5,045 Results Found

International media has paid attention to the use of substances by healthy subjects to enhance cognitive performance. Medical students are liable to use cognitive enhancers (CE) with the aim of improving academic performance. The study explored use a...

Introduction: Cognitive enhancers (CEs), also known as “smart drugs”, “study aids” or “nootropics” are a cause of concern. Recent research studies investigated the use of CEs being taken as study aids by university students. This manuscript provides...

In an effort for better memory, greater motivation, and concentration, otherwise healthy individuals use pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers (PCEs), medicines for the treatment of cognitive deficits of patients with various disorders and health proble...

Background: Stress and everyday problems may impact memory and cognition. Therefore, many people use cognitive enhancers (CEs), sold for prescription, as over-the-counter drugs, or dietary supplements, believing they may help with everyday functionin...

Social robotics, brain machine interfaces and neuro and cognitive enhancement products are three emerging science and technology products with wide-reaching impact for disabled and non-disabled people. Acceptance of ideas and products depend on multi...

With advances in new technologies, the topic of cognitive enhancement has been at the center of public debate in recent years. Various enhancement methods (e.g., brain stimulation, smart drugs, or working memory training) promise improvements in one’...

Whilst “nootropics” are meant to treat a range of medical disorder-related cognitive impairments, the typically healthy “smart drugs” user ingests a range of drugs/molecules to achieve improved mental performance. Given the in...

Cognitively enhanced people will have mental and possibly spiritual health needs that merit therapeutic and spiritual care response. This article addresses people who, although significantly enhanced, overlap with ordinary or “normal” (i....

Recent research with human embryos, in different parts of the world, has sparked a new debate on the ethics of genetic human enhancement. This debate, however, has mainly focused on gene-editing technologies, especially CRISPR (Clustered Regularly In...

The European Union Drugs Agency has emphasized the increasing difficulty in monitoring the drug market due to the emergence of new psychoactive substances, often marketed as legal highs. The proliferation of fake pharmacies, drugstores, and e-commerc...

Self-regulated learning (SRL) has become an indispensable ability for learners to succeed in self-study. A fast-growing number of learners worldwide opt for studying via technology-enhanced learning environments (TELEs) to enrich their education. Sin...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive decline, affecting memory, language, orientation, and behavior. Pathological hallmarks include extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular tau...

Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a non-invasive, portable and low-cost way to convert neural signals into electrical signals. Using EEG to monitor people’s cognitive workload means a lot, especially for tasks demanding high attention. Befo...

Our access to computer-generated worlds changes the way we feel, how we think, and how we solve problems. In this review, we explore the utility of different types of virtual reality, immersive or non-immersive, for providing controllable, safe envir...

The interplay between nutrition, physical activity, and mental health has emerged as a frontier in bioengineering research, offering innovative pathways for enhancing cognitive function and psychological resilience. This review explores the neurobiol...

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are characterized by blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown leading to abnormal BBB permeability ahead of brain atrophy or dementia. Previous findings in AD mouse models have...

Plant-based nootropics are a diverse group of natural drugs that can improve cognitive abilities through various physiological mechanisms, especially in cases where these functions are weakened or impaired. In many cases, the nootropics enhance eryth...

Task repetition is a technique that promotes the development of utterance fluency, but the addition of an accuracy enhancement is necessary. The study tested the effects of an accuracy enhancement where a Target Structure was used in response to what...

While developing traffic-based cognitive enhancement technology (CET), such as bike accident prevention systems, it can be challenging to test and evaluate them properly. After all, the real-world scenario could endanger the subjects’ health an...

Wastewater (WW)-based epidemiology is an approach for the objective surveillance of the consumption of (illicit) drugs in populations. The aims of this study were to monitor drugs of abuse, cognitive enhancers, and their metabolites as biomarkers in...

Background: The relationship between eating disorder (ED) specific psychopathology and depressive symptomatology in EDs is often debated. The aim of this study was to provide an explicative model regarding the mechanisms by which enhanced cognitive-b...

It has been proposed that the effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a cognitive enhancement technique may be enhanced by combining the stimulation with concurrent cognitive activity. However, the benefits of such a combination in...

Geary (2018, 2019) suggested that heritable and environmentally caused differences in mitochondrial functioning affect the integrity and efficiency of neurons and supporting glia cells and may thus contribute to individual differences in higher-order...

Intake of dietary supplements has increased, despite evidence that some of these have adverse side effects and uncertainty about their effectiveness. This systematic review examined the evidence for the cognitive benefits of a wide range of dietary s...

This study demonstrates how playing a well-designed multitasking motion video game in a virtual reality (VR) environment can positively impact the cognitive and physical health of older players. We developed a video game that combines cognitive and p...

Integrated programs combining two or more interventions, such as cognitive training and exercise, are attracting attention as a non-pharmacological treatment of dementia. Challenges in implementation, along with a lack of strategies to sustain engage...

Background: Neuroenhancement in sports, through pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods, is a complex and highly debated topic with no definitive regulatory framework established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The hypothesis that der...

Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date ove...

Treatments for cognitive impairments associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy, aim at modulating extracellular dopamine levels in the brain. CE-123 (5-((benzhydrylsulfinyl)methyl) thia...

So far, the very meaning of health and therefore, treatment and rehabilitation is benchmarked to the normal or species-typical body. We expect certain abilities in members of a species; we expect humans to walk but not to fly, but a bird we expect...

Memory is an essential aspect of human cognition. A decrease in this aspect is well associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The development of a novel cognitive enhancer (CE) may help overcome AD-related problems. In this study, we evaluated the CE...

This paper will take the stance that cognitive enhancement promised by the use of AI could be a first step for some in bringing about moral enhancement. It will take a further step in questioning whether moral enhancement using AI could lead to moral...

Background: Neurocognitive impairment is a prominent characteristic of bipolar disorder (BD), linked with poor psychosocial functioning. This study’s purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of functional remediation (FR) in enhancing neurocogn...

Licochalcone A (Lico-A) is a flavonoid compound derived from the root of the Glycyrrhiza species, a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. While the Glycyrrhiza species has shown promise in treating various diseases such as cancer, obes...

The prevalence and the burden of neurodegenerative diseases is projected to increase in the future, but therapeutic options remain limited, relatively invasive, and not readily accessible. In this context, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techni...

A new view on action video games has been evolving in the sphere of experimental psychology. Providing hand–eye coordination challenges, training with such types of games might allow the enhancement of different cognitive skills. Defining the s...

(1) Background: Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing cognitive functions and reducing anxiety, yet its specific impact on university student populations requires further investigation. This study aims to exam...

Flavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds known for their extensive range of biological activities. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and their potential as therapeutic agents f...

The use of nutraceuticals as cognitive enhancers is on the rise and may be especially problematic in polymedicated older patients. The potential of interaction of these products with drugs commonly prescribed to this age group is evaluated in this wo...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive cognitive decline and neuronal loss, partly due to the buildup of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles. Despite years of research, treatments targeting these hallmark pathologies have yiel...

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been described as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity affecting cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. While pharmacological...

This study examines how work stress affects the misuse of prescription drugs to augment mental performance without medical necessity (i.e., cognitive enhancement). Based on the effort–reward imbalance model, it can be assumed that a misalignmen...

Ethnopharmacology has been an important starting point in medical and pharmaceutical sciences for discovering drug candidates from natural sources. In this regard, the genus Salvia L., commonly known as sage, is one of the best-known medicinal and ar...

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess neuroprotective property. KYNA plays critical roles in nociception, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. A lower level of KYNA is observed in patients with neuro...

As we become more and more enhanced with cyborg technology, significant issues of law and policy are raised. For example, as cyborg devices implanted within the body create a class of people with enhanced motor and computational abilities, how should...

Adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS; onset between ages 13 and 18) represents a rare but severe subtype of schizophrenia that disrupts crucial neurodevelopmental and psychosocial milestones. Marked by prominent cognitive deficits, negative symptoms,...

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a painless noninvasive method that reportedly improves cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by stimulating the brain. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Thus, th...

(1) Background: Biofeedback and neurofeedback are gaining attention as non-invasive rehabilitation strategies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment, aiming to modulate motor and non-motor symptoms through the self-regulation of physiological si...

The emerging paradigm of “fusion of lifeforms” represents a transformative shift from conventional human–machine interfaces toward deeply integrated symbiotic systems, where biological and artificial components co-adapt structurally...

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the efficacy of working memory training (WMT) using the dual N-back (DNB) task on cognitive performance in young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods: Over the course of a...