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2,242 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
55 Citations
8,460 Views
16 Pages

Occurrence and Levels of Aflatoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Potential Effects on Fish in Nyeri, Kenya

  • Evalyn Wanjiru Mwihia,
  • Paul Gichohi Mbuthia,
  • Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen,
  • James K. Gathumbi,
  • Joyce G. Maina,
  • Stephen Mutoloki,
  • Robert Maina Waruiru,
  • Isaac Rumpel Mulei and
  • Jan Ludvig Lyche

17 December 2018

Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that contaminate foods and feeds, causing adverse health effects in humans and animals. This study determined the occurrence of aflatoxins in fish feeds and their potential effects on fish. Eighty-one fish feeds were...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
5,784 Views
31 Pages

Co-Occurrence and Levels of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds in Kenya

  • Evalyn Wanjiru Mwihia,
  • Jan Ludvig Lyche,
  • Paul Gichohi Mbuthia,
  • Lada Ivanova,
  • Silvio Uhlig,
  • James K. Gathumbi,
  • Joyce G. Maina,
  • Eric Emali Eshitera and
  • Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen

30 September 2020

This study determined the presence, levels and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fish feeds in Kenya. Seventy-eight fish feeds and ingredients were sampled from fish farms and fish feed manufacturing plants and analysed for 40 mycotoxins using high-perf...

  • Review
  • Open Access
54 Citations
10,935 Views
19 Pages

Aquaculture, the world’s fastest growing food sector, produces over half of all fish for human consumption. Aquaculture feeds include fishmeal and fish oil, extracted from wild-caught fish such as sardines, and poses ecological, food security,...

  • Review
  • Open Access
33 Citations
9,192 Views
37 Pages

5 June 2021

The first part of this study evaluates the occurrence of mycotoxin patterns in feedstuffs and fish feeds. Results were extrapolated from a large data pool derived from wheat (n = 857), corn (n = 725), soybean meal (n = 139) and fish feed (n = 44) sam...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,635 Views
20 Pages

Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum

  • Juliana Sousa Terada-Nascimento,
  • Jerônimo Vieira Dantas-Filho,
  • Bruna Lucieny Temponi-Santos,
  • Vinícius Perez-Pedroti,
  • Maria Mirtes de Lima Pinheiro,
  • Ricardo Ysaac García-Nuñez,
  • Igor Mansur Muniz,
  • Átila Bezerra de Mira,
  • Elica Amara Cecilia Guedes and
  • Sandro de Vargas Schons

8 September 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in fish farm water and mycotoxins in feeds for farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). A total of 40 samples of freshwater from fish farms and 16 samples of feed were collected and an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,682 Views
22 Pages

21 May 2025

Fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) are vital components commonly used in feed formulations. However, their supply, which generally comes from capture fisheries, is being exhausted, necessitating the exploration of sustainable alternatives. In a two-par...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,748 Views
21 Pages

19 May 2023

Smart feeding is essential for maximizing resource utilization, enhancing fish growth and welfare, and reducing environmental impact in intensive aquaculture. The image segmentation technique facilitates fish feeding behavior analysis to achieve quan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,304 Views
14 Pages

Investigation of Feeding Effects and Environmental Impact of Fish-Feed Quality: Evidence from Crucian Carp Feeding Experiments

  • Jiayin Wang,
  • Ran Wu,
  • Jianhua Wang,
  • Jiangtao Guo,
  • Ya Zhang,
  • Nanbing Shi,
  • Jinxing Gu,
  • Yibing Han,
  • Xinyi Guo and
  • Zhenjiang Yang
  • + 2 authors

28 January 2025

The effects of three types of feed, purchased from online stores and having similar prices, on the growth performance and culture environment of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were studied in this experiment, which aimed to provide a reference for...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
7,657 Views
21 Pages

Pivotal Roles of Fish Nutrition and Feeding: Recent Advances and Future Outlook for Brazilian Fish Farming

  • Aline Brum,
  • Caio Magnotti,
  • Mônica Yumi Tsuzuki,
  • Elen Monique de Oliveira Sousa,
  • José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño,
  • Maurício Laterça Martins,
  • Rafael Garcia Lopes,
  • Roberto Bianchini Derner and
  • Marco Shizuo Owatari

27 January 2025

The aquafeed industry evolved alongside fish farming, utilizing scientific and technological advancements to incorporate a variety of feed additives, supplements, and alternative ingredients in the nutrition and feeding of fish in aquaculture. These...

  • Review
  • Open Access
84 Citations
9,617 Views
25 Pages

4 March 2020

Plant-based ingredients have been successfully replacing fishmeal in finished fish feeds. However, using crops in feeds results in an increased risk of contamination by fungi and mycotoxins and a higher incidence of mycotoxicosis in fish. This might...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,176 Views
29 Pages

3 September 2025

For aquaculture systems, maximizing feed efficiency is a major challenge since it directly affects growth rates and economic sustainability. Feed is one of the largest costs in aquaculture, and feed waste is a significant environmental issue that req...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,739 Views
19 Pages

Assessment of Fungal Contamination in Fish Feed from the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda

  • Victoria Tibenda Namulawa,
  • Samuel Mutiga,
  • Fred Musimbi,
  • Sundy Akello,
  • Fredrick Ngángá,
  • Leah Kago,
  • Martina Kyallo,
  • Jagger Harvey and
  • Sita Ghimire

7 April 2020

The emergence of commercial fish farming has stimulated the establishment of fish feed factories in Uganda. However, no information is available on the safety of the feed, mainly due to lack of mycotoxin testing facilities and weak regulatory systems...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
6,190 Views
14 Pages

Sustainability Analysis of Fish Feed Derived from Aquatic Plant and Insect

  • Shashank Goyal,
  • Denise Ott,
  • Jens Liebscher,
  • Dennis Höfling,
  • Ariane Müller,
  • Jens Dautz,
  • Herwig O. Gutzeit,
  • Dirk Schmidt and
  • Rosmarie Reuss

1 July 2021

Fish and meat production and processing will grow drastically in the coming decades. In aquacultural systems, insects are gaining interest as feed to provide a sustainable alternative to the fishmeal paradox, whose production leads to high consumptio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
7,460 Views
16 Pages

Memory Function in Feeding Habit Transformation of Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

  • Yaqi Dou,
  • Shan He,
  • Xu-Fang Liang,
  • Wenjing Cai,
  • Jie Wang,
  • Linjie Shi and
  • Jiao Li

Mandarin fish refuse dead prey fish or artificial diets and can be trained to transform their inborn feeding habit. To investigate the effect of memory on feeding habit transformation, we compared the reaction time to dead prey fish and the success r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,194 Views
18 Pages

27 April 2024

AI plays a pivotal role in predicting plant growth in agricultural contexts and in creating optimized environments for cultivation. However, unlike agriculture, the application of AI in aquaculture is predominantly focused on diagnosing animal condit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,621 Views
16 Pages

28 July 2024

Efficient and optimized fish-feeding practices are crucial for enhancing productivity and sustainability in aquaculture. While many studies have focused on classifying fish-feeding intensity, there is a lack of research on optimizing feeding, necessi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,796 Views
19 Pages

Social Learning of Acquiring Novel Feeding Habit in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

  • Jian Peng,
  • Ya-Qi Dou,
  • Hui Liang,
  • Shan He,
  • Xu-Fang Liang and
  • Lin-Jie Shi

7 September 2019

Social learning plays important roles in gaining new foraging skills and food preferences. However, the potential role and molecular mechanism of social learning in acquiring new feeding habits is less clear in fish. In the present study, we examined...

  • Review
  • Open Access
25 Citations
9,181 Views
23 Pages

Locally-Procured Fish Is Essential in School Feeding Programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Molly B. Ahern,
  • Shakuntala Haraksingh Thilsted,
  • Marian Kjellevold,
  • Ragnhild Overå,
  • Jogeir Toppe,
  • Michele Doura,
  • Edna Kalaluka,
  • Bendula Wismen,
  • Melisa Vargas and
  • Nicole Franz

2 September 2021

Fish make an important contribution to micronutrient intake, long-chained polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAS), and animal protein, as well as ensuring food and nutrition security and livelihoods for fishing communities. Micronutrient d...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,202 Views
16 Pages

In Pursuit of Fish-Free Feeds: A Multi-Species Evaluation

  • Kelly B. Campbell,
  • Ewen McLean and
  • Frederic T. Barrows

17 November 2022

The future growth and sustainability of fed aquaculture, and especially that for carnivorous species, will be highly dependent upon the industry stepping away from its reliance upon forage fishes as major feed ingredients. With this goal in mind, the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,266 Views
20 Pages

28 May 2025

Assessment of fish feeding intensity is crucial for achieving precise feeding and for enhancing aquaculture efficiency. However, complex backgrounds in real-world aquaculture scenarios—such as water surface reflections, wave disturbances, and t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,715 Views
13 Pages

Phytoestrogens as Biomarkers of Plant Raw Materials Used for Fish Feed Production

  • Dionysios T. Pavlopoulos,
  • Eleni D. Myrtsi,
  • Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou,
  • Vasilios Iliopoulos,
  • Sofia D. Koulocheri and
  • Serkos A. Haroutounian

21 April 2023

The intensive use of plant materials as a sustainable alternative for fish feed production, combined with their phytochemical content, which affects the growth and production characteristics of farmed fishes, necessitates their monitoring for the pre...

  • Article
  • Open Access
210 Views
28 Pages

Edge-Deployable Fish Feeding-State Quantification and Recognition via Frame-Pair Motion Encoding and EfficientFeedingNet

  • Yuchen Xiao,
  • Weijia Ren,
  • Yining Wang,
  • Kaijian Zheng,
  • Chunwei Bi,
  • Shubin Zhang,
  • Xinxing You and
  • Liuyi Huang

25 February 2026

Accurate feeding-state monitoring is essential for improving feeding management, reducing feed waste, and supporting water quality and fish welfare in aquaculture. However, existing vision-based methods often rely on subjective labels or computationa...

  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
12,569 Views
26 Pages

Sustainable Ornamental Fish Aquaculture: The Implication of Microbial Feed Additives

  • Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar,
  • Francesca Maradonna,
  • Mehwish Faheem,
  • Ramasamy Harikrishnan,
  • Gunapathy Devi,
  • Einar Ringø,
  • Hien Van Doan,
  • Ghasem Ashouri,
  • Giorgia Gioacchini and
  • Oliana Carnevali

9 May 2023

Ornamental fish trade represents an important economic sector with an export turnover that reached approximately 5 billion US dollars in 2018. Despite its high economic importance, this sector does not receive much attention. Ornamental fish husbandr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,221 Views
16 Pages

27 December 2022

The mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is an important economic fish species in China. Many carnivorous fish larvae feed on zooplankton or microdiets. However, the mandarin fish larvae feed on live prey fish exclusively, while refusing zooplankton or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,207 Views
17 Pages

30 November 2024

Aquaculture plays an important role in the global economy. However, unscientific feeding methods often lead to problems such as feed waste and water pollution. This study aims to address this issue by accurately recognizing fish feeding behaviors to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
871 Views
20 Pages

18 November 2025

The widespread presence of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environments raises significant environmental and public health concerns, particularly through their accumulation in marine biota and potential transfer to humans via seafo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,698 Views
20 Pages

Integrative Analysis to Manage Aquatic Resources Based on Fish Feeding Patterns in Neotropical Rivers

  • Estevan Luiz da Silveira,
  • Nabil Semmar,
  • Eduardo Luis Cupertino Ballester and
  • André Martins Vaz-dos-Santos

6 March 2023

Feeding ecology is an integrative procedure to highlight different diets, associating feeding trends with governing and regulation factors characterizing foraging species and their environments, respectively. The diet variability of seven fish specie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,298 Views
11 Pages

23 July 2021

The effects of feeding rate (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0% body weight [BW] per day [BW day−1]) on the growth, body composition, and blood properties of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, (initial BW 18.4 ± 0.2 g) were investigated...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,814 Views
13 Pages

Impact of Feeding Schedule on the Growth Performances of Tilapia, Common Carp, and Rice Yield in an Integrated Rice-Fish Farming System

  • Md M. Billah,
  • Md Kamal Uddin,
  • Mohd Y. A. Samad,
  • Mohd Z. B. Hassan,
  • Md Parvez Anwar,
  • Isa Talukder,
  • Md Shahjahan and
  • Ahmad Numery Ashfaqul Haque

19 October 2020

Feeding frequency, among various factors, greatly influences the production costs of aquaculture. In the present investigation, the effects of feeding schedule on the growth and production of tilapia and common carp were evaluated, along with rice yi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
587 Views
18 Pages

Performance of Pilot Scale Aquaponic System Supported by Phenotypic Assessment Using Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Wastewater and Blue Mussel Meal as Fish Feed

  • Maria Berger,
  • Jonathan Armand Charles Roques,
  • Yenitze Fimbres-Acedo,
  • Vishnukiran Thuraga,
  • Aakash Chawade,
  • Maria Elisabeth Karlsson and
  • Samar Khalil

22 December 2025

One major bottleneck for the sustainable development of the aquaculture sector is the reliance on conventional feed ingredients, such as fishmeal and soy protein. Another challenge is nutrient loss from these systems, which contributes to environment...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,792 Views
21 Pages

CFFI-Vit: Enhanced Vision Transformer for the Accurate Classification of Fish Feeding Intensity in Aquaculture

  • Jintao Liu,
  • Alfredo Tolón Becerra,
  • José Fernando Bienvenido-Barcena,
  • Xinting Yang,
  • Zhenxi Zhao and
  • Chao Zhou

The real-time classification of fish feeding behavior plays a crucial role in aquaculture, which is closely related to feeding cost and environmental preservation. In this paper, a Fish Feeding Intensity classification model based on the improved Vis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,184 Views
18 Pages

26 July 2024

This experiment was performed to evaluate the inclusion impact of various levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) feeds substituting 50% FM by duck by-product meal (DBM) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficienc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
2,802 Views
11 Pages

The Effect of Short-Term Artificial Feed Domestication on the Expression of Oxidative-Stress-Related Genes and Antioxidant Capacity in the Liver and Gill Tissues of Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

  • Zhou Zhang,
  • Xiping Yuan,
  • Hao Wu,
  • Jinwei Gao,
  • Jiayu Wu,
  • Zhenzhen Xiong,
  • Zhifeng Feng,
  • Min Xie,
  • Shaoming Li and
  • Guoqing Zeng
  • + 1 author

12 April 2024

To investigate whether Mandarin fish developed oxidative stress after being domesticated with artificial feed, we conducted a series of experiments. Oxidative stress is an important factor leading to diseases and aging in the body. The liver integrat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,996 Views
17 Pages

29 April 2025

As traditional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal become increasingly limited, there is growing interest in alternative protein sources, such as rapeseed meal, in aquaculture. This review offers an updated overview of rapeseed meal in fish...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,448 Views
21 Pages

31 July 2025

Accurate evaluation of fish feeding intensity is crucial for optimizing aquaculture efficiency and the healthy growth of fish. Previous methods mainly rely on single-modal approaches (e.g., audio or visual). However, the complex underwater environmen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,623 Views
13 Pages

Lysin and Lytic Phages Reduce Vibrio Counts in Live Feed and Fish Larvae

  • Jaime Romero,
  • Sergueia Blas-Chumacero,
  • Victoria Urzúa,
  • Alejandro Villasante,
  • Rafael Opazo,
  • Felipe Gajardo,
  • Claudio D. Miranda and
  • Rodrigo Rojas

Vibrio species are naturally found in estuarine and marine ecosystems, but are also recognized as significant human enteropathogens, often linked to seafood-related illnesses. In aquaculture settings, Vibrio poses a substantial risk of infectious dis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,081 Views
20 Pages

12 June 2024

To enhance the accuracy of lightweight CNN classification models in analyzing fish feeding behavior, this paper addresses the image quality issues caused by external environmental factors and lighting conditions, such as low contrast and uneven illum...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,891 Views
14 Pages

Preparation of biodiesel using in situ transesterification has been extensively conducted for agricultural, microbial and algal biomass, while few works have been performed using aquatic animal tissue. In this work, fish processing wastes were collec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
7,618 Views
16 Pages

Housefly (Musca domestica) Larvae Preparations after Removing the Hydrophobic Fraction Are Effective Alternatives to Fish Meal in Aquaculture Feed for Red Seabream (Pagrus major)

  • Atsushi Hashizume,
  • Atsushi Ido,
  • Takashi Ohta,
  • Serigne Thierno Thiaw,
  • Ryusaku Morita,
  • Munenori Nishikawa,
  • Takayuki Takahashi,
  • Chiemi Miura and
  • Takeshi Miura

27 June 2019

Insects are an attractive alternative to fish meal (FM) as a sustainable protein source in aquaculture feed that does not negatively impact the marine ecosystem. Despite housefly (Musca domestica) larvae having adequacy of amino acid profiles, they h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,585 Views
20 Pages

14 February 2025

The current experiment is conducted to determine the effects of chicken by-product meal (CBM) as a fish meal (FM) replacer in diets, with or without the inclusion of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) meal (JMM), on the growth and feed availability...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,744 Views
11 Pages

Ontogenic Development of Digestive Enzymes in Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and Their Suitable Harvesting Time for Use as Fish Feed

  • Somrak Rodjaroen,
  • Karun Thongprajukaew,
  • Puridet Khongmuang,
  • Saowalak Malawa,
  • Kimhun Tuntikawinwong and
  • Suktianchai Saekhow

26 June 2020

Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) are edible insects consumed in feed and food. In the current study, the optimal harvesting time of mealworm larvae for use as aquafeed was investigated during the ages of 30–90 days after hatching (DAH). Devel...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,440 Views
22 Pages

10 October 2025

Valorisation of crab by-products by enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) is proving to be a promising strategy to promote sustainable aquaculture and support a circular economy for crustaceans. Crab processing generates significant amounts of by-products that,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
650 Views
20 Pages

6 February 2026

Incorporating protein feed ingredients that exhibit strong attractiveness to the target fish species is an effective and sustainable feeding strategy to improve feed intake and enhance growth performance. An 8-week feeding experiment was performed to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,043 Views
15 Pages

Amaranth Meal and Environmental Carnobacterium maltaromaticum Probiotic Bacteria as Novel Stabilizers of the Microbiological Quality of Compound Fish Feeds for Aquaculture

  • Iwona Gołaś,
  • Jacek Potorski,
  • Małgorzata Woźniak,
  • Piotr Niewiadomski,
  • Ma Guadelupe Aguilera-Arreola,
  • Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez and
  • Anna Gotkowska-Płachta

25 July 2020

Fish feed should be characterized by microbiological stability to guarantee the optimal health of farmed fish. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of amaranth meal (Amaranthus cruentus) and a highly active environmental strain of prob...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,370 Views
21 Pages

11 April 2024

This study aims to reveal the substitution impact of fish meal (FM) with the combined meat meal and chicken by-product meal (CMC) in the olive flounder (P. olivaceus) feeds on growth and feed availability. Seven experimental feeds were formulated. Th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,972 Views
12 Pages

4 June 2024

Olaquindox (OLA) and quinocetone (QCT) have been prohibited in aquatic products due to their significant toxicity and side effects. In this study, rapid and visual europium nanoparticle (EuNP)-based lateral flow strip biosensors (LFSBs) were develope...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,619 Views
13 Pages

Evaluation of Interactions of Added Soybean Peroxidase with Other Nutrients Present in Fish Feeds Using an In Vitro Digestive Simulation

  • Wesclen Vilar Nogueira,
  • María Jesús Aznar-García,
  • Francisca P. Martínez-Antequera,
  • Antonia M. Barros de Las Heras,
  • Marcelo Borges Tesser,
  • Jaqueline Garda-Buffon and
  • Francisco Javier Moyano

28 September 2023

Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the control of contaminants like aflatoxin B1 in fish feeds. However, its potential negative interactions with the macro and micro components of feeds have not...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,850 Views
11 Pages

The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay, originally developed to measure the antioxidant capacity of nutritional products spectrophotometrically, utilized water as the solvent for Trolox. Due to the limited solubility of Trolox in...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,983 Views
19 Pages

Socially Acceptable Feed Formulations May Impact the Voluntary Feed Intake and Growth, but Not Robustness of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

  • Rodrigo Mendes,
  • Paulo Rema,
  • Jorge Dias,
  • Ana Teresa Gonçalves,
  • Rita Teodósio,
  • Sofia Engrola,
  • Francisco J. Sánchez-Vázquez and
  • Luís E. C. Conceição

16 September 2024

Society is becoming more demanding with aquaculture’s environmental footprint and animal wellbeing. In order to potentially mitigate these concerns, feed formulations could be based on eco-efficient (circular economy-driven) or organic ingredie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,279 Views
12 Pages

Comparative Effect of Fish Feeds on the Initial Growth and Survival Rate of Juvenile Redbreast Tilapia (Coptodon rendalli) under Early Hatchery Conditions

  • Evans Kamwi Simasiku,
  • Kudakwashe Hove,
  • Margaret Ndatoolewe Kanyeme,
  • Simon Kamwele Awala,
  • Kenneth Kamwi Matengu and
  • Titus Iipinge Iita

7 September 2024

This study compared the effects of three supplementary diets—egg yolk, Artemia, and commercial pellets with 48% crude protein—on the growth performance and survival rate of redbreast tilapia (Coptodon rendalli) under intensive culture con...

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