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654 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,501 Views
9 Pages

31 December 2022

This article presents results from a comparative analysis of intercultural experiences between French and Singaporean participants. France and Singapore were chosen as research fields because of their singularities in terms of cultural difference man...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,789 Views
16 Pages

28 April 2023

This paper presents a Q-learning-based pending zone adjustment for received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based proximity classification (QPZA). QPZA aims to improve the accuracy of RSSI-based proximity classification by adaptively adjusting the s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,538 Views
23 Pages

Remote Sensing and Kriging with External Drift to Improve Sparse Proximal Soil Sensing Data and Define Management Zones in Precision Agriculture

  • Hugo Rodrigues,
  • Marcos B. Ceddia,
  • Gustavo M. Vasques,
  • Vera L. Mulder,
  • Gerard B. M. Heuvelink,
  • Ronaldo P. Oliveira,
  • Ziany N. Brandão,
  • João P. S. Morais,
  • Matheus L. Neves and
  • Sílvio R. L. Tavares

The precision agriculture scientific field employs increasingly innovative techniques to optimize inputs, maximize profitability, and reduce environmental impacts. Therefore, obtaining a high number of soil samples to make precision agriculture feasi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
3,828 Views
17 Pages

Delineation of Management Zones for Site-Specific Information about Soil Fertility Characteristics through Proximal Sensing of Potato Fields

  • Humna Khan,
  • Aitazaz A. Farooque,
  • Bishnu Acharya,
  • Farhat Abbas,
  • Travis J. Esau and
  • Qamar U. Zaman

25 November 2020

The delineation of management zones (MZs) has been suggested as a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of soil variability on potato tuber yield. This study quantified the spatial patterns of variability in soil and crop properties to delineate MZs f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,041 Views
16 Pages

From Planning to Practice: Impact of Achieved Proximal Sealing Zone in Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR)

  • Giulio Accarino,
  • Angelo Silverio,
  • Michele Bellino,
  • Sergio Furgiuele,
  • Mario Fimiani,
  • Mattia Sica,
  • Francesco De Vuono,
  • Giovanni Fornino,
  • Davide Turchino and
  • Giancarlo Accarino
  • + 4 authors

16 February 2025

Background: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the preferred treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). This study evaluated the differences between the anticipated and actual achieved proximal sealing zones for standard EVAR endografts and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,081 Views
12 Pages

Long-Term Outcomes in Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for Complicated Type B Aortic Dissection or Intramural Hematoma Depending on Proximal Landing Zone

  • Philip Dueppers,
  • Lorenz Meuli,
  • Kerstin Stoklasa,
  • Anna-Leonie Menges,
  • Alexander Zimmermann and
  • Benedikt Reutersberg

18 August 2023

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the preferred treatment for complicated type B aortic dissection (TBAD) or intramural hematoma (IMH). This study aimed to investigate the association of the proximal landing zone and its morphology with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
24,794 Views
20 Pages

Vygotsky’s Creativity Options and Ideas in 21st-Century Technology-Enhanced Learning Design

  • Kalliopi Rigopouli,
  • Dimitrios Kotsifakos and
  • Yannis Psaromiligkos

19 February 2025

This paper interprets the theories of Vygotsky through the lenses of creativity in education and learning design using technology. It is important to address the role of the teacher in today’s technology-enhanced classrooms. This initiative has...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,229 Views
15 Pages

25 October 2024

This article contributes new knowledge on collaboration within and between Change Laboratory sessions and how it offers the potential to support the zone of proximal development and the expansive learning of participants. The Change Laboratory is a f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,335 Views
45 Pages

VR has shown positive growth in the world in recent years, which is mainly due to projects such as learning, games, entertainment and experiential activities. VR has changed the way of life of users, providing users with more interesting interactions...

  • Article
  • Open Access
863 Views
9 Pages

Concave Side of Proximal Thoracic Zone Vulnerable to Pedicle Screw Perforation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery: Comparative Analysis of Pre- and Intraoperative Computed Tomography Navigation

  • Tomohiro Yamada,
  • Yu Yamato,
  • Tomohiko Hasegawa,
  • Go Yoshida,
  • Tomohiro Banno,
  • Hideyuki Arima,
  • Shin Oe,
  • Koichiro Ide,
  • Kenta Kurosu and
  • Yukihiro Matsuyama

3 July 2025

Background: The aim of this study was to assess pedicle screw (PS) accuracy and identify perforation patterns using computed tomography (CT) navigation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. Methods: A total of 107 AIS patients were retros...

  • Article
  • Open Access
778 Views
17 Pages

Proximal Landing Zone’s Impact on Outcomes of Branched and Fenestrated Aortic Arch Repair

  • Petroula Nana,
  • Konstantinos Spanos,
  • Giuseppe Panuccio,
  • José I. Torrealba,
  • Fiona Rohlffs,
  • Christian Detter,
  • Yskert von Kodolitsch and
  • Tilo Kölbel

8 May 2025

Background/Objectives: The impact of the proximal landing zone has not been investigated in fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic arch repair (f/bTEVAR). This study aimed to analyze the f/bTEVAR outcomes in patients with non-native (nNPAL) vs....

  • Article
  • Open Access
190 Views
15 Pages

Inferior Screw Referenced Calcar Tip Apex Distance as the Most Accurate Predictor of Mechanical Cut Out in Dual-Screw Proximal Femoral Nails

  • Yavuz Akalın,
  • Hünkar Cagdas Bayrak,
  • Fatih Türkmensoy,
  • Mert Güneş,
  • Füsun Gözen and
  • Alpaslan Öztürk

24 December 2025

Background and Objectives: Screw cut-out is the most common mechanical complication after intertrochanteric fracture fixation with proximal femoral nails (PFNs). While the traditional tip–apex distance (TAD) is widely used, the calcar-reference...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,668 Views
17 Pages

Clustering Tools for Integration of Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery and Proximal Soil Sensing Data

  • Md Saifuzzaman,
  • Viacheslav Adamchuk,
  • Roberto Buelvas,
  • Asim Biswas,
  • Shiv Prasher,
  • Nicole Rabe,
  • Doug Aspinall and
  • Wenjun Ji

1 May 2019

Remote sensing (RS) and proximal soil sensing (PSS) technologies offer an advanced array of methods for obtaining soil property information and determining soil variability for precision agriculture. A large amount of data collected by these sensors...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,037 Views
20 Pages

14 January 2022

In precision agriculture (PA) practices, the accurate delineation of management zones (MZs), with each zone having similar characteristics, is essential for map-based variable rate application of farming inputs. However, there is no consensus on an o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,220 Views
28 Pages

Proximal and Remote Sensing Data Integration to Assess Spatial Soil Heterogeneity in Wild Blueberry Fields

  • Allegra Johnston,
  • Viacheslav Adamchuk,
  • Athyna N. Cambouris,
  • Jean Lafond,
  • Isabelle Perron,
  • Julie Lajeunesse,
  • Marc Duchemin and
  • Asim Biswas

Wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) are often cultivated uniformly despite significant within-field variations in topography and crop density. This study was conducted to relate apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), topographic att...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
697 Views
24 Pages

30 June 2025

As the world’s third-longest river supporting 40% of China’s population, the Yangtze River Basin exemplifies the critical challenges of balancing riparian development and ecological resilience for major fluvial systems globally. This stud...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,677 Views
22 Pages

Effect of the Proximity to the Quintero-Puchuncaví Industrial Zone on Compounds Isolated from Baccharis macraei Hook. & Arn: Their Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity

  • Manuel Martínez-Lobos,
  • Estela Tapia-Venegas,
  • Paula Celis-Plá,
  • Joan Villena,
  • Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez,
  • Alexandra Lobos-Pessini,
  • Daniela Rigano,
  • Carmina Sirignano and
  • Alejandro Madrid-Villegas

Baccharis macraei Hook. & Arn (Asteraceae), commonly known as Vautro, is found in the coastal areas of central-southern Chile, including the industrial zone of Quintero-Puchuncaví, known for the contamination of its soils with heavy metals...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,740 Views
16 Pages

10 June 2023

Understanding the seismo–ionospheric coupling mechanism requires a quiet geomagnetic condition, as this represents an ideal situation to detect abnormal variations in the geomagnetic field. In reality, continuous interactions between solar wind...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,099 Views
22 Pages

Remote and Proximal Sensors Data Fusion: Digital Twins in Irrigation Management Zoning

  • Hugo Rodrigues,
  • Marcos B. Ceddia,
  • Wagner Tassinari,
  • Gustavo M. Vasques,
  • Ziany N. Brandão,
  • João P. S. Morais,
  • Ronaldo P. Oliveira,
  • Matheus L. Neves and
  • Sílvio R. L. Tavares

4 September 2024

The scientific field of precision agriculture employs increasingly innovative techniques to optimize inputs, maximize profitability, and reduce environmental impact. However, obtaining a high number of soil samples is challenging in order to make pre...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,415 Views
13 Pages

22 March 2022

In clinical practice and research, Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPMs) continue to be used according to a single procedure that aims to evaluate a single overall score of the current general intelligence level. This study aimed to exa...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,255 Views
20 Pages

Practicing Critical Zone Observation in Agricultural Landscapes: Communities, Technology, Environment and Archaeology

  • Rachel Opitz,
  • Philippe De Smedt,
  • Victorino Mayoral-Herrera,
  • Stefano Campana,
  • Marco Vieri,
  • Eamonn Baldwin,
  • Carolina Perna,
  • Daniele Sarri and
  • Jeroen Verhegge

5 January 2023

The aims of agricultural land management change continuously, reflecting shifts in wider societal priorities. Currently, these include addressing the climate crisis, promoting environmental sustainability, and supporting the livelihoods of rural comm...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
6,635 Views
16 Pages

Assessing the Effectiveness of Differentiated Instructional Approaches for Teaching Math to Preschoolers with Different Levels of Executive Functions

  • Aleksander N. Veraksa,
  • Margarita S. Aslanova,
  • Daria A. Bukhalenkova,
  • Nikolay E. Veraksa and
  • Liudmila Liutsko

Previous studies have found that the development of mathematical abilities, along with the development of executive functions, predict students’ subsequent academic performance. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of teaching th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,247 Views
25 Pages

Using Apparent Electrical Conductivity to Delineate Field Variation in an Agroforestry System in the Ozark Highlands

  • Shane Ylagan,
  • Kristofor R. Brye,
  • Amanda J. Ashworth,
  • Phillip R. Owens,
  • Harrison Smith and
  • Aurelie M. Poncet

16 November 2022

Greater adoption and better management of spatially complex, conservation systems such as agroforestry (AF) are dependent on determining methods suitable for delineating in-field variability. However, no work has been conducted using repeated electro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,013 Views
19 Pages

This study assessed whether stratifying agricultural areas into macro- and micro-variability regions allows targeted sampling to better capture soil attribute variability, thus improving digital soil maps compared to regular grid sampling. Allocating...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
6,598 Views
21 Pages

Workflow to Establish Time-Specific Zones in Precision Agriculture by Spatiotemporal Integration of Plant and Soil Sensing Data

  • Elia Scudiero,
  • Pietro Teatini,
  • Gabriele Manoli,
  • Federica Braga,
  • Todd H. Skaggs and
  • Francesco Morari

7 November 2018

Management zones (MZs) are used in precision agriculture to diversify agronomic management across a field. According to current common practices, MZs are often spatially static: they are developed once and used thereafter. However, the soil–pla...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,891 Views
37 Pages

Disturbance Sensitivity of Proximity Construction in Subway Protection Zone

  • Zhi-Qun Gong,
  • Yong-Zhi Wang,
  • Wei-Ke Zhou,
  • Shao-Ming Liao,
  • Yan-Qing Men and
  • Song-Chao Lin

The analysis of the impact of the construction of the subway protection zone on the adjacent subway tunnel has become the premise on which to ensure the safe operation of the tunnel. The need for expert members to carry out safety assessments based o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
8,122 Views
35 Pages

This study advanced a rigorous spatial analysis of surface water-related environmental health vulnerabilities in the California Bay-Delta region, USA, from 2000 to 2006. It constructed a novel hazard indicator—“impaired water hazard zones...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,867 Views
12 Pages

Background: Traffic and industrial emissions are associated with increased pediatric asthma morbidity. However, few studies have examined the influence of city industrial zoning on pediatric asthma outcomes among minoritized communities with limited...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,101 Views
14 Pages

Comparison of Stress between Three Different Functionally Graded Hip Stem Implants Made of Different Titanium Alloys and Composite Materials

  • Mario Ceddia,
  • Giuseppe Solarino,
  • Pasquale Dramisino,
  • Giuseppe De Giosa,
  • Stefano Rizzo and
  • Bartolomeo Trentadue

1 November 2024

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior, by ways of the FEM, of three femoral stems made of a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with transverse holes in the proximal zone and a stem made of a β-type titanium alloy with a stiffness varying fro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,504 Views
21 Pages

14 October 2021

Organic-rich rocks of the Marcellus subgroup in the study area consist of a diverse suite of mudstone lithofacies that were deposited in distinct facies belts. Lithofacies in the succession range in composition from argillaceous to siliceous, calcare...

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,964 Views
8 Pages

Frozen Elephant Trunk in Aortic Arch Disease: Different Devices for Different Pathologies

  • Carlo Mariani,
  • Giacomo Murana,
  • Alessandro Leone,
  • Luca Di Marco and
  • Davide Pacini

12 October 2021

The frozen elephant trunk technique (FET) requires the use of a pre-assembled hybrid prosthesis consisting of a standard Dacron vascular portion to replace the aortic arch and a stent graft component, which is placed into the proximal descending thor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,921 Views
12 Pages

25 November 2022

A precise evaluation of caries excavation endpoint is essential in clinical and laboratory investigations. Caries invasion differentiates dentin into structurally altered layers. This study assessed these changes using Raman spectroscopy and Vickers...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,265 Views
21 Pages

30 October 2022

Traffic conflict technology (TCT) is widely used to assess the safety of work zones. The current TCT is temporal and (or) spatial proximity defined based, which can only detect two-vehicle or multi-vehicle conflicts, and is not competent for single-v...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,925 Views
11 Pages

Three-Dimensional-Evaluation of Aortic Changes after Frozen Elephant Trunk (FET) in Zone 0 vs. Zone 2 in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

  • Ahmed Ghazy,
  • Ryan Chaban,
  • Philipp Pfeiffer,
  • Chris Probst,
  • Daniel-Sebastian Dohle,
  • Hendrik Treede and
  • Bernhard Dorweiler

Introduction: The management of aortic dissection has evolved significantly over the decades, with the frozen elephant trunk (FET) procedure emerging as a key technique for treating complex aortic pathologies. Recent practices involve deploying the F...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
2,593 Views
20 Pages

Ecological Risk Assessment of Forest Landscapes in Lushan National Nature Reserve in Jiangxi Province, China

  • Jinfeng Rao,
  • Xunzhi Ouyang,
  • Ping Pan,
  • Cheng Huang,
  • Jianfeng Li and
  • Qinglong Ye

5 March 2024

It is highly valuable to analyze and assess the landscape ecological risk of nature reserves to prevent and resolve ecological risks, as well as to effectively protect and maintain the sustainable development of nature reserves. Taking the forest lan...

  • Review
  • Open Access
194 Views
15 Pages

The Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use of the Heli-FX EndoAnchor System in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair—A Scoping Review

  • Konstantinos Dakis,
  • George Apostolidis,
  • Petroula Nana,
  • George Kouvelos,
  • Eleni Arnaoutoglou,
  • Athanasios Giannoukas,
  • Miltiadis Matsagkas and
  • Konstantinos Spanos

25 December 2025

Background and Objectives: Proximal aortic neck-related complications severely impact the short- and long-term durability of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The Heli-FX EndoAnchor system provides proximal sealing zone reinforcement, aiming at bo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,152 Views
15 Pages

28 February 2025

Background and Objectives: The superficial femoral artery (SFA) can be injured during an intramedullary femoral nailing procedure with proximal and distal cross fixation, performed for proximal femoral fractures and intertrochanteric fractures. The a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
639 Views
28 Pages

2 December 2025

This study is an attempt to compile and complete structural features of the Kalba-Narym Zone in East Kazakhstan belonging to the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is known to be well-endowed with the occurrence of pegmatite rare-metal minera...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,161 Views
15 Pages

A System for the Direct Monitoring of Biological Objects in an Ecologically Balanced Zone

  • Wang Zhiqiang,
  • Pavel Balabanov,
  • Dmytry Muromtsev,
  • Ivan Ushakov,
  • Alexander Divin,
  • Andrey Egorov,
  • Alexandra Zhirkova and
  • Yevgeny Kucheryavii

1 January 2023

This article discusses a model of a robotic platform that can be used for the proximal probing of biological objects in an ecologically balanced zone. The proximal probing is for scanning deciduous and fertile parts of biological objects with a hyper...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
9,280 Views
22 Pages

Including Blood Vasculature into a Game-Theoretic Model of Cancer Dynamics

  • Li You,
  • Maximilian von Knobloch,
  • Teresa Lopez,
  • Vanessa Peschen,
  • Sidney Radcliffe,
  • Praveen Koshy Sam,
  • Frank Thuijsman,
  • Kateřina Staňková and
  • Joel S. Brown

11 March 2019

For cancer, we develop a 2-D agent-based continuous-space game-theoretical model that considers cancer cells’ proximity to a blood vessel. Based on castrate resistant metastatic prostate cancer (mCRPC), the model considers the density and frequ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
408 Views
13 Pages

Crosstalk Effects in a Dual ToF-Based Tactile–Proximity Sensing Platform Integrated in a Flat PMMA Light Guide

  • Andrejs Ogurcovs,
  • Ilze Aulika,
  • Sergio Cartiel,
  • Jorge Garcia-Pueyo and
  • Adolfo Muñoz

2 December 2025

We investigate crosstalk effects in a dual-modality tactile–proximity sensing system based on Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology integrated within a flat poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) light guide. Building on the OptoSkin framework, we employ t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,907 Views
17 Pages

Spatial Accessibility of Urban Forests in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China

  • Rong Zhang,
  • Jiquan Chen,
  • Hogeun Park,
  • Xuhui Zhou,
  • Xuchao Yang,
  • Peilei Fan,
  • Changliang Shao and
  • Zutao Ouyang

19 March 2019

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most important economic zones both in China and in the world. Its rapid economic development has been associated with many environmental problems such as the loss of forests in urban areas. We estimated the a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,776 Views
13 Pages

The Distribution and Severity of Corrosion Damage at Eight Distinct Zones of Metallic Femoral Stem Implants

  • Roohollah Milimonfared,
  • Reza H. Oskouei,
  • Mark Taylor and
  • Lucian B. Solomon

18 October 2018

Metallic taper junctions of modular total hip replacement implants are analysed for corrosion damage using visual scoring based on different granularity levels that span from analysing the taper holistically to dividing the taper into several distinc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,962 Views
23 Pages

Economic Valuation of Urban Green Spaces across a Socioeconomic Gradient: A South African Case Study

  • Louis Gerhardus Lategan,
  • Zene Steynberg,
  • Elizelle Juanee Cilliers and
  • Sarel Stephanus Cilliers

11 March 2022

Urban green spaces (UGSs) may present economic contributions through increases in proximate property values, encapsulated in the proximity principle (PP). More data on the PP is required from the Global South, where the quality and equitable distribu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,226 Views
10 Pages

Dynamic Morphology of the Ascending Aorta and Its Implications for Proximal Landing in Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

  • Denis Skrypnik,
  • Marius Ante,
  • Katrin Meisenbacher,
  • Dorothea Kronsteiner,
  • Matthias Hagedorn,
  • Fabian Rengier,
  • Florian Andre,
  • Norbert Frey,
  • Dittmar Böckler and
  • Moritz S. Bischoff

21 December 2022

In this study, we assessed the dynamic segmental anatomy of the entire ascending aorta (AA), enabling the determination of a favorable proximal landing zone and appropriate aortic sizing for the most proximal thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVA...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,496 Views
11 Pages

Complication and Infection Risk Using Bone Substitute Materials to Treat Long Bone Defects in Geriatric Patients: An Observational Study

  • Jonas Pawelke,
  • Vithusha Vinayahalingam,
  • Thaqif El Khassawna,
  • Christian Heiss,
  • Larissa Eckl and
  • Gero Knapp

14 February 2023

Background and Objectives: he treatment of large bone defects in geriatric patients often presents a major surgical challenge because of age-related bone loss. In such patients, the scarcity of healthy makes autologous grafting techniques hard to per...

  • Article
  • Open Access
740 Views
12 Pages

Acute Appendicitis in Children During War Conflict: Results from a Multicenter Study

  • Gal Becker,
  • Igor Sukhotnik,
  • Nadav Slijper,
  • Dana Zezmer,
  • Vadim Kapuller,
  • Alon Yulevich,
  • Yair Ben Shmuel,
  • Audelia Eshel Fuhrer,
  • Haguy Kammar and
  • Lili Hayeari
  • + 1 author

29 June 2025

Background/Objectives: War conflicts impact public health and patient hospital presentations. We aimed to assess the incidence and severity of acute appendicitis (AA) in children during the 2023 Israeli–Hamas–Hezbollah war. Methods: This...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,768 Views
22 Pages

17 May 2025

The transfer of development rights (TDR) is a legal instrument, introduced in 1961, that allows transferring of development rights from a land parcel where restrictions are imposed (sending parcel) to another land parcel (receiving parcel). TDRs aim...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,968 Views
18 Pages

29 September 2021

Since habitat fragmentation results in species losses worldwide, considering the influence of buffer zones on the maintenance of connectivity provides a new perspective for buffer delimitation. In our study, the implications of buffer zones around na...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
7,191 Views
20 Pages

15 November 2012

The “High Dose/Refuge” strategy (HD/R) is the currently recommended Insect Resistance Management strategy (IRM) to limit resistance development to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants. This strategy requires planting a “refuge zone” composed of non-Bt...

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