is described. For this purpose, the basic principles and chemical principles of metal chelation methods, both in vivo and in vitro, are outlined and discussed. Hence, in the main sections of this review, the descriptions related to metal ions, metal chelating, antioxidants, importance of metal chelating in biological system and definitions of metal chelating assays as widely used methods to determine antioxidant ability of compounds are provided. In addition, some chemical properties, technical and critical details of the used chelation methods are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Antioxidant Capacity: Idea, Methods and Limitations)

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