Nutrients

25 pages, 842 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Akkermansia in Human Diseases: From Causation to Therapeutic Properties

by Antonio Pellegrino, Gaetano Coppola, Francesco Santopaolo, Antonio Gasbarrini and Francesca Romana Ponziani

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081815 - 8 Apr 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 9418

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the modulation of host metabolism and immune response, and its impairment has been implicated in many gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Current evidence shows the well-documented role of A. muciniphila in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier, modulating the host immune response, and improving several metabolic pathways, making it a key element in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this scenario, A. muciniphila is the most promising next-generation probiotic and one of the first microbial species suitable for specific clinical use when compared with traditional probiotics. Further studies are needed to provide more accurate insight into its mechanisms of action and to better elucidate its properties in several major areas, paving the way for a more integrated and personalized therapeutic approach that finally makes the most of our knowledge of the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics on the Human Metabolome)

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31 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Integrated Approach to Skeletal Muscle Health in Aging

by Deborah Agostini, Marco Gervasi, Fabio Ferrini, Alessia Bartolacci, Alessandro Stranieri, Giovanni Piccoli, Elena Barbieri, Piero Sestili, Antonino Patti, Vilberto Stocchi and Sabrina Donati Zeppa

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1802; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081802 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9071

Abstract

A decline in muscle mass and function represents one of the most problematic changes associated with aging, and has dramatic effects on autonomy and quality of life. Several factors contribute to the inexorable process of sarcopenia, such as mitochondrial and autophagy dysfunction, and [...] Read more.

A decline in muscle mass and function represents one of the most problematic changes associated with aging, and has dramatic effects on autonomy and quality of life. Several factors contribute to the inexorable process of sarcopenia, such as mitochondrial and autophagy dysfunction, and the lack of regeneration capacity of satellite cells. The physiologic decline in muscle mass and in motoneuron functionality associated with aging is exacerbated by the sedentary lifestyle that accompanies elderly people. Regular physical activity is beneficial to most people, but the elderly need well-designed and carefully administered training programs that improve muscle mass and, consequently, both functional ability and quality of life. Aging also causes alteration in the gut microbiota composition associated with sarcopenia, and some advances in research have elucidated that interventions via the gut microbiota–muscle axis have the potential to ameliorate the sarcopenic phenotype. Several mechanisms are involved in vitamin D muscle atrophy protection, as demonstrated by the decreased muscular function related to vitamin D deficiency. Malnutrition, chronic inflammation, vitamin deficiencies, and an imbalance in the muscle–gut axis are just a few of the factors that can lead to sarcopenia. Supplementing the diet with antioxidants, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, proteins, kefir, and short-chain fatty acids could be potential nutritional therapies against sarcopenia. Finally, a personalized integrated strategy to counteract sarcopenia and maintain the health of skeletal muscles is suggested in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D, Diet and Musculoskeletal Health)

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16 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation and Its Impact on Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 80 Randomized Clinical Trials

by Antonio Ruiz-García, Vicente Pallarés-Carratalá, Miguel Turégano-Yedro, Ferran Torres, Víctor Sapena, Alejandro Martin-Gorgojo and Jose M. Martin-Moreno

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1810; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081810 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 17207

Abstract

Background: The impact of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality risk reduction remains unclear due to conflicting study findings. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 1983 and 2022, that reported the effect [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality risk reduction remains unclear due to conflicting study findings. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 1983 and 2022, that reported the effect of vitamin D supplementation in adults versus placebo or no treatment on all-cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular mortality (CVM), non-cardiovascular mortality (non-CVM), and cardiovascular morbidities. Only studies with a follow-up period longer than one year were included. The primary outcomes were ACM and CVM. Secondary outcomes were non-CVM, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and major or extended adverse cardiovascular events. Subgroup analyses were performed according to low-, fair- and good-quality RCTs. Results: Eighty RCTs were assessed, including 82,210 participants receiving vitamin D supplementation and 80,921 receiving placebo or no treatment. The participants’ mean (SD) age was 66.1 (11.2) years, and 68.6% were female. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower risk of ACM (OR: 0.95 [95%CI 0.91–0.99] p = 0.013), was close to statistical significance for a lower risk of non-CVM (OR: 0.94 [95%CI 0.87–1.00] p = 0.055), and was not statistically associated with a lower risk of any cardiovascular morbi-mortality outcome. Meta-analysis of low-quality RCTs showed no association with cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular morbi-mortality outcomes. Conclusions: The emerging results of our meta-analysis present evidence that vitamin D supplementation appears to decrease the risk of ACM (especially convincing in the fair- and good-quality RCTs), while not showing a decrease in the specific cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk. Thus, we conclude that further research is warranted in this area, with well-planned and executed studies as the basis for more robust recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into the Role of Vitamin D in the Prevention and Control of Cancer and Other Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases)

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13 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional State and COPD: Effects on Dyspnoea and Exercise Tolerance

by Angela Tramontano and Paolo Palange

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071786 - 6 Apr 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5736

Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease that is spreading worldwide and is responsible for a huge number of deaths annually. It is characterized by progressive and often irreversible airflow obstruction, with a heterogeneous clinical manifestation based on disease severity. Along with [...] Read more.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a disease that is spreading worldwide and is responsible for a huge number of deaths annually. It is characterized by progressive and often irreversible airflow obstruction, with a heterogeneous clinical manifestation based on disease severity. Along with pulmonary impairment, COPD patients display different grades of malnutrition that can be linked to a worsening of respiratory function and to a negative prognosis. Nutritional impairment seems to be related to a reduced exercise tolerance and to dyspnoea becoming a major determinant in patient-perceived quality of life. Many strategies have been proposed to limit the effects of malnutrition on disease progression, but there are still limited data available to determine which of them is the best option to manage COPD patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight the main aspects of COPD-related malnutrition and to underline the importance of poor nutritional state on muscle energetics, exercise tolerance and dyspnoea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lung Disease)

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15 pages, 620 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Obesity Paradox and Mortality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

by Moustapha Dramé and Lidvine Godaert

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071780 - 6 Apr 2023

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 7722

Abstract

“Obesity paradox” describes the counterintuitive finding that aged overweight and obese people with a particular disease may have better outcomes than their normal weight or underweight counterparts. This systematic review was performed to summarize the publications related to the obesity paradox in older [...] Read more.

“Obesity paradox” describes the counterintuitive finding that aged overweight and obese people with a particular disease may have better outcomes than their normal weight or underweight counterparts. This systematic review was performed to summarize the publications related to the obesity paradox in older adults, to gain an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon. PubMed©, Embase©, and Scopus© were used to perform literature search for all publications up to 20 March 2022. Studies were included if they reported data from older adults on the relation between BMI and mortality. The following article types were excluded from the study: reviews, editorials, correspondence, and case reports and case series. Publication year, study setting, medical condition, study design, sample size, age, and outcome(s) were extracted. This review has been registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42021289015). Overall, 2226 studies were identified, of which 58 were included in this systematic review. In all, 20 of the 58 studies included in this review did not find any evidence of an obesity paradox. Of these 20 studies, 16 involved patients with no specific medical condition, 1 involved patients with chronic diseases, and 2 involved patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seven out of the nine studies that looked at short-term mortality found evidence of the obesity paradox. Of the 28 studies that examined longer-term mortality, 15 found evidence of the obesity paradox. In the studies that were conducted in people with a particular medical condition (n = 24), the obesity paradox appeared in 18 cases. Our work supports the existence of an obesity paradox, especially when comorbidities or acute medical problems are present. These findings should help guide strategies for nutritional counselling in older populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Interventions for Healthy Ageing)

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21 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Human Medicine: Narrative Review and Critical Assessment

by Ondrej Cesak, Jitka Vostalova, Ales Vidlar, Petra Bastlova and Vladimir Student, Jr.

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071770 - 5 Apr 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 15937

Abstract

The dipeptide carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in the human body, commonly found in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Beta-alanine is a limiting precursor of carnosine and is among the most used sports supplements for improving athletic performance. However, carnosine, its metabolite [...] Read more.

The dipeptide carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in the human body, commonly found in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Beta-alanine is a limiting precursor of carnosine and is among the most used sports supplements for improving athletic performance. However, carnosine, its metabolite N-acetylcarnosine, and the synthetic derivative zinc-L-carnosine have recently been gaining popularity as supplements in human medicine. These molecules have a wide range of effects—principally with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiglycation, anticarbonylation, calcium-regulatory, immunomodulatory and chelating properties. This review discusses results from recent studies focusing on the impact of this supplementation in several areas of human medicine. We queried PubMed, Web of Science, the National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Library, employing a search strategy using database-specific keywords. Evidence showed that the supplementation had a beneficial impact in the prevention of sarcopenia, the preservation of cognitive abilities and the improvement of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the improvement of diabetes mellitus parameters and symptoms of oral mucositis was seen, as well as the regression of esophagitis and taste disorders after chemotherapy, the protection of the gastrointestinal mucosa and the support of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. However, in the areas of senile cataracts, cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia and autistic disorders, the results are inconclusive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Protein and Peptide Supplementation on Physical Performance and Health Status)

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23 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hydroxytyrosol Interference with Inflammaging via Modulation of Inflammation and Autophagy

by Francesca Velotti and Roberta Bernini

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071774 - 5 Apr 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4676

Abstract

Inflammaging refers to a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, driven by immune (mainly macrophages) and non-immune cells stimulated by endogenous/self, misplaced or altered molecules, belonging to physiological aging. This age-related inflammatory status is characterized by increased inflammation and decreased macroautophagy/autophagy (a degradation process that [...] Read more.

Inflammaging refers to a chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation, driven by immune (mainly macrophages) and non-immune cells stimulated by endogenous/self, misplaced or altered molecules, belonging to physiological aging. This age-related inflammatory status is characterized by increased inflammation and decreased macroautophagy/autophagy (a degradation process that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cell components). Inflammaging predisposes to age-related diseases, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as vulnerability to infectious diseases and vaccine failure, representing thus a major target for anti-aging strategies. Phenolic compounds—found in extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO)—are well known for their beneficial effect on longevity. Among them, hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) appears to greatly contribute to healthy aging by its documented potent antioxidant activity. In addition, HTyr can modulate inflammation and autophagy, thus possibly counteracting and reducing inflammaging. In this review, we reference the literature on pure HTyr as a modulatory agent of inflammation and autophagy, in order to highlight its possible interference with inflammaging. This HTyr-mediated activity might contribute to healthy aging and delay the development or progression of diseases related to aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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18 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Immunonutrition on Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Scoping Review

by Katherine García-Malpartida, Carmen Aragón-Valera, Francisco Botella-Romero, María Julia Ocón-Bretón and Juan J. López-Gómez

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071776 - 5 Apr 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4912

Abstract

Introduction: There is a large body of evidence about immunonutrition formulas; however, there are still doubts about their usefulness in routine clinical practice as compared with standard formulas. In the age of personalized medicine, new studies appear every year regarding several types of [...] Read more.

Introduction: There is a large body of evidence about immunonutrition formulas; however, there are still doubts about their usefulness in routine clinical practice as compared with standard formulas. In the age of personalized medicine, new studies appear every year regarding several types of patients; therefore, an updated point of view on these formulas is necessary. Methods: The Embase database was searched from 2016 to 14 March 2022. Our criteria were articles published in English and Spanish. The evidence quality was evaluated using GRADEpro, and the review was developed according to the PRISMA statement. Results: In this review, a total of 65 unique records were retrieved; however, 36 articles did not meet the inclusion criteria and were thus excluded. In total, 29 articles were included in the final analysis. In the last few years, many meta-analyses have attempted to identify additional existing studies of surgical patients with certain pathologies, mainly oncological patients. Immunonutrition prior to oncological surgery was shown to cause a decrease in inflammatory markers in most of the studies, and the main clinical events that changed were the infectious complications after surgery. The length of stay and mortality data are controversial due to the specific risk factors associated with these events. Conclusions: The use of immunonutrition in patients who have undergone oncological surgery decreases the levels of inflammatory markers and infectious postoperative complications in almost all localizations. However, more studies are needed to assess the use of immunonutrition based on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Therapy: Personal Diet and Lifestyle and Human Health)

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17 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synbiotics as Supplemental Therapy for the Alleviation of Chemotherapy-Associated Symptoms in Patients with Solid Tumours

by Neeraj K. Singh, Jeffrey M. Beckett, Krishnakumar Kalpurath, Muhammad Ishaq, Tauseef Ahmad and Rajaraman D. Eri

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071759 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4658

Abstract

Chemotherapy is still the first line of treatment for most cancer patients. Patients receiving chemotherapy are generally prone to infections, which result in complications, such as sepsis, mucositis, colitis, and diarrhoea. Several nutritional approaches have been trialled to counter the chemotherapy-associated side effects [...] Read more.

Chemotherapy is still the first line of treatment for most cancer patients. Patients receiving chemotherapy are generally prone to infections, which result in complications, such as sepsis, mucositis, colitis, and diarrhoea. Several nutritional approaches have been trialled to counter the chemotherapy-associated side effects in cancer patients, but none have yet been approved for routine clinical use. One of the approaches to reduce or avoid chemotherapy-associated complications is to restore the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is essential for the healthy functioning of the immune system, metabolism, and the regulation of other molecular responses in the body. Chemotherapy erodes the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract and results in the loss of gut microbiota. One of the ways to restore the gut microbiota is through the use of probiotics. Probiotics are the ‘good’ bacteria that may provide health benefits if consumed in appropriate amounts. Some studies have highlighted that the consumption of probiotics in combination with prebiotics, known as synbiotics, may provide better health benefits when compared to probiotics alone. This review discusses the different nutritional approaches that have been studied in an attempt to combat chemotherapy-associated side effects in cancer patients with a particular focus on the use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer and Nutrition: From Epidemiology to Medical Nutrition Therapy)

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55 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein in the Prevention of Aging and Related Disorders: Focus on Neurodegeneration, Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction and Gut Microbiota

by Laura Micheli, Laura Bertini, Agnese Bonato, Noemi Villanova, Carla Caruso, Maurizia Caruso, Roberta Bernini and Felice Tirone

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071767 - 4 Apr 2023

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 12098

Abstract

Aging is a multi-faceted process caused by the accumulation of cellular damage over time, associated with a gradual reduction of physiological activities in cells and organs. This degeneration results in a reduced ability to adapt to homeostasis perturbations and an increased incidence of [...] Read more.

Aging is a multi-faceted process caused by the accumulation of cellular damage over time, associated with a gradual reduction of physiological activities in cells and organs. This degeneration results in a reduced ability to adapt to homeostasis perturbations and an increased incidence of illnesses such as cognitive decline, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and skeletal muscle pathologies. Key features of aging include a chronic low-grade inflammation state and a decrease of the autophagic process. The Mediterranean diet has been associated with longevity and ability to counteract the onset of age-related disorders. Extra virgin olive oil, a fundamental component of this diet, contains bioactive polyphenolic compounds as hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) and oleuropein (OLE), known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review is focused on brain, skeletal muscle, and gut microbiota, as these systems are known to interact at several levels. After the description of the chemistry and pharmacokinetics of HTyr and OLE, we summarize studies reporting their effects in in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases of the central/peripheral nervous system, adult neurogenesis and depression, senescence and lifespan, and age-related skeletal muscle disorders, as well as their impact on the composition of the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Implications of Polyphenols on Aging)

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16 pages, 1258 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carbohydrate Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

by Unhui Jo and Kyong Park

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071740 - 2 Apr 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10918

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to understand the conflicting results from previous studies on the association between carbohydrate intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the most recent scientific evidence. A systematic review used three [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to understand the conflicting results from previous studies on the association between carbohydrate intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the most recent scientific evidence. A systematic review used three electronic databases to gather literature on the association between carbohydrate intake and CVD. Considering the discrepancies, either fixed or random effect models were chosen to determine the effect size, and sensitivity analysis results, as well as publication bias, were also presented. The meta-analysis found that individuals with the highest carbohydrate intake had a 1.15-fold increased risk of CVD compared to those with the lowest intake (hazard ratio, HR: 1.15, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.07–1.23). Further subgroup analysis revealed that this association was only present in Asia, with a 1.52-fold increased risk (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97), while no associations were seen in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. The relationship between carbohydrate intake and CVD was non-linear, with a marked escalation beyond 60% of total energy from carbohydrates. Our findings suggest that a high-carbohydrate diet may raise the risk of CVD, particularly in Asian populations. This association may be due to the higher carbohydrate consumption and genetic variations found in Asia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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17 pages, 3545 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Renal-Protective Roles of Lipoic Acid in Kidney Disease

by Sulin F. Kamt, Jiankang Liu and Liang-Jun Yan

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071732 - 1 Apr 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8125

Abstract

The kidney is a crucial organ that eliminates metabolic waste and reabsorbs nutritious elements. It also participates in the regulation of blood pressure, maintenance of electrolyte balance and blood pH homeostasis, as well as erythropoiesis and vitamin D maturation. Due to such a [...] Read more.

The kidney is a crucial organ that eliminates metabolic waste and reabsorbs nutritious elements. It also participates in the regulation of blood pressure, maintenance of electrolyte balance and blood pH homeostasis, as well as erythropoiesis and vitamin D maturation. Due to such a heavy workload, the kidney is an energy-demanding organ and is constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous insults, leading to the development of either acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nevertheless, there are no therapeutic managements to treat AKI or CKD effectively. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches for fighting kidney injury are urgently needed. This review article discusses the role of α-lipoic acid (ALA) in preventing and treating kidney diseases. We focus on various animal models of kidney injury by which the underlying renoprotective mechanisms of ALA have been unraveled. The animal models covered include diabetic nephropathy, sepsis-induced kidney injury, renal ischemic injury, unilateral ureteral obstruction, and kidney injuries induced by folic acid and metals such as cisplatin, cadmium, and iron. We highlight the common mechanisms of ALA’s renal protective actions that include decreasing oxidative damage, increasing antioxidant capacities, counteracting inflammation, mitigating renal fibrosis, and attenuating nephron cell death. It is by these mechanisms that ALA achieves its biological function of alleviating kidney injury and improving kidney function. Nevertheless, we also point out that more comprehensive, preclinical, and clinical studies will be needed to make ALA a better therapeutic agent for targeting kidney disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Regulation of Aging and Age-Related Diseases)

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15 pages, 2054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Probiotics on Glycemic Control and Metabolic Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Enav Yefet, Liron Bar, Ido Izhaki, Rula Iskander, Manal Massalha, Johnny S. Younis and Zohar Nachum

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071633 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5942

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the effects of probiotic supplements on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was glycemic control, i.e., serum glucose and insulin [...] Read more.

Objectives: To assess the effects of probiotic supplements on glycemic control and metabolic parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The primary outcome was glycemic control, i.e., serum glucose and insulin levels. Secondary outcomes were maternal weight gain, neonatal birth weight, and lipid parameters. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was used. Cochrane’s Q test of heterogeneity and I² were used to assess heterogeneity. Results: Of the 843 papers retrieved, 14 (n = 854 women) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. When compared with placebo, women receiving probiotic supplements had significantly lower mean fasting serum glucose, fasting serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and VLDL levels. Decreased neonatal birth weight was witnessed in supplements containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Conclusion: Probiotic supplements may improve glycemic control and lipid profile and reduce neonatal birth weight in women with GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Therapies and Lifestyle Modifications for Gestational Diabetes and Their Implications for Maternal and Offspring Health)

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17 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms

by Claudia Di Rosa, Annamaria Altomare, Vittoria Terrigno, Florencia Carbone, Jan Tack, Michele Cicala and Michele Pier Luca Guarino

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071647 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 11134

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. The pathogenesis of IBS is not completely clear, but it is known to be multifactorial and complex. Endogenous and exogenous [...] Read more.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain associated with defecation or a change in bowel habits. The pathogenesis of IBS is not completely clear, but it is known to be multifactorial and complex. Endogenous and exogenous factors such as abnormal GI motility, low-grade inflammation, increased epithelial permeability and visceral hypersensitivity, but diet and psychosocial aspects are also recognized as important actors. Furthermore, the interaction between diet and gut microbiota has gained interest as a potential contributor to the pathophysiology of IBS. To date, there is no specific diet for IBS with constipation (IBS-C); however, many studies show that fiber intake, especially soluble fiber such as inulin, could have a positive effect on symptoms. This review aims to evaluate the effects of some nutritional components such as fibers but also functional foods, prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics on symptoms and microbiota in IBS-C subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

12 pages, 2084 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Influences Body Composition Increasing Risk of Sarcopenia

by Jolanta Korczak, Marcin Mardas, Maria Litwiniuk, Paweł Bogdański and Marta Stelmach-Mardas

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071631 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2719

Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) scans used in treatment response assessment in prostate cancer (PCa) patients are a useful tool for nutritional status evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status, including sarcopenia development based on CT scans, in PCa patients [...] Read more.

Computed tomography (CT) scans used in treatment response assessment in prostate cancer (PCa) patients are a useful tool for nutritional status evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status, including sarcopenia development based on CT scans, in PCa patients and its association with progression-free survival (PFS). Sixty-four PCa patients were included (group 1: 34 patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with docetaxel due to newly diagnosed, hormone-sensitive, metastatic PCa and group 2: 30 patients with castration-resistant metastatic PCa continuing ADT therapy with enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate). Nutritional status was evaluated with anthropometrical parameters, Nutritional Risk Score (NRS), and CT scans at the L3 vertebrae. Survival analyses were performed. According to NRS, nutritional status was significantly related to PFS. In both groups, there was a significant reduction in muscle tissue (total muscle tissue and skeletal muscle index). A significant increase in the distribution of adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue index, and visceral adipose tissue index) in group one was observed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed in patients but with no influence on PFS. Significant reduction in muscle mass and increase in fat mass was observed in patients treated for PCa with no impact on PFS. The NRS was related to PFS in PCa patients and associated with body composition, assessed by CT after the castration therapy. Long-term castration combined with abiraterone therapy with prednisone or enzalutamide significantly influenced muscle tissue and may lead to sarcopenia development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutritional Status and Nutrition in Chronic Diseases–Prevention, Treatment and Life Quality Management)

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15 pages, 1666 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Compound K on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages by Regulating Sirtuin 1 and Histone Deacetylase 4

by Hyunju Kang, Shin Kim, Jin-Young Lee and Bohkyung Kim

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071626 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

Inflammation, an innate immune response mediated by macrophages, has been a hallmark leading to the pathophysiology of diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and metabolic alteration in RAW 264.7 macrophages by [...] Read more.

Inflammation, an innate immune response mediated by macrophages, has been a hallmark leading to the pathophysiology of diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and metabolic alteration in RAW 264.7 macrophages by regulating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). LPS suppressed SIRT1 while promoting HDAC4 expression, accompanied by increases in cellular reactive oxygen species accumulation and pro-inflammatory gene expression; however, the addition of CK elicited the opposite effects. CK ameliorated the LPS-induced increase in glycolytic genes and abrogated the LPS-altered genes engaged in the NAD+ salvage pathway. LPS decreased basal, maximal, and non-mitochondrial respiration, reducing ATP production and proton leak in macrophages, which were abolished by CK. SIRT1 inhibition augmented Hdac4 expression along with increased LPS-induced inflammatory and glycolytic gene expression, while decreasing genes that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis; however, its activation resulted in the opposite effects. Inhibition of HDAC4 enhanced Sirt1 expression and attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, CK exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with the potential to counteract the alterations of energy metabolism, including glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, through activating SIRT1 and repressing HDAC4 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Specialized Diet, Obesity and Associated Metabolic Diseases)

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27 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Possible Implications in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Vanessa Nadia Dargenio, Costantino Dargenio, Stefania Castellaneta, Andrea De Giacomo, Marianna Laguardia, Federico Schettini, Ruggiero Francavilla and Fernanda Cristofori

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071620 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8084

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifactorial etiology, characterized by impairment in two main functional areas: (1) communication and social interactions, and (2) skills, interests and activities. ASD patients often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms associated with dysbiotic states and [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifactorial etiology, characterized by impairment in two main functional areas: (1) communication and social interactions, and (2) skills, interests and activities. ASD patients often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms associated with dysbiotic states and a “leaky gut.” A key role in the pathogenesis of ASD has been attributed to the gut microbiota, as it influences central nervous system development and neuropsychological and gastrointestinal homeostasis through the microbiota–gut–brain axis. A state of dysbiosis with a reduction in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and Bacteroidetes level and other imbalances is common in ASD. In recent decades, many authors have tried to study and identify the microbial signature of ASD through in vivo and ex vivo studies. In this regard, the advent of metabolomics has also been of great help. Based on these data, several therapeutic strategies, primarily the use of probiotics, are investigated to improve the symptoms of ASD through the modulation of the microbiota. However, although the results are promising, the heterogeneity of the studies precludes concrete evidence. The aim of this review is to explore the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction, the gut–brain axis and microbiota alterations in ASD and the possible role of probiotic supplementation in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Probiotics-Focused Interventions)

15 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Intestinal Nutrient Absorption: A Comprehensive Review

by Molly Butts, Vijaya Lakshmi Sundaram, Usha Murughiyan, Alip Borthakur and Soudamani Singh

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071571 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 14458

Abstract

Chronic alcohol use has been attributed to the development of malnutrition. This is in part due to the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the absorption of vital nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals within the small intestine. Recent advances [...] Read more.

Chronic alcohol use has been attributed to the development of malnutrition. This is in part due to the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the absorption of vital nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals within the small intestine. Recent advances in research, along with new cutting-edge technologies, have advanced our understanding of the mechanism of ethanol’s effect on intestinal nutrient absorption at the brush border membrane (BBM) of the small intestine. However, further studies are needed to delineate how ethanol consumption could have an impact on altered nutrient absorption under various disease conditions. Current research has elucidated the relationship of alcohol consumption on glucose, glutamine, vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B9 (folate), C (ascorbic acid), selenium, iron, and zinc absorption within the small intestine. We conducted systematic computerized searches in PubMed using the following keywords: (1) “Alcohol effects on nutrient transport”; (2) “Alcohol mediated malabsorption of nutrients”; (3) “Alcohol effects on small intestinal nutrient transport”; and (4) “Alcohol mediated malabsorption of nutrients in small intestine”. We included the relevant studies in this review. The main objective of this review is to marshal and analyze previously published research articles and discuss, in-depth, the understanding of ethanol’s effect in modulating absorption of vital macro and micronutrients in health and disease conditions. This could ultimately provide great insights in the development of new therapeutic strategies to combat malnutrition associated with alcohol consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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12 pages, 1209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score as a Potential Prognostic Indicator of In-Hospital Mortality, Sepsis and Length of Stay in an Internal Medicine Department

by Nicoletta Miano, Maurizio Di Marco, Salvatore Alaimo, Giuseppe Coppolino, Giuseppe L’Episcopo, Stefano Leggio, Roberto Scicali, Salvatore Piro, Francesco Purrello and Antonino Di Pino

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071554 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2801

Abstract

The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score represents poor nutritional status and has been identified as an indicator of adverse outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic role of the CONUT score on in-hospital outcomes in an Internal Medicine Department. This is a [...] Read more.

The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score represents poor nutritional status and has been identified as an indicator of adverse outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic role of the CONUT score on in-hospital outcomes in an Internal Medicine Department. This is a retrospective study analyzing data from 369 patients, divided into four groups based on the CONUT score: normal (0–1), mild–high (2–4), moderate–high (5–8), and marked high (9–12). In-hospital all-cause mortality increased from normal to marked high CONUT score group (2.2% vs. 3.6% vs. 13.4% vs. 15.3%, p < 0.009). Furthermore, a higher CONUT score was linked to a longer length of hospital stay (LOS) (9.48 ± 6.22 vs. 11.09 ± 7.11 vs. 12.45 ± 7.88 vs. 13.10 ± 8.12, p < 0.013) and an increased prevalence of sepsis. The excess risk of a high CONUT score relative to a low CONUT score remained significant after adjusting for confounders (all-cause mortality: OR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.1–9.7, p < 0.02; sepsis: OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5–4.9, p < 0.01; LOS: OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2–3.9, p < 0.007). The present study demonstrated that an increased CONUT score is related to a higher risk of short-term in-hospital death and complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Clinical Nutrition)

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30 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Effect of Exercise Prescription on the Human Gut Microbiota and Comparison between Clinical and Apparently Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review

by Alexander N. Boytar, Tina L. Skinner, Ruby E. Wallen, David G. Jenkins and Marloes Dekker Nitert

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061534 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5278

Abstract

This study systematically reviewed all human longitudinal exercise interventions that reported changes in the gut microbiota; frequency, intensity, duration and type of exercise were assessed to determine the influence of these variables on changes to the gut microbiota in both healthy individuals and [...] Read more.

This study systematically reviewed all human longitudinal exercise interventions that reported changes in the gut microbiota; frequency, intensity, duration and type of exercise were assessed to determine the influence of these variables on changes to the gut microbiota in both healthy individuals and clinical populations (PROPERO registration: CRD42022309854). Using PRISMA guidelines, trials analysing gut microbiota change with exercise interventions were included independent of trial randomisation, population, trial duration or analysis technique. Studies were excluded when microbiota abundance was not reported or when exercise was combined with other interventions. Twenty-eight trials were included, of which twelve involved healthy populations only and sixteen involved mixed or clinical-only populations. The findings show that participation in exercise of moderate to high-intensity for 30–90 min ≥3 times per week (or between 150–270 min per week) for ≥8 weeks is likely to produce changes in the gut microbiota. Exercise appears to be effective in modifying the gut microbiota in both clinical and healthy populations. A more robust methodology is needed in future studies to improve the certainty of the evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1239 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Vitamin B12 Status during Pregnancy and Early Infant Neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study

by Josué Cruz-Rodríguez, Andrés Díaz-López, Josefa Canals-Sans and Victoria Arija

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061529 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4973

Abstract

In this prospective cohort study of 434 mother–infant pairs from the ECLIPSES study, we examine the association between maternal vitamin B12 status at the beginning and end of pregnancy and the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants 40 days after birth in a pregnant population [...] Read more.

In this prospective cohort study of 434 mother–infant pairs from the ECLIPSES study, we examine the association between maternal vitamin B12 status at the beginning and end of pregnancy and the neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants 40 days after birth in a pregnant population from a Mediterranean region of northern Spain. Maternal vitamin B12 concentrations were determined in the first and third trimesters, and sociodemographic, nutritional, and psychological data were collected. At 40 days postpartum, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSID-III, cognitive, language, and motor skills) were administered to the infants and several obstetrical data were recorded. In the multivariable models, medium maternal first-trimester vitamin B12 levels (312 to 408 pg/mL, tertile 2) were associated with better neonatal performance in the motor, gross motor, language, and cognitive skills with respect to tertile 1 (<312 pg/mL). The probability of obtaining a neonatal motor, gross motor, and receptive language score >75th percentile was significantly higher also in the tertile 2 group. In summary, good maternal vitamin B12 status in the early stage of pregnancy appears to be associated with better infant motor, language, and cognitive performance at 40 days postpartum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention and Weight Management during Pregnancy: For Maternal and Offspring's Health)

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14 pages, 1081 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Low-Grade Inflammation and Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption: A Review

by Marta Tristan Asensi, Antonia Napoletano, Francesco Sofi and Monica Dinu

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061546 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 36289

Abstract

Low-grade inflammation alters the homeostasis of the organism and favors the onset of many chronic diseases. The global growth in the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF). Known to [...] Read more.

Low-grade inflammation alters the homeostasis of the organism and favors the onset of many chronic diseases. The global growth in the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF). Known to be hyperpalatable, economic and ready-to-eat, increased consumption of UPF has already been recognized as a risk factor for several chronic diseases. Different research groups have tried to investigate whether UPF consumption could promote low-grade inflammation and thus favor the development of noncommunicable diseases. Current evidence highlights the adverse health effects of UPF characteristics, not only due to the nutrients provided by a diet rich in UPF, but also due to the non-nutritive components present in UPF and the effect they may have on gut health. This review aims to summarize the available evidence on the possible relationship between excessive UPF consumption and modulation of low-grade inflammation, as potential promoters of chronic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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32 pages, 32050 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alternative Protein Sources and Novel Foods: Benefits, Food Applications and Safety Issues

by Laura Quintieri, Chiara Nitride, Elisabetta De Angelis, Antonella Lamonaca, Rosa Pilolli, Francesco Russo and Linda Monaci

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061509 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 17371

Abstract

The increasing size of the human population and the shortage of highly valuable proteinaceous ingredients has prompted the international community to scout for new, sustainable, and natural protein resources from invertebrates (e.g., insects) and underutilized legume crops, unexploited terrestrial and aquatic weeds, and [...] Read more.

The increasing size of the human population and the shortage of highly valuable proteinaceous ingredients has prompted the international community to scout for new, sustainable, and natural protein resources from invertebrates (e.g., insects) and underutilized legume crops, unexploited terrestrial and aquatic weeds, and fungi. Insect proteins are known for their nutritional value, being rich in proteins with a good balance of essential amino acids and being a valuable source of essential fatty acids and trace elements. Unconventional legume crops were found rich in nutritional, phytochemical, and therapeutic properties, showing excellent abilities to survive extreme environmental conditions. This review evaluates the recent state of underutilized legume crops, aquatic weeds, fungi, and insects intended as alternative protein sources, from ingredient production to their incorporation in food products, including their food formulations and the functional characteristics of alternative plant-based proteins and edible insect proteins as novel foods. Emphasis is also placed on safety issues due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors and allergenic proteins in insects and/or underutilized legumes. The functional and biological activities of protein hydrolysates from different protein sources are reviewed, along with bioactive peptides displaying antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and/or antimicrobial activity. Due to the healthy properties of these foods for the high abundance of bioactive peptides and phytochemicals, more consumers are expected to turn to vegetarianism or veganism in the future, and the increasing demand for such products will be a challenge for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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12 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Associations between Body Mass Index and Probable Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Molly Curtis, Lauren Swan, Rebecca Fox, Austin Warters and Maria O’Sullivan

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061505 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3476

Abstract

(1) Background/Objectives: The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and probable sarcopenia, a precursor to sarcopenia diagnosis, is unclear. While low BMI has been associated with sarcopenia risk, some evidence suggests that obesity may confer protection. We aimed to investigate the association between [...] Read more.

(1) Background/Objectives: The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and probable sarcopenia, a precursor to sarcopenia diagnosis, is unclear. While low BMI has been associated with sarcopenia risk, some evidence suggests that obesity may confer protection. We aimed to investigate the association between probable sarcopenia and BMI and, furthermore, to explore associations with waist circumference (WC). (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5783 community-dwelling adults (mean age 70.4 ± 7.5 years) from Wave 6 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Probable sarcopenia was defined using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria for low hand grip strength and/or slow chair rise. Associations between BMI and probable sarcopenia were examined using multivariable regression analysis and were similarly performed for WC. (3) Results: Our overall findings show that an underweight BMI was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of probable sarcopenia [OR (CI) 2.25 (1.17, 4.33), p = 0.015]. For higher BMI categories, the findings were conflicting. Overweight and obesity were associated with an increased likelihood of probable sarcopenia when defined by lower limb strength alone, [OR (CI), 2.32 (1.15, 4.70), p = 0.019; 1.23 (1.02, 1.49), p = 0.35, and 1.49 (1.21, 1.83), p < 0.001, respectively]. In contrast, overweight and obesity appeared protective when probable sarcopenia was assessed by low hand grip strength alone [OR (CI) 0.72 (0.60, 0.88), p = 0.001, and 0.64 (0.52, 0.79), p < 0.001, respectively]. WC was not significantly associated with probable sarcopenia on multivariable regression analysis. (4) Conclusion: This study supports the evidence that low BMI is associated with an increased likelihood of probable sarcopenia, highlighting an important at-risk group. The findings for overweight and obesity were inconsistent and may be measurement dependent. It seems prudent that all older adults at risk of probable sarcopenia, including those with overweight/obesity, are assessed to prevent underdetection of probable sarcopenia alone or with the double burden of obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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18 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Probiotics Supplementation Attenuates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Sleep Restriction

by Yadong Zheng, Luyan Zhang, Laura Bonfili, Luisa de Vivo, Anna Maria Eleuteri and Michele Bellesi

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061518 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10959

Abstract

Background: Insufficient sleep is a serious public health problem in modern society. It leads to increased risk of chronic diseases, and it has been frequently associated with cellular oxidative damage and widespread low-grade inflammation. Probiotics have been attracting increasing interest recently for their [...] Read more.

Background: Insufficient sleep is a serious public health problem in modern society. It leads to increased risk of chronic diseases, and it has been frequently associated with cellular oxidative damage and widespread low-grade inflammation. Probiotics have been attracting increasing interest recently for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we tested the ability of probiotics to contrast oxidative stress and inflammation induced by sleep loss. Methods: We administered a multi-strain probiotic formulation (SLAB51) or water to normal sleeping mice and to mice exposed to 7 days of chronic sleep restriction (CSR). We quantified protein, lipid, and DNA oxidation as well as levels of gut–brain axis hormones and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain and plasma. Furthermore, we carried out an evaluation of microglia morphology and density in the mouse cerebral cortex. Results: We found that CSR induced oxidative stress and inflammation and altered gut–brain axis hormones. SLAB51 oral administration boosted the antioxidant capacity of the brain, thus limiting the oxidative damage provoked by loss of sleep. Moreover, it positively regulated gut–brain axis hormones and reduced peripheral and brain inflammation induced by CSR. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation can be a possible strategy to counteract oxidative stress and inflammation promoted by sleep loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Gut Microbiota in Human Health)

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17 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Different Dietary Approaches, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: A Literature Review

by Jose D. Torres-Peña, Antonio P. Arenas-de Larriva, Juan F. Alcala-Diaz, Jose Lopez-Miranda and Javier Delgado-Lista

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061483 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9135

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the first cause of chronic liver disease and is also associated with other harmful entities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. NAFLD is a significant public health concern worldwide, impacting individuals of all ages, and [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the first cause of chronic liver disease and is also associated with other harmful entities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. NAFLD is a significant public health concern worldwide, impacting individuals of all ages, and its prevalence is projected to increase in the near future due to its connection with obesity. Intrinsic (genetics) and external (lifestyle) factors may also modulate NAFLD, and, in turn, may partly explain the observed relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although many drugs are been tested to treat NAFLD, to date, no drug has indication to specifically treat this disorder. Thus, the current management of NAFLD relies on lifestyle modifications and specifically on weight loss, physical activity, and the intake of a healthy diet. In the present narrative review, we will discuss the effects of certain dietary patterns on NAFLD incidence and progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological and Clinical Implication of Fatty Acids in Liver and Cardiometabolic Disorders)

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27 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Psychoneuroimmunological Insights

by Giuseppe Marano, Marianna Mazza, Francesco Maria Lisci, Michele Ciliberto, Gianandrea Traversi, Georgios Demetrios Kotzalidis, Domenico De Berardis, Lucrezia Laterza, Gabriele Sani, Antonio Gasbarrini and Eleonora Gaetani

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061496 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10616

Abstract

There is growing interest in the role that the intestinal microbiota and the related autoimmune processes may have in the genesis and presentation of some psychiatric diseases. An alteration in the communication of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which constitutes a communicative model between the [...] Read more.

There is growing interest in the role that the intestinal microbiota and the related autoimmune processes may have in the genesis and presentation of some psychiatric diseases. An alteration in the communication of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which constitutes a communicative model between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastro-enteric tract, has been identified as one of the possible causes of some psychiatric diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe evidence supporting a role of the gut microbiota in psychiatric diseases and the impact of diet on microbiota and mental health. Change in the composition of the gut microbiota could determine an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier, leading to a cytokine storm. This could trigger a systemic inflammatory activation and immune response: this series of events could have repercussions on the release of some neurotransmitters, altering the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and reducing the presence of trophic brain factors. Although gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders seem to be connected, more effort is needed to understand the potential causative mechanisms underlying the interactions between these systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Clinical Nutrition)

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16 pages, 1660 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Considerations in Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity

by Fardowsa Abdi, Saania Zuberi, Jedid-Jah Blom, David Armstrong and Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061475 - 19 Mar 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 10995

Abstract

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CeD), and it may also improve symptoms in non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS). In CeD, gluten triggers an immune reaction leading to enteropathy, malabsorption, and symptoms; in NCGWS, the mechanism leading to [...] Read more.

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CeD), and it may also improve symptoms in non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGWS). In CeD, gluten triggers an immune reaction leading to enteropathy, malabsorption, and symptoms; in NCGWS, the mechanism leading to symptoms is unknown, and neither wheat nor gluten triggers enteropathy or malabsorption. A strict GFD is, therefore, necessary for CeD, but a gluten-restricted diet (GRD) may suffice to achieve symptom control for NCGWS. Regardless of this distinction, the risk of malnutrition and macro- and micronutrient deficiencies is increased by the adoption of a GFD or GRD. Thus, patients with CeD or NCGWS should undergo nutritional assessment and subsequent monitoring, based on evidence-based tools, under the care of a multidisciplinary team involving physicians and dietitians, for the long-term management of their nutrition. This review gives an overview of available nutrition assessment tools and considerations for the nutritional management of CeD and NCGWS populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

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23 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides during the First 12 Postnatal Weeks Are Associated with Better Executive Functions in Toddlers

by Yvonne Willemsen, Roseriet Beijers, Fangjie Gu, Alejandro Arias Vasquez, Henk Arie Schols and Carolina de Weerth

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1463; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061463 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6319

Abstract

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are one of the most abundant solid components in a mother’s milk. Animal studies have confirmed a link between early life exposure to HMOs and better cognitive outcomes in the offspring. Human studies on HMOs and associations with later [...] Read more.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are one of the most abundant solid components in a mother’s milk. Animal studies have confirmed a link between early life exposure to HMOs and better cognitive outcomes in the offspring. Human studies on HMOs and associations with later child cognition are scarce. In this preregistered longitudinal study, we investigated whether human milk 2′-fucosyllactose, 3′-sialyllactose, 6′-sialyllactose, grouped fucosylated HMOs, and grouped sialylated HMOs, assessed during the first twelve postnatal weeks, are associated with better child executive functions at age three years. At infant age two, six, and twelve weeks, a sample of human milk was collected by mothers who were exclusively (n = 45) or partially breastfeeding (n = 18). HMO composition was analysed by use of porous graphitized carbon-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Executive functions were assessed at age three years with two executive function questionnaires independently filled in by mothers and their partners, and four behavioural tasks. Multiple regression analyses were performed in R. Results indicated that concentrations of 2′-fucosyllactose and grouped fucosylated HMOs were associated with better executive functions, while concentrations of grouped sialylated HMOs were associated with worse executive functions at age three years. Future studies on HMOs that sample frequently during the first months of life and experimental HMO administration studies in exclusively formula-fed infants can further reveal associations with child cognitive development and uncover potential causality and sensitive periods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Milk Feeding: Health and Nutrition for Term and Preterm Newborns—What’s New?)

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33 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet as a Modulator of the Inflammatory Process in the Neurological Diseases

by Antonina Kurowska, Wojciech Ziemichód, Mariola Herbet and Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061436 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 13786

Abstract

Neurological diseases are recognized as major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the dynamic progress of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Schizophrenia, Depression, and Multiple Sclerosis (MD), scientists are mobilized to look for new and more effective [...] Read more.

Neurological diseases are recognized as major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the dynamic progress of diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Schizophrenia, Depression, and Multiple Sclerosis (MD), scientists are mobilized to look for new and more effective methods of interventions. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammatory processes and an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases and dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet the DASH diet, or the ketogenic diet can have beneficial effects on their course. The aim of this review was to take a closer look at the role of diet and its ingredients in modulating inflammation associated with the development and/or progression of central nervous system diseases. Presented data shows that consuming a diet abundant in fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, spices, and legumes that are sources of anti-inflammatory elements such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, vitamins, essential minerals, and probiotics while avoiding foods that promote inflammation, create a positive brain environment and is associated with a reduced risk of neurological diseases. Personalized nutritional interventions may constitute a non-invasive and effective strategy in combating neurological disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

28 pages, 2240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Green Tea and Benign Gynecologic Disorders: A New Trick for An Old Beverage?

by Dana Hazimeh, Gaelle Massoud, Maclaine Parish, Bhuchitra Singh, James Segars and Md Soriful Islam

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061439 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 15368

Abstract

Green tea is harvested from the tea plant Camellia sinensis and is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. It is richer in antioxidants than other forms of tea and has a uniquely high content of polyphenolic compounds known as catechins. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [...] Read more.

Green tea is harvested from the tea plant Camellia sinensis and is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. It is richer in antioxidants than other forms of tea and has a uniquely high content of polyphenolic compounds known as catechins. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major green tea catechin, has been studied for its potential therapeutic role in many disease contexts, including pathologies of the female reproductive system. As both a prooxidant and antioxidant, EGCG can modulate many cellular pathways important to disease pathogenesis and thus has clinical benefits. This review provides a synopsis of the current knowledge on the beneficial effects of green tea in benign gynecological disorders. Green tea alleviates symptom severity in uterine fibroids and improves endometriosis through anti-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic, and pro-apoptotic mechanisms. Additionally, it can reduce uterine contractility and improve the generalized hyperalgesia associated with dysmenorrhea and adenomyosis. Although its role in infertility is controversial, EGCG can be used as a symptomatic treatment for menopause, where it decreases weight gain and osteoporosis, as well as for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals for Women’s Reproductive Health and Disorders)

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35 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Genetic Basis of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review

by Aikaterini Vourdoumpa, George Paltoglou and Evangelia Charmandari

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1416; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061416 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 10263

Abstract

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represents one of the most challenging public health problems of our century owing to its epidemic proportions and the associated significant morbidity, mortality, and increase in public health costs. The pathogenesis of polygenic obesity is multifactorial [...] Read more.

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represents one of the most challenging public health problems of our century owing to its epidemic proportions and the associated significant morbidity, mortality, and increase in public health costs. The pathogenesis of polygenic obesity is multifactorial and is due to the interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. More than 1100 independent genetic loci associated with obesity traits have been currently identified, and there is great interest in the decoding of their biological functions and the gene–environment interaction. The present study aimed to systematically review the scientific evidence and to explore the relation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variants (CNVs) with changes in body mass index (BMI) and other measures of body composition in children and adolescents with obesity, as well as their response to lifestyle interventions. Twenty-seven studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, which consisted of 7928 overweight/obese children and adolescents at different stages of pubertal development who underwent multidisciplinary management. The effect of polymorphisms in 92 different genes was assessed and revealed SNPs in 24 genetic loci significantly associated with BMI and/or body composition change, which contribute to the complex metabolic imbalance of obesity, including the regulation of appetite and energy balance, the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and adipose tissue, as well as their interactions. The decoding of the genetic and molecular/cellular pathophysiology of obesity and the gene–environment interactions, alongside with the individual genotype, will enable us to design targeted and personalized preventive and management interventions for obesity early in life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Determinants, Screening, Prevention and Management of Obesity in Youth)

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16 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effect of Maternal Diet on Maternal Milk and Breastfed Infant Gut Microbiomes: A Scoping Review

by Rachel Taylor, Deirdre Keane, Paulina Borrego and Kathleen Arcaro

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061420 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6254

Abstract

While it is widely recognized that nutrition during pregnancy and lactation can affect the microbiome of breast milk as well as the formation of the infant gut microbiome, we are only just beginning to understand the extent to which maternal diet impacts these [...] Read more.

While it is widely recognized that nutrition during pregnancy and lactation can affect the microbiome of breast milk as well as the formation of the infant gut microbiome, we are only just beginning to understand the extent to which maternal diet impacts these microbiomes. Given the importance of the microbiome for infant health, we conducted a comprehensive review of the published literature to explore the current scope of knowledge regarding associations between maternal diet and the breast milk and infant gut microbiomes. Papers included in this review assessed either diet during lactation or pregnancy, and the milk and/or infant gut microbiome. Sources included cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, one case-control study, and one crossover study. From an initial review of 808 abstracts, we identified 19 reports for a full analysis. Only two studies assessed the effects of maternal diet on both milk and infant microbiomes. Although the reviewed literature supports the importance of a varied, nutrient-dense maternal diet in the formation of the infant’s gut microbiome, several studies found factors other than maternal diet to have a greater impact on the infant microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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22 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Berry Seeds—A Special Emphasis on Their Chemical Content and Health-Promoting Properties

by Natalia Sławińska, Katarzyna Prochoń and Beata Olas

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1422; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061422 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4279

Abstract

Berries are important components of the human diet, valued for their high content of nutrients and active compounds. Berry seeds are also important objects of scientific investigation as, in some cases, they can have a higher concentration of certain phytochemicals than other parts [...] Read more.

Berries are important components of the human diet, valued for their high content of nutrients and active compounds. Berry seeds are also important objects of scientific investigation as, in some cases, they can have a higher concentration of certain phytochemicals than other parts of the fruit. Moreover, they are often byproducts of the food industry that can be reused to make oil, extracts, or flour. We have reviewed available literature related to the chemical content and biological activity of seeds from five different berry species—red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus coreanus Miq.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), grape (Vitis vinifera L.), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), and cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). We have searched various databases, including PubMed, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Last search was conducted on 16.01.2023. Various preparations from berry seeds are valuable sources of bioactive phytochemicals and could be used as functional foods or to make pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Some products, like oil, flour, or extracts, are already available on the market. However, many preparations and compounds still lack appropriate evidence for their effectiveness in vivo, so their activity should first be assessed in animal studies and clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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31 pages, 6062 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Systematic Review on the Metabolic Interest of Glucosinolates and Their Bioactive Derivatives for Human Health

by Antonio Costa-Pérez, Vanesa Núñez-Gómez, Nieves Baenas, Giuseppe Di Pede, Mariem Achour, Claudine Manach, Pedro Mena, Daniele Del Rio, Cristina García-Viguera, Diego A. Moreno and Raúl Domínguez-Perles

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1424; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061424 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6612

Abstract

In the last decade, most of the evidence on the clinical benefits of including cruciferous foods in the diet has been focused on the content of glucosinolates (GSL) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites, based on their capacity to [...] Read more.

In the last decade, most of the evidence on the clinical benefits of including cruciferous foods in the diet has been focused on the content of glucosinolates (GSL) and their corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC), and mercapturic acid pathway metabolites, based on their capacity to modulate clinical, biochemical, and molecular parameters. The present systematic review summarizes findings of human studies regarding the metabolism and bioavailability of GSL and ITC, providing a comprehensive analysis that will help guide future research studies and facilitate the consultation of the latest advances in this booming and less profusely researched area of GSL for food and health. The literature search was carried out in Scopus, PubMed and the Web of Science, under the criteria of including publications centered on human subjects and the use of Brassicaceae foods in different formulations (including extracts, beverages, and tablets), as significant sources of bioactive compounds, in different types of subjects, and against certain diseases. Twenty-eight human intervention studies met inclusion criteria, which were classified into three groups depending on the dietary source. This review summarizes recent studies that provided interesting contributions, but also uncovered the many potential venues for future research on the benefits of consuming cruciferous foods in our health and well-being. The research will continue to support the inclusion of GSL-rich foods and products for multiple preventive and active programs in nutrition and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Reviews on Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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14 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Associations between Parents’ Body Weight/Shape Comments and Disordered Eating Amongst Adolescents over Time—A Longitudinal Study

by Lucy M. Dahill, Phillipa Hay, Natalie M. V. Morrison, Stephen Touyz, Deborah Mitchison, Kay Bussey and Haider Mannan

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061419 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3078

Abstract

Parents are key influencers of adolescents’ attitudes on weight, shape, and eating, and make more positive than negative comments, with negative comments most impactful. This study examined prospective unique associations of parental positive and negative comments in a community sample of adolescents with [...] Read more.

Parents are key influencers of adolescents’ attitudes on weight, shape, and eating, and make more positive than negative comments, with negative comments most impactful. This study examined prospective unique associations of parental positive and negative comments in a community sample of adolescents with paediatric psychosocial quality of life (PED-QoL), Eating Disorder Weight/Shape Cognitions (EDEQ-WS), BMI percentile, and Psychological Distress (K10) scales. Data were from 2056 adolescents from the EveryBODY study cohort. Multiple regressions were conducted for the impacts of parental positive and negative comments on four dependent variables at one year after controlling for their stage of adolescence (early, middle, late). Multiple imputation and bootstrapping were used for handling missing data and violations of normality. Results indicated that positive maternal comments on eating were associated with increased EDCs and better quality of life at one year. Paternal positive weight shape comments were associated with a decrease in psychological distress, but positive eating comments saw a decrease in quality of life. Findings highlight the nuances of parental comments and how these are perceived and interpreted, and could alert health care workers and family practitioners who have weight, shape, and eating conversations to be aware of the potential influence of their communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Disorders, and Nutritional Beliefs, Trends or Practices)

20 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Complex Effects of Light on Metabolism in Humans

by Asuka Ishihara, Amber B. Courville and Kong Y. Chen

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061391 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10586

Abstract

Light is an essential part of many life forms. The natural light–dark cycle has been the dominant stimulus for circadian rhythms throughout human evolution. Artificial light has restructured human activity and provided opportunities to extend the day without reliance on natural day–night cycles. [...] Read more.

Light is an essential part of many life forms. The natural light–dark cycle has been the dominant stimulus for circadian rhythms throughout human evolution. Artificial light has restructured human activity and provided opportunities to extend the day without reliance on natural day–night cycles. The increase in light exposure at unwanted times or a reduced dynamic range of light between the daytime and nighttime has introduced negative consequences for human health. Light exposure is closely linked to sleep–wake regulation, activity and eating patterns, body temperature, and energy metabolism. Disruptions to these areas due to light are linked to metabolic abnormalities such as an increased risk of obesity and diabetes. Research has revealed that various properties of light influence metabolism. This review will highlight the complex role of light in human physiology, with a specific emphasis on metabolic regulation from the perspective of four main properties of light (intensity, duration, timing of exposure, and wavelength). We also discuss the potential influence of the key circadian hormone melatonin on sleep and metabolic physiology. We explore the relationship between light and metabolism through circadian physiology in various populations to understand the optimal use of light to mitigate short and long-term health consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Meal Timing and Sleep Quality to Improve Human Health)

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14 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Intake and Circulating Amino Acid Concentrations in Relation with Bone Metabolism Markers in Children Following Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets

by Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz, Joanna Gajewska, Joanna Mazur, Katarzyna Kuśmierska, Witold Klemarczyk, Grażyna Rowicka, Małgorzata Strucińska and Magdalena Chełchowska

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061376 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3955

Abstract

Scientific studies reported that most vegetarians meet the total protein requirements; however, little is known about their amino acid intakes. We aimed to assess dietary intake and serum amino acid levels in relation to bone metabolism markers in prepubertal children on vegetarian and [...] Read more.

Scientific studies reported that most vegetarians meet the total protein requirements; however, little is known about their amino acid intakes. We aimed to assess dietary intake and serum amino acid levels in relation to bone metabolism markers in prepubertal children on vegetarian and traditional diets. Data from 51 vegetarian and 25 omnivorous children aged 4–9 years were analyzed. Dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients were assessed using the nutritional program Dieta 5^®. Serum amino acid analysis was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography technique, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathormone–electrochemiluminescent immunoassay, and bone metabolism markers, albumin, and prealbumin levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vegetarian children had a significantly lower intake of protein and amino acids with median differences of about 30–50% compared to omnivores. Concentrations of four amino acids (valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine) in serum varied significantly by diet groups and were lower by 10–15% in vegetarians than meat-eaters. Vegetarian children also had lower (p < 0.001) serum albumin levels compared to omnivores. Among bone markers, they had higher (p < 0.05) levels of C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX-I) than omnivores. Correlation patterns between amino acids and bone metabolism markers differed in the vegetarian and omnivore groups. Out of bone markers, especially osteoprotegerin was positively correlated with several amino acids, such as tryptophan, alanine, aspartate, glutamine, and serine, and ornithine in vegetarians. Vegetarian children consumed apparently sufficient but lower protein and amino acids compared to omnivores. In circulation these differences were less marked than in the diet. Significantly lower amino acid intake and serum levels of valine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine as well as the observed correlations between serum amino acids and biochemical bone marker levels indicated the relations between diet, protein quality, and bone metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Protein Intake and Bone Health)

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16 pages, 4248 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Probiotics/Synbiotics on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Jinhao Mu, Xian Guo, Yanbing Zhou and Guoxia Cao

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061375 - 12 Mar 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8650

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is prevalent with lasting health implications for the mother and offspring. Medical therapy is the foundation of GDM management, for achieving optimal glycemic control often requires treatment with insulin or metformin. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of GDM [...] Read more.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is prevalent with lasting health implications for the mother and offspring. Medical therapy is the foundation of GDM management, for achieving optimal glycemic control often requires treatment with insulin or metformin. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of GDM pregnancies, therefore, dietary manipulation of the gut microbiota may offer a new avenue for management. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention, which can reduce the mother’s blood sugar levels and, furthermore, adjust glucose and lipid metabolism in both mother and offspring. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the effect of probiotics/synbiotics on glucose and lipid metabolism in women with GDM. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the electronic databases Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and EBOSCO, published between 1 January 2012 and 1 November 2022. A total of 11 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) were analyzed. The indicators included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (FSI), the homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), the mean weight at end of trial, and gestational weight gain (GWG). Results: Compared with the placebo, probiotics/synbiotics were associated with a statistically significant improvement in FPG (MD = −2.33, 95% CI = −4.27, −0.40, p = 0.02), FSI (MD = −2.47 95% CI = −3.82, −1.12, p = 0.0003), HOMA-IR (MD = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.74, −0.06, p = 0.02), and TC (MD = −6.59, 95% CI = −12.23,−−0.95, p = 0.02), while other factors had no significant difference. The subgroup analysis revealed that the kind of supplement led to heterogeneity for FPG and FSI, while heterogeneity was not found for others. Conclusion: Probiotics/synbiotics could control glucose and lipid metabolism in pregnant women with GDM. There was a significant improvement in FPG, FSI, HOMA-IR, and TC. The use of specific probiotic supplementation may be a promising prevention and therapeutic strategy for GDM. However, due to the heterogeneity among existing studies, further studies are warranted to address the limitations of existing evidence and better inform the management of GDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Health)

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11 pages, 4024 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Isolation of Alginate-Degrading Bacteria from the Human Gut Microbiota and Discovery of Bacteroides xylanisolvens AY11-1 as a Novel Anti-Colitis Probiotic Bacterium

by Tianyu Fu, Yamin Wang, Mingfeng Ma, Wei Dai, Lin Pan, Qingsen Shang and Guangli Yu

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061352 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3447

Abstract

Alginate has been documented to prevent the development and progression of ulcerative colitis by modulating the gut microbiota. However, the bacterium that may mediate the anti-colitis effect of alginate has not been fully characterized. We hypothesized that alginate-degrading bacteria might play a role [...] Read more.

Alginate has been documented to prevent the development and progression of ulcerative colitis by modulating the gut microbiota. However, the bacterium that may mediate the anti-colitis effect of alginate has not been fully characterized. We hypothesized that alginate-degrading bacteria might play a role here since these bacteria could utilize alginate as a carbon source. To test this hypothesis, we isolated 296 strains of alginate-degrading bacteria from the human gut. Bacteroides xylanisolvens AY11-1 was observed to have the best capability for alginate degradation. The degradation and fermentation of alginate by B. xylanisolvens AY11-1 produced significant amounts of oligosaccharides and short-chain fatty acids. Further studies indicated that B. xylanisolvens AY11-1 could alleviate body weight loss and contraction of colon length, reduce the incidences of bleeding and attenuate mucosal damage in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-fed mice. Mechanistically, B. xylanisolvens AY11-1 improved gut dysbiosis and promoted the growth of probiotic bacteria, including Blautia spp. And Prevotellaceae UCG-001, in diseased mice. Additionally, B. xylanisolvens AY11-1 showed no oral toxicity and was well-tolerated in male and female mice. Altogether, we illustrate for the first time an anti-colitis effect of the alginate-degrading bacterium B. xylanisolvens AY11-1. Our study paves the way for the development of B. xylanisolvens AY11-1 as a next-generation probiotic bacterium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota)

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14 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Palmitoylethanolamide in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials

by Kordula Lang-Illievich, Christoph Klivinyi, Christian Lasser, Connor T. A. Brenna, Istvan S. Szilagyi and Helmar Bornemann-Cimenti

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061350 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 17654

Abstract

Chronic pain is a major source of morbidity for which there are limited effective treatments. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring fatty acid amide, has demonstrated utility in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Emerging reports have supported a possible role for its [...] Read more.

Chronic pain is a major source of morbidity for which there are limited effective treatments. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a naturally occurring fatty acid amide, has demonstrated utility in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Emerging reports have supported a possible role for its use in the treatment of chronic pain, although this remains controversial. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of PEA as an analgesic agent for chronic pain. A systematic literature search was performed, using the databases MEDLINE and Web of Science, to identify double-blind randomized controlled trials comparing PEA to placebo or active comparators in the treatment of chronic pain. All articles were independently screened by two reviewers. The primary outcome was pain intensity scores, for which a meta-analysis was undertaken using a random effects statistical model. Secondary outcomes including quality of life, functional status, and side effects are represented in a narrative synthesis. Our literature search identified 253 unique articles, of which 11 were ultimately included in the narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Collectively, these articles described a combined sample size of 774 patients. PEA was found to reduce pain scores relative to comparators in a pooled estimate, with a standard mean difference of 1.68 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.31, p = 0.00001). Several studies reported additional benefits of PEA for quality of life and functional status, and no major side effects were attributed to PEA in any study. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that PEA is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for chronic pain. Further study is warranted to determine the optimal dosing and administration parameters of PEA for analgesic effects in the context of chronic pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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11 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Assessment of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: A Comparison of Nutritional Information of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives in Spanish Supermarkets

by Lucía Rizzolo-Brime, Alicia Orta-Ramirez, Yael Puyol Martin and Paula Jakszyn

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061325 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7584

Abstract

Since the classification of processed meat as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2015, an increase in consumption of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) has been observed worldwide. This occurs in a context characterized by concern for health, animal [...] Read more.

Since the classification of processed meat as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2015, an increase in consumption of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) has been observed worldwide. This occurs in a context characterized by concern for health, animal welfare, and sustainability; however, evidence of their nutritional quality is still limited. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the nutritional profile and processing degree of PBMAs available in Spain. In 2020, products from seven Spanish supermarkets were analyzed for their nutritional content and ingredients. Of the 148 products, the majority were low in sugars but moderate in carbohydrates, total and saturated fat, and high in salt. The main vegetable protein sources were soy (91/148) and wheat gluten (42/148). Comparatively, 43/148 contained animal protein, the most common being egg. Overall, PBMAs had a long list of ingredients and additives, and they were classified as ultra-processed foods (UPFs) according to the NOVA system. This study shows that the PBMAs available in Spanish supermarkets have a variable nutritional composition within and between categories. Further research is needed to determine if replacing meat with these UPFs could be a good alternative towards healthier and more sustainable dietary patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Dietary Patterns, Health and Sustainability)

17 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L.

by Mihail Lucian Birsa and Laura G. Sarbu

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1322; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061322 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7019

Abstract

The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) that originates from the Mediterranean area consists of six species (Cichorium intybus, Cichorium frisee, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium grouse, Cichorium chico and Cichorium pumilum). Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, has [...] Read more.

The genus Cichorium (Asteraceae) that originates from the Mediterranean area consists of six species (Cichorium intybus, Cichorium frisee, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium grouse, Cichorium chico and Cichorium pumilum). Cichorium intybus L., commonly known as chicory, has a rich history of being known as a medicinal plant and coffee substitute. A variety of key constituents in chicory play important roles as antioxidant agents. The herb is also used as a forage plant for animals. This review highlights the bioactive composition of C. intybus L. and summarizes the antioxidant activity associated with the presence of inulin, caffeic acid derivatives, ferrulic acid, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, sugars, proteins, hydroxycoumarins, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. It also covers the plant’s occurrence, agriculture improvement, natural biosynthesis, geographical distribution and waste valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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11 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Postoperative Osteoporosis in Subjects with Morbid Obesity Undergoing Bariatric Surgery with Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy

by Jan O. Aaseth and Jan Alexander

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061302 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6606

Abstract

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic accompanied by adverse health effects. The limited efficiency of traditional weight reduction regimens has led to a substantial increase in the use of bariatric surgery. Today, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most used [...] Read more.

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic accompanied by adverse health effects. The limited efficiency of traditional weight reduction regimens has led to a substantial increase in the use of bariatric surgery. Today, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most used procedures. The present narrative review focuses on the risk of developing postoperative osteoporosis and summarizes some of the most relevant micronutrient deficiencies associated with RYGB and SG. Preoperatively, the dietary habits of obese individuals might lead to precipitated deficiencies in vitamin D and other nutrients affecting bone mineral metabolism. Bariatric surgery with SG or RYGB can aggravate these deficiencies. The various surgical procedures appear to affect nutrient absorption differently. Being purely restrictive, SG may particularly affect the absorption of vitamin B₁₂ and also vitamin D. In contrast, RYGB has a more profound impact on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients, although both surgical methods induce only a mild protein deficiency. Despite adequate supplementation of calcium and vitamin D, osteoporosis may still occur after the surgery. This might be due to deficiencies in other micronutrients, e.g., vitamin K and zinc. Regular follow-ups with individual assessments and nutritional advice are indispensable to prevent osteoporosis and other adverse postoperative issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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9 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gender Differences in the Frequency of Positive and Negative Effects after Acute Caffeine Consumption

by Przemysław Domaszewski

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061318 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6960

Abstract

Gender-specific caffeine-related adverse effects should be thoroughly investigated. Sixty-five adult participants were included in the study, 30 men and 35 women (age, 22.5 ± 2.8; body weight, 71.7 ± 16.2 kg; BMI, 23.6 ± 4.4). The participants who were classified as low and [...] Read more.

Gender-specific caffeine-related adverse effects should be thoroughly investigated. Sixty-five adult participants were included in the study, 30 men and 35 women (age, 22.5 ± 2.8; body weight, 71.7 ± 16.2 kg; BMI, 23.6 ± 4.4). The participants who were classified as low and moderate caffeine users received 3 mg/kg, and high caffeine users received 6 mg/kg of caffeine in one dose. One hour after ingestion of caffeine and within twenty-four hours, the participants completed a side effect questionnaire. Effects after the ingestion of CAF were divided into two subgroups: negative (muscle soreness, increased urine output, tachycardia and palpitations, anxiety or nervousness, headache, gastrointestinal problems, and insomnia) and positive (perception improvement; increased vigor/activeness). Caffeine ingestion resulted in a statistically significant association between gender and negative effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.049). Gender and positive effects one hour after ingestion (p = 0.005), and between gender and positive effects within 24 h after ingestion (p = 0.047). There were significant associations between gender and perception improvement (p = 0.032) and gender and increased vigor/activeness (p = 0.009) one hour after ingestion. Nearly 30% of men and 54% of women reported negative effects. At the same time, 20% of women and more than 50% of men reported positive effects. Gender is an important factor in the negative and positive effects of caffeine consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

22 pages, 4699 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD—A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Liu L. Yang, Miranda Stiernborg, Elin Skott, Jingjing Xu, Yujiao Wu, Rikard Landberg, Samsul Arefin, Karolina Kublickiene, Vincent Millischer, Ida A. K. Nilsson, Martin Schalling, MaiBritt Giacobini and Catharina Lavebratt

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051293 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5290

Abstract

Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota–gut–brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels [...] Read more.

Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota–gut–brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels of immune activity markers and SCFAs in children and adults with ADHD. ADHD patients (n = 182) completed the 9-week intervention with Synbiotic 2000 or placebo and 156 provided blood samples. Healthy adult controls (n = 57) provided baseline samples. At baseline, adults with ADHD had higher pro-inflammatory sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and lower SCFA levels than controls. Children with ADHD had higher baseline sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-2Rα, and lower formic, acetic, and propionic acid levels than adults with ADHD. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and propionic acid levels were more abnormal in children on medication. Synbiotic 2000, compared to placebo, reduced IL-12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increased propionic acid levels in children on medication. SCFAs correlated negatively with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Preliminary human aortic smooth-muscle-cell experiments indicated that SCFAs protected against IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with Synbiotic 2000 reduces IL12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increases propionic acid levels in children with ADHD. Propionic acid, together with formic and acetic acid, may contribute to the lowering of the higher-than-normal sICAM-1 levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Assist in Alleviating Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders through the Gut-Brain Axis)

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13 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Oral Supplementation with a Highly-Concentrated Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Triglyceride in Patients with Keratoconus: A Randomized Controlled Preliminary Study

by Cristina Peris-Martínez, José Vicente Piá-Ludeña, María José Rog-Revert, Ester Fernández-López and Joan Carles Domingo

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051300 - 6 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4552

Abstract

A prospective, randomized, single-center preliminary study was performed in patients with keratoconus stages I–III (Amsler–Krumeich), who received a high rich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (1000 mg/day) supplement for 3 months versus untreated patients. One eye per patient was evaluated. Thirty-four patients were recruited (75% [...] Read more.

A prospective, randomized, single-center preliminary study was performed in patients with keratoconus stages I–III (Amsler–Krumeich), who received a high rich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (1000 mg/day) supplement for 3 months versus untreated patients. One eye per patient was evaluated. Thirty-four patients were recruited (75% men, mean age 31 years), with 15 randomized to the control group and 19 to the DHA-treated group. Corneal topography variables and plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory status were evaluated. A panel of fatty acids in blood samples was also assessed. There were significant between-group differences in the astigmatism axis, asphericity coefficient, and intraocular pressure in favor of the DHA group. Additionally, between-group significant differences in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), free glutathione (GSH) and GSH/GSSG ratio, as well as reduced values of inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) were found. These preliminary findings support the usefulness of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of DHA supplementation for targeting underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of keratoconus. Prolonged duration of DHA supplementation may be needed to detect more noticeable clinical changes in corneal topography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Eye Health)

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16 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Lactoferrin on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: The LAC Randomized Clinical Trial

by Erica Matino, Elena Tavella, Manuela Rizzi, Gian Carlo Avanzi, Danila Azzolina, Antonio Battaglia, Paolo Becco, Mattia Bellan, Giovanni Bertinieri, Massimo Bertoletti, Giuseppe Francesco Casciaro, Luigi Mario Castello, Umberto Colageo, Donato Colangelo, Davide Comolli, Martina Costanzo, Alessandro Croce, Davide D’Onghia, Francesco Della Corte, Luigi De Mitri, Valentina Dodaro, Filippo Givone, Alessia Gravina, Luca Grillenzoni, Graziano Gusmaroli, Raffaella Landi, Anna Lingua, Roberto Manzoni, Vito Marinoni, Bianca Masturzo, Rosalba Minisini, Marina Morello, Anna Nelva, Elena Ortone, Rita Paolella, Giuseppe Patti, Anita Pedrinelli, Mario Pirisi, Lidia Ravizzi, Eleonora Rizzi, Daniele Sola, Mariolina Sola, Nadir Tonello, Stelvio Tonello, Gigliola Topazzo, Aldo Tua, Piera Valenti, Rosanna Vaschetto, Veronica Vassia, Erika Zecca, Nicoletta Zublena, Paolo Manzoni and Pier Paolo Sainaghi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051285 - 4 Mar 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4674

Abstract

As lactoferrin is a nutritional supplement with proven antiviral and immunomodulatory abilities, it may be used to improve the clinical course of COVID-19. The clinical efficacy and safety of bovine lactoferrin were evaluated in the LAC randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. A total of [...] Read more.

As lactoferrin is a nutritional supplement with proven antiviral and immunomodulatory abilities, it may be used to improve the clinical course of COVID-19. The clinical efficacy and safety of bovine lactoferrin were evaluated in the LAC randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. A total of 218 hospitalized adult patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 were randomized to receive 800 mg/die oral bovine lactoferrin (n = 113) or placebo (n = 105), both given in combination with standard COVID-19 therapy. No differences in lactoferrin vs. placebo were observed in the primary outcomes: the proportion of death or intensive care unit admission (risk ratio of 1.06 (95% CI 0.63–1.79)) or proportion of discharge or National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) ≤ 2 within 14 days from enrollment (RR of 0.85 (95% CI 0.70–1.04)). Lactoferrin showed an excellent safety and tolerability profile. Even though bovine lactoferrin is safe and tolerable, our results do not support its use in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles as Bacterial Modulators: Beyond MicroRNAs

by Mari Cruz Manzaneque-López, Christian M. Sánchez-López, Pedro Pérez-Bermúdez, Carla Soler and Antonio Marcilla

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051265 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5311

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that food is an important factor that influences the composition of the gut microbiota. Usually, all the attention has been focused on nutrients such as lipids, proteins, vitamins, or polyphenols. However, a pivotal role in these processes has been [...] Read more.

There is increasing evidence that food is an important factor that influences the composition of the gut microbiota. Usually, all the attention has been focused on nutrients such as lipids, proteins, vitamins, or polyphenols. However, a pivotal role in these processes has been linked to dietary-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (DELNs). While food macro- and micronutrient composition are largely well established, there is considerable interest in these DELNs and their cargoes. In this sense, traditionally, all the attention was focused on the proteins or miRNAs contained in these vesicles. However, it has been shown that DELNs would also carry other bioactive molecules with a key role in regulating biochemical pathways and/or interactions with the host’s gut microbiome affecting intracellular communication. Due to the scarce literature, it is necessary to compile the current knowledge about the antimicrobial capacity of DELNs and its possible molecular mechanisms that will serve as a starting point. For this reason, in this review, we highlight the impact of DENLs on different bacteria species modulating the host gut microbiota or antibacterial properties. It could be concluded that DELNs, isolated from both plant and animal foods, exert gut microbiota modulation. However, the presence of miRNA in the vesicle cargoes is not the only one responsible for this effect. Lipids present in the DELNs membrane or small molecules packed in may also be responsible for apoptosis signaling, inhibition, or growth promoters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Prevention: Dietary Compounds, MicroRNAs or Extracellular Vesicles)

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9 pages, 566 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

“What Made My Eating Disorder Worse?” The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

by Susanne Gilsbach and Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051242 - 1 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4539

Abstract

(1) Background: the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent confinements have led to a dramatic increase in anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescent patients, whereas the effect on symptom severity and the influencing factors are not yet clear, especially not from the adolescents’ perspective. (2) Methods: [...] Read more.

(1) Background: the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent confinements have led to a dramatic increase in anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescent patients, whereas the effect on symptom severity and the influencing factors are not yet clear, especially not from the adolescents’ perspective. (2) Methods: from February to October 2021, 38 adolescent patients with AN completed an adjusted version of the COVID Isolation Eating Scale (CIES), a self-report questionnaire asking for ED symptomatology before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and for their experiences with remote treatment. (3) Results: patients reported a significant negative impact of confinement on ED symptoms, depression, anxiety, and emotional regulation. During the pandemic, engagement with weight and body image was related to social media, and mirror checking increased. The patients were more preoccupied with cooking recipes and had more eating-related conflicts with their parents. However, the differences in the amount of engagement with social media actively glorifying AN before and during the pandemic did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. The minority of patients who received remote treatment found it to be only limitedly helpful. (4) Conclusions: from the patients’ perspective, the COVID-19 pandemic-associated confinement had a detrimental effect on the symptoms of adolescent patients with AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disordered Eating and Lifestyle Studies)

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