Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Quantification and Qualification of Free-Living Fungi in Fishponds
2.3. Ecotoxicological Risk Biomonitoring
2.4. Fish Feeds and Storage Conditions
2.5. Determination of Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds: Acquired, Quantification and Chromatographic Conditions
2.6. Database and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Climatic Conditions
3.2. Free-Living Fungi in Freshwater Fishponds
3.3. Ecotoxicological Risk
3.4. Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed Composition | Content (g kg−1) | Feed Composition | Content (g kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (g) | 910.0 | Ethereal extract (min, g) | 80.0 |
Crude protein (min, g) | 360.0 | Calcium (max, g) | 35.0 |
Fibrous matter (max, g) | 95.0 | Calcium (min, g) | 20.0 |
Mineral matter (max, g) 1 | 15.0 | Phosphorus (min, g) | 15.0 |
Species | Taxonomic Classification | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Family | Order | Class | Phylum | |
Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. (P. Micheli, 1729) | Trichocomaceae | Eurotiales | Ascomycetes | Ascomycota |
Penicillium citrinum (Thom, C. 1910) | Trichocomaceae | Eurotiales | Eurotiomycetes | Ascomycota |
Penicillium implicatum (Biourge, P. 1923) | Trichocomaceae | Eurotiales | Eurotiomycetes | Ascomycota |
Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen | Nectriaceae | Hypocreales | Sordariomycetes | Ascomycota |
Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. | Pleosporaceae | Pleosporales | Dothideomycetes | Ascomycota |
Count (UFC mL−1 in log10(x+1)) | Species | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish Fams | Seasons | A. fumigatus | P. citrinum | P. implicatum | F. oxysporum | A. alternata |
P7 | Rainy | 3.22 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 2.95 | 1.63 |
Dry | 1.00 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 2.20 | |
P11 | Rainy | 2.17 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.80 | 1.55 |
Dry | 1.33 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 1.11 | 0.34 | |
P13 | Rainy | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.96 |
Dry | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.90 | |
P18 | Rainy | 2.10 | 0.60 | 0.43 | 2.00 | 1.50 |
Dry | 1.16 | 0.50 | 0.77 | 2.25 | 1.00 | |
P20 | Rainy | 3.22 | 1.33 | 0.81 | 1.77 | 1.43 |
Dry | 3.07 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.00 | 1.04 | |
P31 | Rainy | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 |
Dry | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.24 | |
P32 | Rainy | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.67 |
Dry | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.12 | |
P33 | Rainy | 0.80 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.25 |
Dry | 0.41 | 0.90 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
Fish Farms | Mycotoxins (μg kg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFB1 | AFB2 | AFG1 | FB (B1 + B2) | DON | OTA | |
P1 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 463 ± 70 | <LQ | <LQ |
P2 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 1215 ± 184 | <LQ | <LQ |
P3 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 430 ± 65 | <LQ | <LQ |
P4 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 375 ± 57 | <LQ | <LQ |
P5 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 922 ± 140 | <LQ | <LQ |
P6 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 852 ± 129 | <LQ | <LQ |
P7 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 1418 ± 215 | <LQ | <LQ |
P8 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ |
P9 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 920 ± 139 | <LQ | <LQ |
P10 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 517 ± 78 | <LQ | <LQ |
P11 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 1262 ± 185 | <LQ | <LQ |
P12 | AI | AI | AI | 0 | AI | AI |
P13 | AI | AI | AI | 0 | AI | AI |
P14 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 474 ± 72 | <LQ | <LQ |
P15 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 909 ± 138 | <LQ | <LQ |
P16 | <LQ | <LQ | <LQ | 1378 ± 209 | <LQ | <LQ |
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Sousa Terada-Nascimento, J.; Vieira Dantas-Filho, J.; Temponi-Santos, B.L.; Perez-Pedroti, V.; de Lima Pinheiro, M.M.; García-Nuñez, R.Y.; Mansur Muniz, I.; Bezerra de Mira, Á.; Guedes, E.A.C.; de Vargas Schons, S. Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum. Toxics 2023, 11, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090762
Sousa Terada-Nascimento J, Vieira Dantas-Filho J, Temponi-Santos BL, Perez-Pedroti V, de Lima Pinheiro MM, García-Nuñez RY, Mansur Muniz I, Bezerra de Mira Á, Guedes EAC, de Vargas Schons S. Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum. Toxics. 2023; 11(9):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090762
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa Terada-Nascimento, Juliana, Jerônimo Vieira Dantas-Filho, Bruna Lucieny Temponi-Santos, Vinícius Perez-Pedroti, Maria Mirtes de Lima Pinheiro, Ricardo Ysaac García-Nuñez, Igor Mansur Muniz, Átila Bezerra de Mira, Elica Amara Cecilia Guedes, and Sandro de Vargas Schons. 2023. "Monitoring of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Fish Farm Water and Fumonisins in Feeds for Farmed Colossoma macropomum" Toxics 11, no. 9: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090762