Nutrients

15 pages, 2691 KB

Open AccessArticle

d-Allulose Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance via Regulation of Ectopic Lipid Accumulation Independent of Body Weight Changes

by Shahriar Kamal, Yang Gou, Takamasa Tsuzuki, Linlin Fu, Takako Yamada, Ryoichi Banno and Teruhiko Koike

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122050 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2314

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages, especially when combined with a high-fat (HF) diet, substantially contributes to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscles is a critical factor in the development of insulin resistance, a key [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages, especially when combined with a high-fat (HF) diet, substantially contributes to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscles is a critical factor in the development of insulin resistance, a key feature of these metabolic disorders. We aimed to investigate the effects of the rare sugar, d-allulose, on fructose-induced insulin resistance. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to fructose-free control diet (CD), HF/fructose-free diet (HF), or HF/fructose diet (HFF) groups. After 4 weeks, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, followed by a two-step hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp (HE-clamp) test at 5 weeks. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver samples were collected after 6 weeks, and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Additionally, Western blot was performed on skeletal muscle samples. The same protocol was repeated for the HFF group supplemented with either 5% d-allulose or 5% cellulose. Results: Compared to the CD and HF groups, the HFF group exhibited increased blood glucose levels during the IPGTT and greater systemic and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the HE-clamp. Furthermore, plasma, liver, and muscle TG levels were significantly elevated in the HFF group. However, d-allulose supplementation improved insulin resistance in the HFF group and reduced blood, liver, and muscle TG levels. Additionally, insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation were enhanced in the skeletal muscle following d-allulose administration. Conclusions: d-allulose may improve insulin resistance by reducing TG accumulation in the skeletal muscle, potentially independent of its anti-obesity properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypoglycemic Properties and Pathways of Natural Substances)

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18 pages, 3942 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Dietary Phosphorus Impairs Bone Microarchitecture and Induces Alterations in the LGR4–R-Spondins Axis in Rats with Normal Renal Function

by Sara Fernández-Villabrille, Francisco Baena-Huerta, Laura Suárez-Fernández, Elena Nefyodova, Paula Calvó, Nerea González-García, Helena Gil-Peña, Carlos Gómez-Alonso, Cristina Alonso-Montes, Manuel Naves-Díaz, Christa Maes, Natalia Carrillo-López and Sara Panizo

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122049 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2807

Abstract

Background: The increasing prevalence of processed foods has significantly elevated dietary phosphorus intake globally, posing a risk to skeletal health. Elevated serum phosphate promotes parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, leading to bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Objective: This study investigated the influence [...] Read more.

Background: The increasing prevalence of processed foods has significantly elevated dietary phosphorus intake globally, posing a risk to skeletal health. Elevated serum phosphate promotes parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, leading to bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Objective: This study investigated the influence of chronically elevated phosphorus intake on bone structure in rats with normal renal function, focusing on the Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway and its related components, leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), and R-spondins (RSPOs). Methods: Rats were fed a high-phosphorus diet, followed by assessment of the bone microstructure and of the expression of key signalling molecules. Results: Elevated phosphorus intake induced significant bone deterioration, particularly in the trabecular bone compartment, associated with alterations in the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway and in the LGR4 and RSPO1 and RSPO4 signalling components in bone. Moreover, we also observed changes in RANKL, RSPO1 and RSPO4 serum levels in the rats that had received a high-phosphorus diet. Conclusions: These findings highlight the detrimental impact of excessive dietary phosphorus on skeletal health, even without renal impairment, and suggest that components of this pathway, particularly RSPO1 and RSPO4, could serve as potential biomarkers of bone deterioration. The widespread consumption of phosphorus-rich processed foods underscores the importance of nutritional education to mitigate these skeletal risks in industrialized populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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20 pages, 912 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to the EAT-Lancet Diet Among Urban and Rural Latin American Adolescents: Associations with Micronutrient Intake and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption

by Rulamán Vargas-Quesada, Rafael Monge-Rojas, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Jacqueline Araneda-Flores, Leandro Teixeira Cacau, Gustavo Cediel, Diego Gaitán-Charry, Tito Pizarro Quevedo, Anna Christina Pinheiro Fernandes, Alicia Rovirosa, Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta and María Elisa Zapata

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122048 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1591

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adolescents in Latin America are experiencing rising rates of overweight/obesity and non-communicable diseases, while public health nutrition efforts targeting this group remain limited. This study explores adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and its relationship with micronutrient adequacy and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adolescents in Latin America are experiencing rising rates of overweight/obesity and non-communicable diseases, while public health nutrition efforts targeting this group remain limited. This study explores adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and its relationship with micronutrient adequacy and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption. Methods: Cross-sectional data from national nutrition surveys of 19,601 adolescents across six Latin American countries were analyzed. Data on sociodemographics, anthropometrics, and dietary habits were collected using standardized questionnaires and 24 h dietary recalls or food records. Nutrient intake was estimated via statistical modeling, and nutrient adequacy ratios were based on age- and sex-specific requirements. UPF intake was classified using the NOVA system, and adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was assessed with the Planetary Health Diet Index. Results: Overall adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was low (mean score: 28.3%). Rural adolescents had higher adherence than urban adolescents, and those aged 10–13 and 17–19 showed better adherence compared to adolescents aged 14–16. Adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds adhered more than those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds. Adherence varied from 20.2% in Argentina to 30.2% in Brazil and Chile. Higher adherence was associated with lower UPF intake. Among urban adolescents, greater adherence was linked to a higher risk of inadequate riboflavin, niacin, and cobalamin intake, a trend not observed in rural adolescents. Conclusions: Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet is low among Latin American adolescents, particularly in urban areas. Public health efforts should prioritize reducing UPF consumption, improving access to nutrient-dense, culturally appropriate foods, and supporting fortified staple foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Whole Encapsulated Brown Seaweed (Himanthalia elongata) in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Aroa Lopez-Santamarina, Alejandra Cardelle-Cobas, Alicia del Carmen Mondragon, Alberto Cepeda, Jose A. Rodriguez and Jose Manuel Miranda

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122047 - 19 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 777

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Brown seaweeds, such as Himanthalia elongata, are a promising source of dietary fiber. However, in vivo evidence regarding the effects of H. elongata intake on the human gut microbiota remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of daily [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Brown seaweeds, such as Himanthalia elongata, are a promising source of dietary fiber. However, in vivo evidence regarding the effects of H. elongata intake on the human gut microbiota remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of daily H. elongata consumption on the gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid production in overweight adults. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in which 10 overweight adult participants consumed 2 g/day of whole H. elongata for 30 days. Fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention for 16S rRNA sequencing and short-chain fatty acid analysis. Dietary intake was evaluated using a 24 h recall and a 3-day dietary record. Nutritional assessment was performed to determine habitual macronutrient consumption. Results: Baseline dietary analysis revealed an imbalanced macronutrient profile characterized by high intakes of total and saturated fats and protein, along with low carbohydrate and fiber consumption. In addition, 50% of the participants were obese, and 50% were overweight based on the BMI. Notable changes in the gut microbiota composition were observed after the intervention, including increases in short-chain fatty acid-producing species, such as Parabacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides eggerthii, Bacteroides uniformis, and Bacteroides obeum. Conclusions: This study provides the first clinical evidence in humans that whole H. elongata can beneficially modulate the gut microbiota composition. These results support the potential use of this seaweed as a functional prebiotic ingredient in dietary strategies aimed at enhancing gut health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Gut Microbiota and Obesity)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Requirements in the Post-ICU Period: An Exploratory Multicenter Observational Study

by Marialaura Scarcella, Emidio Scarpellini, Ludovico Abenavoli, Andrea Ceccarelli, Rita Commissari, Riccardo Monti, Jan Tack, Antonella Cotoia and Edoardo De Robertis

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122046 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Background: There is limited knowledge about nutritional intake and energy needs during the post-intensive care unit (ICU) period and their relationship with clinical outcomes and physical recovery. Aims and Methods: Thus, this observational multicenter study (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Santa Maria”, Terni and “Madonna del [...] Read more.

Background: There is limited knowledge about nutritional intake and energy needs during the post-intensive care unit (ICU) period and their relationship with clinical outcomes and physical recovery. Aims and Methods: Thus, this observational multicenter study (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Santa Maria”, Terni and “Madonna del Soccorso” General hospital, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy) aimed, firstly, to measure energy expenditure via indirect calorimetry (IC) (Q-NRG+^® Metabolic Monitor, Cosmed, Rome, Italy), derived respiratory quotient (R/Q1) and, malnutrition risk via Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) test and body composition through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA-Akern, Pontassieve, Italy); secondly, to assess their effect on energy needs, body composition and physical rehabilitation steps in critically ill adults after ICU discharge. The provision of nutrients (PIS test) was also recorded. Oral nutritional supplementation was used to reach the optimal nutritional intake. All patients followed a standardized rehabilitation program. Results: A total of 43 patients were enrolled from January 2024 until February 2025 at the beginning of their post-ICU period. The mean age was 65.7 ± 1.0 years, the mean BMI was 20.73 ± 0.8 kg/m² at the recovery ward, and 60.4% (n = 26) were male. The mean admission period was 19.5 ± 1.7 days. The resting energy expenditure (mREE) was 1591 ± 71.2 at the admission and 1.856 ± 62.7 kcal/kg/d at the discharge (p < 0.05). The median phase angle value was 4.33 ± 0.15 at the admission and 5.05 ± 0.17° at the discharge (p < 0.05); R/Q1 at the admission was 0.7 ± 0.1 and 1.086± 0.11 at the discharge (p < 0.05). Improved energy expenditure significantly correlated with R/Q1 and phase angle (r = 0.81 and r = 0.72, respectively). Interestingly, there was no significant correlation between improved metabolism and improved PIS test scores (r = 0.18). Improved metabolism and nutritional status showed a tendency to correlate with shorter post-ICU courses and earlier physical recovery, without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: Measurement of energy expenditure and caloric intake, along with the assessment of body composition is feasible and provides an objective tool to guide and possibly enhance the functional recovery in patients during the post-ICU period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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27 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of a Low-FODMAP Diet on the Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Quality of Life in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders—A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Laura Kuźmin, Katarzyna Kubiak and Ewa Lange

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122045 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 3550

Abstract

Background: A low-FODMAP diet is considered as a potential supportive treatment approach in some gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of the low-FODMAP diet on the severity of gastrointestinal [...] Read more.

Background: A low-FODMAP diet is considered as a potential supportive treatment approach in some gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature for randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of the low-FODMAP diet on the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with CASP tool and PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases resulted in the identification of fourteen randomized controlled trials. Results: Ten studies examined the effect of the low-FODMAP diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), three with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and one with symptomatic proton pump inhibitor (PPI) refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). All interventions compared the low-FODMAP diet with another diet and lasted from 3 to 12 weeks. Most studies on IBS showed significant improvements in abdominal pain, bloating, and quality of life compared to control diets. In IBD, improvements were mainly observed in functional gastrointestinal symptoms, while no clear benefit was demonstrated in GERD. Heterogeneity in study designs, intervention durations, comparator diets, and outcome measures limited the ability to conduct a meta-analysis. Conclusions: Although a low-FODMAP diet may reduce symptoms in selected individuals, it is not universally necessary. Importantly, the diet’s restrictive nature and potential long-term effects—such as nutritional deficiencies and alterations in gut microbiota—highlight the need for clinical supervision by dietitians with expertise in gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, in some cases, symptom improvement may be achievable through less restrictive changes, such as improving food hygiene and reducing intake of processed or high-sugar foods. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized endpoints and longer follow-up are needed to clarify the efficacy and safety of the low-FODMAP diet across various gastrointestinal conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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23 pages, 2330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silkworm Enzyme Hydrolysates Improve Memory in MCI Models via CREB-BDNF Signaling and Enhanced Brain Mitochondrial Function

by Yoo-Hee Kim, Nguyen Phuong, Nguyen Minh Anh Hoang, Hye-Jin Kim, Moo-Yeol Baik and Young Ho Koh

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122044 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 776

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigated whether enzymatic hydrolysis enhances the cognitive benefits of HongJam (steamed mature silkworms) and explored the underlying mechanisms. A marker compound of enzyme-treated HongJam was also identified to support quality control. Methods and Results: Mice were supplemented with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated whether enzymatic hydrolysis enhances the cognitive benefits of HongJam (steamed mature silkworms) and explored the underlying mechanisms. A marker compound of enzyme-treated HongJam was also identified to support quality control. Methods and Results: Mice were supplemented with Golden Silk HongJam (GS) or its enzyme hydrolysates (GS-EHS). Behavioral tests showed both improved fear-aggravated memory, with GS-EHS producing similar or greater effects at lower doses. GS-EHS activated the cyclic AMP response element binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway and mitigated scopolamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by enhancing mitochondrial complex activity and ATP production. It also increased esterase activity, reduced reactive oxygen species, and modulated programmed cell death by suppressing apoptosis while promoting autophagy and unfolded protein response pathways. These changes led to reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuroinflammation. Mass spectrometry identified glycine-tyrosine dipeptide as a potential bioactive marker. Conclusions: GS-EHS enhances cognitive function by improving mitochondrial activity, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating programmed cell death. Enzymatic hydrolysis appears to increase the bioavailability of active compounds, making GS-EHS effective at lower doses. The glycine–tyrosine dipeptide may serve as a marker compound for standardizing GS-EHS based on its cognitive-enhancing properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 5453 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quasipaa spinosa-Derived Parvalbumin Attenuates Exercise-Induced Fatigue via Calcium Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress Modulation in Exhaustively Trained Mice

by Kai Sang, Congfei Lu, Yangfan Zhang and Qi Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122043 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 609

Abstract

Background: Quasipaa spinosa crude extract (QSce), a natural source rich in proteins such as parvalbumin (PV), has been traditionally used to promote physical recovery. However, its mechanisms in mitigating exercise-induced fatigue remain unclear. Methods: Using a murine treadmill exhaustion model, we evaluated [...] Read more.

Background: Quasipaa spinosa crude extract (QSce), a natural source rich in proteins such as parvalbumin (PV), has been traditionally used to promote physical recovery. However, its mechanisms in mitigating exercise-induced fatigue remain unclear. Methods: Using a murine treadmill exhaustion model, we evaluated the effects of QS-derived Parvalbumin (QsPV) (30 and 150 mg/kg/day) on endurance capacity, oxidative stress, tissue injury, and muscle function. Indicators measured included time to exhaustion, intracellular calcium levels, antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)], lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), injury markers [creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac troponin I (cTnI)], renal function (blood urea), and muscle force. Results: QsPV-150 significantly increased time to exhaustion by 34.6% compared to the exercise-only group (p < 0.01). It reduced MDA by 41.2% in skeletal muscle and increased SOD and GSH-Px levels by 35.4% and 28.1%, respectively. Serum CK, LDH, and cTnI were reduced by 39.5%, 31.7%, and 26.8%, respectively, indicating protection against muscle and cardiac injury. QsPV also decreased blood urea by 22.3% and improved renal histology, with reduced glomerular damage and tubular lesions. At the molecular level, QsPV restored calcium balance and downregulated calpain-1/2 and atrophy-related genes (MuRF-1, MAFbx-32). Muscle contractile force (GAS and SOL) improved by 12.2–20.3%. Conclusions: QsPV attenuates exercise-induced fatigue through multi-organ protection involving calcium buffering, oxidative stress reduction, and anti-atrophy effects. These findings support its potential as a natural recovery-enhancing supplement, pending further clinical and pharmacokinetic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Endurance and Ultra-Endurance: Implications of Training, Recovery, Nutrition, and Technology on Performance and Health)

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30 pages, 15481 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 12 Weeks of Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract, and Shilajit Supplementation on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health, Fitness, and Weight Loss in Men and Women with Risk Factors to Metabolic Syndrome Initiating an Exercise and Diet Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Victoria Martinez, Kay McAngus, Broderick L. Dickerson, Megan Leonard, Elena Chavez, Jisun Chun, Megan Lewis, Dante Xing, Drew E. Gonzalez, Choongsung Yoo, Joungbo Ko, Heather Rhodes, Hudson Lee, Ryan J. Sowinski, Christopher J. Rasmussen and Richard B. Kreider

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122042 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 3536

Abstract

Background: Exercise and nutritional interventions are often recommended to help manage risk related to metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The co-ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica (PE) with trivalent chromium (Cr) has been purported to improve the bioavailability of chromium and enhance endothelial function, reduce platelet aggregation, [...] Read more.

Background: Exercise and nutritional interventions are often recommended to help manage risk related to metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The co-ingestion of Phyllanthus emblica (PE) with trivalent chromium (Cr) has been purported to improve the bioavailability of chromium and enhance endothelial function, reduce platelet aggregation, and help manage blood glucose as well as lipid levels. Shilajit (SJ) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and lipid-lowering properties. This study evaluated whether dietary supplementation with Cr, PE, and SJ, or PE alone, during an exercise and diet intervention may help individuals with risk factors to MetSyn experience greater benefits. Methods: In total, 166 sedentary men and women with at least two markers of metabolic syndrome participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, and repeated-measure intervention study, of which 109 completed the study (48.6 ± 10 yrs., 34.2 ± 6 kg/m², 41.3 ± 7% fat). All volunteers participated in a 12-week exercise program (supervised resistance and endurance exercise 3 days/week with walking 10,000 steps/day on non-training days) and were instructed to reduce energy intake by −5 kcals/kg/d. Participants were matched by age, sex, BMI, and body mass for the double-blind and randomized supplementation of a placebo (PLA), 500 mg of PE (PE-500), 1000 mg/d of PE (PE-1000), 400 µg of trivalent chromium (Cr) with 6 mg of PE and 6 mg of SJ (Cr-400), or 800 µg of trivalent chromium with 12 mg of PE and 12 mg of SJ (Cr-800) once a day for 12 weeks. Data were obtained at 0, 6, and 12 weeks of supplementation, and analyzed using general linear model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures, pairwise comparisons, and mean changes from the baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Compared to PLA responses, there was some evidence (p < 0.05 or approaching significance, p > 0.05 to p < 0.10) that PE and/or Cr with PE and SJ supplementation improved pulse wave velocity, flow-mediated dilation, platelet aggregation, insulin sensitivity, and blood lipid profiles while promoting more optimal changes in body composition, strength, and aerobic capacity. Differences among groups were more consistently seen at 6 weeks rather than 12 weeks. While some benefits were seen at both dosages, greater benefits were more consistently observed with PE-1000 and Cr-800 ingestion. Conclusions: The results suggest that PE and Cr with PE and SJ supplementation may enhance some exercise- and diet-induced changes in markers of health in overweight individuals with at least two risk factors to MetSyn. Registered clinical trial #NCT06641596. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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19 pages, 538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overweight, Obesity, and Lifestyle Behaviors in Immigrants and Native Children in Madrid—ASOMAD Study

by Asmaa Nehari, Alicia Portals-Riomao, Carlos Quesada-González, Augusto G. Zapico, Eva Gesteiro and Marcela González-Gross

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122041 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in immigrant children is a complex multifactorial issue. This work aims to present the OW/OB profile and lifestyle habits of immigrant children and compare them with their native counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional study (ASOMAD) was conducted [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in immigrant children is a complex multifactorial issue. This work aims to present the OW/OB profile and lifestyle habits of immigrant children and compare them with their native counterparts. Methods: A cross-sectional study (ASOMAD) was conducted in a representative sample of children aged 8–12 years in Madrid from 2020 to 2023. Parental origin, physical activity (PA), screen time, adherence to Mediterranean Diet, sleep, and body composition were assessed by validated methods. OW/OB was determined according to IOTF guidelines. T-tests, chi-square tests, and two-way ANOVA tests were applied based on the variables’ characteristics. Results: A total of 587 children (54% boys, aged 9.54 ± 1.19 y), 33.2% immigrants, were studied. OW/OB rate was higher in immigrants (39.7% boys and 37.4% girls) than in natives (18.0% boys and 17.7% girls) (p < 0.05). Immigrant boys were 30.64 ± 8.39 min/day less active than natives (p < 0.001). Both male and female immigrant children devoted considerably more weekday hours to screen time than natives (2.76 ± 2.75; 2.02 ± 2.47 vs. 2.09 ± 2.29; 1.32 ± 1.38; p < 0.05, respectively). Immigrant children consumed significantly less fish and olive oil and more pasta or rice almost every day (5 or more/week), ate at fast-food restaurants, consumed fewer dairy products and baked goods or pastries for breakfast (p < 0.05), and exhibited worse diet quality compared to Spanish ones. Conclusions: Immigrant children exhibited a higher prevalence of OW/OB, higher screen time, lower PA time, and ate less fish and olive oil and more pasta than natives. Additional research is required to explore the causes of these issues and enhance the lifestyle within this group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2893 KB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Folate: The Emerging Role of Maternal Vitamin B12 in Neural Tube Development

by Lirong Nie, Xinru Liu, Xiaoxue Li, Ziyang Ren, Xiao Cheng, Yuwei Wu, Zhiwen Li and Jufen Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122040 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Folic acid (FA) supplementation can effectively reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs). Vitamin B12 is involved in folate metabolism; however, studies have not reached a definitive conclusion on the association between vitamin B12 and NTDs independent of folate levels. A [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Folic acid (FA) supplementation can effectively reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs). Vitamin B12 is involved in folate metabolism; however, studies have not reached a definitive conclusion on the association between vitamin B12 and NTDs independent of folate levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to summarize existing research and investigate the effect of vitamin B12 on NTDs. Methods: Studies were systematically searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane, published before 1 March 2024. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was employed to assess the association between maternal vitamin B12 in blood and NTDs. Results: A total of 38 studies were included, with a total of 2316 NTDs and 4298 controls, covering 14 countries worldwide. Compared with the non-NTD group, the NTD group exhibited a lower vitamin B12 level [SMD = −0.23, 95% CI (−0.32, −0.14), p < 0.001, I² = 58.3%] with a statistically significant difference. Additionally, there was a significant association between maternal vitamin B12 concentration and NTDs when there was no significant difference in folate between the NTD and control groups [SMD: −0.19, 95% CI (−0.28, −0.10)]. Conclusions: Vitamin B12 supplement is also essential for the prevention of NTDs besides folic acid. Monitoring vitamin B12 concentration among pregnant women and considering appropriate supplementation with a combination of vitamin B12 and folic acid could be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of Nutrition in Fertility and Pregnancy)

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14 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Solar-Simulated UV Radiation on Circulating 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)₂D3 and Their Ratio in Younger and Older Adults

by Oktawia P. Borecka, Jonathan C. Y. Tang, William D. Fraser, Lesley E. Rhodes and Ann R. Webb

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122039 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Background: In addition to the well-known vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D, the catabolite 24,25(OH)₂D may also reflect vitamin D status and influence biological and skeletal processes. However, the effects of UVR-induced synthesis on 24,25(OH)₂D levels and [...] Read more.

Background: In addition to the well-known vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D, the catabolite 24,25(OH)₂D may also reflect vitamin D status and influence biological and skeletal processes. However, the effects of UVR-induced synthesis on 24,25(OH)₂D levels and the 25-VMR (24,25(OH)₂D3:25(OH)D3 ratio) remain unclear. Objectives: We aimed to assess how a single standardised UVR dose influences the production of 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)₂D3, 1,25(OH)₂D3 and 25-VMR, with a comparison between younger and older adults being conducted to explore potential age-related differences in vitamin D metabolism. Methods: A total of 11 young (18–40 years; 7M, 4F) and 10 older (65–89 years; 6M, 4F) skin type I-III volunteers received a single sub-erythemal dose of solar simulated UVR (SSR) (95% UVA: 320–400 nm, 5% UVB: 290–320 nm, 1.3 standard erythemal dose) during winter time in the UK (vitamin D trough season), exposing approximately 35% of the body surface area. The Blood was assayed for 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)₂D3 and 1,25(OH)₂D3 using LC-MS/MS at baseline, 24 h and 7 days following UVR exposure. Results: There was a significant increase in 25(OH)D3 from baseline (44 ± 22 nmoL/L) to 24 h post-UVR (48 ± 22 nmoL/L) in the combined age group (p = 0.044), but no significant differences were found in 24,25(OH)₂D3 in the combined group, or between young and older volunteers for both metabolites. 1,25(OH)₂D3 concentrations were higher in young groups (163 ± 60 pmoL/L) than in older (105 ± 38 pmoL/L) groups at 7 days post-UVR (p = 0.044). The 25-VMR decreased from baseline (9 ± 3) to 24 h post-UVR (7.5 ± 2.1) in the combined group (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Our data suggest that a single sub-erythemal UVR challenge does not influence 24,25(OH)₂D3 concentration in younger and older adults at 24 h and 7 days post-UVR and that the significant difference seen in the 25-VMR between baseline and 24 h post-UVR is due to the increase in 25(OH)D3 concentration post-UVR. This is in line with vitamin D oral supplementation studies, and indicates that low doses of UVR trigger the metabolic pathway, without affecting the catabolic pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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21 pages, 667 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Malnutrition in Under-Five Children in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Risk Factors and Implications for Dietary Quality

by Meshack Mzamani Mathosi, Lindiwe Priscilla Cele, Mmampedi Mathibe and Perpetua Modjadji

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122038 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Despite ongoing national interventions, pockets of acute malnutrition persist in rural settings of South Africa, contributing to disproportionate rates of child morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with acute malnutrition among under-five children attending primary healthcare facilities [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Despite ongoing national interventions, pockets of acute malnutrition persist in rural settings of South Africa, contributing to disproportionate rates of child morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with acute malnutrition among under-five children attending primary healthcare facilities in Msinga, KwaZulu-Natal Province, with a specific focus on dietary diversity and selected infant and young child feeding indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional, facility-based study was conducted among 415 mother–child pairs attending five randomly selected PHC facilities in the Msinga sub-district. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling design from a sampling frame of 18,797 under-five children. Of the 551 mother–child pairs approached; the final analytic sample comprised 415 observations. Data were collected through structured interviews, anthropometric assessments, and dietary diversity scores (DDS). Data were analyzed using Stata 18, and Poisson regression was applied to identify risk factors. Results: The prevalence of acute malnutrition was 29% based on weight-for-height/length z-scores (WHZ/WLZ) and 27% based on mid–upper-arm circumference z-scores (MUACZ). Children aged ≥36 months had significantly higher prevalence of acute malnutrition (aPR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.15–2.10). Children from households with five or more members had reduced risk (aPR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45–0.74), and those born full-term showed a strong protective association (aPR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.23–0.64). Maternal age was associated with reduced risk, with children of mothers aged 25–34 years (aPR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48–0.93) and ≥35 years (aPR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35–0.84) experiencing significantly lower prevalence. Mixed feeding was significantly associated with reduced risk (aPR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.55–1.17), while a DDS ≥4 was protective (aPR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.04–0.84). Consumption of protein-rich foods was notably low, with only 21% consuming flesh foods and 10% consuming eggs. Conclusions: Acute malnutrition in under-five children was significantly associated with poor diet quality, older age, low household income, and mixed feeding practices. Protective factors included full-term pregnancy, larger households, older maternal age, and adequate dietary diversity, highlighting the importance of targeted, multisectoral interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Insecurity, Nutritional Status, and Human Health)

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19 pages, 365 KB

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Targeting Metabolic Syndrome with a Pre-Conception True-Couples-Based Lifestyle Intervention: A Pre-Post Mixed-Methods Evaluation

by Sundus Nizamani, Catherine R. Knight-Agarwal, Li Li, Alexandria N. Mekanna and Rosemary Anne McFarlane

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122037 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (Mets) risk is influenced by both parents’ preconception lifestyle, yet most interventions target individuals rather than couples. True couples-based interventions that engage both partners equally remain rare. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and adherence of a 10-week lifestyle [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (Mets) risk is influenced by both parents’ preconception lifestyle, yet most interventions target individuals rather than couples. True couples-based interventions that engage both partners equally remain rare. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and adherence of a 10-week lifestyle intervention delivered to heterosexual couples in the preconception period. Methods: This was a pre-post mixed-methods study involving eight nulliparous, cohabiting couples (N = 16 participants) planning a pregnancy within three years. Couples received tailored dietary and physical activity advice via remote sessions. Qualitative data were collected through post-intervention dyadic interviews and thematically analysed to explore participants’ experiences and perspectives on feasibility and adherence. Quantitative data on anthropometry, dietary intake (serves from five food groups), and sedentary behaviour were descriptively analysed. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess changes in paired outcomes. Results: qualitative findings highlighted shared motivation, mutual accountability, cultural barriers, and the practicality of the intervention structure. All couples completed the intervention (100% retention). Among participants who required change, improvements were observed in all eight individuals for body mass index and in five out of seven individuals for waist-to-hip ratio. Statistically significant improvements were found in BMI (p = 0.027) and grain intake (p = 0.002), while other dietary and anthropometric changes were not significant. Dietary improvements were noted in 43 out of 80 observations across vegetables, fruits, grains, protein, and dairy intake. Sedentary hours were reduced in 12 of 16 participants, though increases in physical activity intensity were limited. Conclusions: A true-couples-based lifestyle intervention is feasible and acceptable in the preconception period. The approach shows potential for improving diet and reducing sedentary behaviour. Future research with a larger sample and longer duration is recommended to assess long-term effectiveness and broader applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle on Reproductive Health)

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26 pages, 2501 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Genetic Variation in Modulating the Effects of Blended Fruits and Vegetables Versus Fruit- and Vegetable-Coated Food Products on Antioxidant Capacity, DNA Protection, and Vascular Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Julia N. DeBenedictis, Na Xu, Theo M. de Kok and Simone G. van Breda

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122036 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 629

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) are major dietary sources of phytochemicals, crucial for preventing non-communicable diseases. However, barriers such as preparation inconvenience and a short shelf life hinder their consumption. F&V-coated foods have emerged as an alternative. This human nutrition intervention study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Fruits and vegetables (F&Vs) are major dietary sources of phytochemicals, crucial for preventing non-communicable diseases. However, barriers such as preparation inconvenience and a short shelf life hinder their consumption. F&V-coated foods have emerged as an alternative. This human nutrition intervention study assessed the effects of a blended F&Vs mixture versus an F&V-coated food on phytochemical absorption and chronic disease risk markers. It also explored how genetic variation influences physiological responses to these F&V products. Methods: In this randomized-controlled trial, participants were assigned to one of three dietary interventions: a blended F&V mixture (“F&V Blend”), a rice-based cereal product coated with this blend (“Coated Pearl”), or the same product without the F&V mixture (“Uncoated Pearl”). The four-week study included a two-week run-in and a two-week intervention phase, each followed by a test day. Measurements included DNA damage resistance (comet assay), plasma antioxidant status (Trolox capacity and superoxide levels), microvasculature health (retinal analysis), and plasma phytochemical concentrations (colorimetric analyses or HPLC). To assess group differences, a linear mixed model was used. Fifteen polymorphic genes related to phytochemical metabolism and oxidative stress were tested using TaqMan and PCR, with outcomes analyzed via ANOVA. Results: The F&V Blend and Coated Pearl products increased plasma carotenoid levels versus the Uncoated Pearl product. Only the F&V Blend improved retinal dilation and DNA resistance. Surprisingly, the Uncoated Pearl product enhanced antioxidant capacity, lowered superoxide levels, and improved retinal microvasculature. Genotype effects were minimal, except for HNF1A, where wildtypes in the Uncoated Pearl group showed a higher antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: Fresh F&Vs were more effective than coated alternatives in improving vascular health and DNA protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruits and Vegetable Bioactive Substances and Nutritional Value)

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Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Preconception Diet Scores Across Studies: The PrePARED Consortium

by Lixuan Ji, Janaki Sundaresan, Cailey Cranny, Ke Pan, Danielle Symons Downs, Erica P. Gunderson, Gita Mishra, Abigail Pauley, Kaitlin S. Potts, James M. Shikany, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Lauren A. Wise and Emily W. Harville

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122035 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: Preconception diet and nutritional status are important determinants of reproductive and pregnancy health. As a comprehensive evaluation, this paper describes harmonization of diet data across multiple cohorts including over 50,000 participants and the differences between them. This information may be useful for [...] Read more.

Background: Preconception diet and nutritional status are important determinants of reproductive and pregnancy health. As a comprehensive evaluation, this paper describes harmonization of diet data across multiple cohorts including over 50,000 participants and the differences between them. This information may be useful for developing targeted strategies to improve women’s diet prior to pregnancy for optimal prenatal health outcomes. Methods: The Preconception Period Analysis of Risks and Exposures influencing health and Development (PrePARED) consortium incorporates studies covering the preconception period and includes both couples planning pregnancy and studies covering the reproductive period but not focused on pregnancy. We harmonized data on 56,520 participants from seven cohort studies that collected data during the preconception period. We generated data on diet quality according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) nutrition checklist to examine diet quality measures across the cohorts and compare estimates of diet quality across studies. Four studies used food frequency questionnaires; one used a study-specific diet history; one used two 24 h dietary recalls; and one used a short series of general diet questions. Positive responses on the six FIGO questions were tallied to calculate a total diet quality score. Results: Cohort samples varied in terms of age; socioeconomic status; race; ethnicity; and geographic region. Across the cohorts, participants met a median of three or four of the FIGO criteria for diet quality; those most commonly met were recommendations for consumption of meat and protein, while those least commonly met were recommendations for limiting consumption of processed foods and snacks. There was greater variation in meeting recommendations for the consumption of fruits and vegetables; dairy; fish; and whole grains. The percentage meeting ≤ 2 criteria ranged from 6.4% (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) to 40.4% (Bogalusa Heart Study). Discussion: There was wide variability across preconception cohort studies in the extent to which participants met FIGO dietary guidelines. Although studies were conducted in populations that were not likely to be malnourished, it was rare for women to meet all the preconception dietary recommendations. These findings illustrate a need for strategies to promote meeting dietary guidelines prior to conception to improve health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Maternal Nutrition and Reproductive Health)

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17 pages, 2172 KB

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Beneficial Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on the Reduction of Prediabetes—Results of the Bialystok PLUS Study

by Magdalena Zalewska, Małgorzata E. Zujko, Jacek Jamiołkowski, Małgorzata Chlabicz, Magda Łapińska and Karol A. Kamiński

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122034 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1304

Abstract

Background: The Mediterranean diet is considered one of the healthiest and safest diets for preventing chronic diseases. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the occurrence of prediabetes in a representative population [...] Read more.

Background: The Mediterranean diet is considered one of the healthiest and safest diets for preventing chronic diseases. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the occurrence of prediabetes in a representative population of Bialystok, Poland. Prediabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet in the diabetic range, indicating an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study participants were selected into healthy control (HC) and prediabetic (PreD) groups based on age and gender. Biochemical measurements included total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6). Additionally, blood pressure, handgrip strength, anthropometric parameters, and body composition were measured. Information on patients’ social data, medical history, and lifestyle history was collected using questionnaires developed for this study. A standardized questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), was used to assess life satisfaction. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and dietary total polyphenol intake (DTPI) were determined using a 3-day nutritional interview and appropriate databases containing information on polyphenols and the antioxidant potential of food products. To assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet recommendations, a 9-item Mediterranean Diet Index (MDI) was used. Results: It was found that the mean MDI for the entire group was low (3.98 ± 1.74), and the HC was characterized by a significantly higher MDI compared to the PreD. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between MDI and HDL-C, whereas a negative correlation was found between MDI and FG, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), IL-6, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference, visceral fat mass, android/gynoid fat ratio. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity was shown to significantly reduce life satisfaction. In model 3, after adjusting for age, sex, dietary energy intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking, each additional MDI point indicated a 10% lower risk of prediabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Conditions)

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21 pages, 680 KB

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Post-Exercise Whey Protein Supplementation: Effects on IGF-1, Strength, and Body Composition in Pre-Menopausal Women, a Randomised Controlled Trial

by Marc Murray, Lara Vlietstra, Alyssa M. D. Best, Stacy T. Sims, James A. Loehr and Nancy J. Rehrer

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122033 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 3344

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of post-exercise protein supplementation with combined resistance and interval training on total insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, strength (3RM), and body composition (DXA) in untrained pre-menopausal women. Methods: Twenty-seven women (33.6 ± [...] Read more.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of post-exercise protein supplementation with combined resistance and interval training on total insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, strength (3RM), and body composition (DXA) in untrained pre-menopausal women. Methods: Twenty-seven women (33.6 ± 9.2 years, 69.4 ± 12.4 kg, 25.5 ± 3.7 kg/m²) were randomised into a control (CON) or moderate protein group (PRO) (3 g, 24 g, resp.) and completed twelve weeks of upper-body resistance (2×/week) and high-intensity interval cycle training (3×/week). Linear mixed-effects model analyses were conducted. Results: PRO had a greater daily protein intake (5.0 ± 16.6 g, 20.5 ± 13.9 g, CON, PRO, resp., p = 0.025), with no change in IGF-1 (−6.0 ± 27.7 µg/L, −2.1 ± 27.8 µg/L, CON, PRO, resp., p = 0.920). Total lean mass increased (0.84 ± 0.80 kg, 0.56 ± 1.4 kg, CON, PRO, resp., p = 0.009), and all strength measures increased in both groups (19–113%, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Untrained women can increase strength and lean mass over twelve weeks of combined resistance and interval training. Post-exercise protein supplementation had little effect, despite increasing protein intake by ~20 g/day in the PRO group. IGF-1 was not associated with any outcome measure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements, Exercise and Muscle)

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13 pages, 649 KB

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Laboratory and Clinical Practices in the Study of Coeliac Disease in Children and Adults: Recommendations from a Spanish Multicentre Survey

by Rocío Aguado, Juan Irure-Ventura, Maria Luisa Vargas, Garbiñe Roy, Yvelise Barrios, Laura Martínez-Martínez, Beatriz Rodríguez, Marco Antonio Montes-Cano, Marcos López-Hoyos and Aurora Jurado

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122032 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that may result in significant nutritional deficiencies. Effective management requires strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Both underdiagnosis and unnecessary dietary restrictions can adversely affect patients’ health and quality of life. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Coeliac disease is an immune-mediated disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that may result in significant nutritional deficiencies. Effective management requires strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Both underdiagnosis and unnecessary dietary restrictions can adversely affect patients’ health and quality of life. To assess adherence to the current recommendations for the laboratory diagnosis of coeliac disease and promote evidence-based practices while reducing inter-laboratory variability, the Spanish Group on Autoimmunity of the Spanish Society of Immunology conducted a nationwide survey. Methods: A thirty-item survey was distributed to fifty autoimmune laboratories across Spain. Data were collected through a structured Excel-based questionnaire comprising multiple-choice items, which was distributed via email to the participating laboratories. It explored practices related to the diagnosis of coeliac disease in the general population and among at-risk groups as well as approaches to patient follow-up and demand management. Results: Thirty-five laboratories completed the electronic questionnaire. For the serological screening of coeliac disease, all the respondents reported using IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) antibody testing together with total IgA measurement to assess IgA competence. However, consistent use of anti-endomysial antibody testing and HLA genotyping and adherence to pre-analytical recommendations for accurate interpretation of results were not uniform across centres. Conclusions: At the time these data were collected (the third trimester of 2021), the 2020 ESPGHAN guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease in the paediatric population had not yet been fully implemented in most of the laboratories surveyed. For diagnosing adults, most laboratories adhered to local and European guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Health, Lifestyle and Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases)

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12 pages, 228 KB

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When Access Is Not Enough: The Role of Utilization Barriers in Nutrition Security and Cardiometabolic Risk

by Maha Almohamad, Ruosha Li, Natalia I. Heredia, Jayna M. Dave, Eric E. Calloway, Anjail Z. Sharrief and Shreela V. Sharma

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122031 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

Background: Food and nutrition security are key social determinants of cardiometabolic health. While food security reflects access to sufficient food, nutrition security incorporates the quality, consistency, and usability of food that supports long-term health. However, few studies have examined how household-level barriers to [...] Read more.

Background: Food and nutrition security are key social determinants of cardiometabolic health. While food security reflects access to sufficient food, nutrition security incorporates the quality, consistency, and usability of food that supports long-term health. However, few studies have examined how household-level barriers to food utilization shape these relationships. Objective: This study assessed whether tangible (e.g., equipment, storage) and intangible (e.g., time, knowledge) food utilization barriers modify the associations between food and nutrition security and cardiometabolic outcomes in low-income adults. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 486 low-income adults across five U.S. states. Participants reported household food security (USDA 18-item module), nutrition security (four-item scale), and utilization barriers (eight-item scale, categorized into tangible and intangible subscales). Self-reported diagnoses of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were combined into a cardiometabolic outcome. Mixed-effects logistic regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic and program participation factors, were used to assess associations and effect modification. Results: Higher nutrition security was associated with lower odds of cardiometabolic conditions (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41–0.83). Tangible barriers significantly modified the relationship between nutrition security and hypertension (p-interaction = 0.04), with stronger protective effects observed in households without such barriers. No significant moderation effects were found for intangible barriers or for food security. Conclusions: Tangible household barriers influence the protective association between nutrition security and cardiometabolic outcomes. Public health strategies should address not only food access but also the practical resources required to store, prepare, and consume healthy foods effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease)

22 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Challenges in Trisomy 21: Prevalence and Characteristics of Feeding Disorders and Food Neophobia—A Cross-Sectional Study of Polish Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome

by Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Sebastian Żur, Adam Sokal, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka and Oskar Kowalski

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122030 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Background: Food neophobia, defined as reluctance to try new foods, may lead to nutritional deficiencies and complicate dietary management—especially in individuals with Down syndrome, who often present with oral-motor dysfunction. This condition may result in nutritional deficiencies and difficulties in adhering to dietary [...] Read more.

Background: Food neophobia, defined as reluctance to try new foods, may lead to nutritional deficiencies and complicate dietary management—especially in individuals with Down syndrome, who often present with oral-motor dysfunction. This condition may result in nutritional deficiencies and difficulties in adhering to dietary recommendations, particularly in individuals with comorbidities. In individuals with Down syndrome (DS), who frequently present with oral motor disorders and chronic diseases, the problem may be especially pronounced. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the risk of food neophobia and feeding difficulties in children, adolescents, and young adults with Down syndrome, as well as their associations with age, gender, and body weight. Methods: The research was conducted using the CAWI method among 310 caregivers of individuals with DS in Poland. Two validated tools were employed: the Montreal Children’s Hospital Feeding Scale (MCH-FS) and the Food Neophobia Scale for Children (FNSC). Body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, and demographic data were also analyzed. Results: Findings revealed that the majority of participants (55.2%) had normal body weight, while 19.4% were undernourished and 6.5% were classified as obese. Feeding difficulties of moderate to very high severity were reported in 26.5% of the participants. A high risk of food neophobia was identified in 41.3% of respondents, most frequently in the preschool age group. A statistically significant association was observed between age and the severity of both feeding difficulties and neophobia (p < 0.05). However, no significant relationships were found with gender or body weight. Conclusions: Feeding difficulties and food neophobia are prevalent among individuals with Down syndrome, particularly in preschool-aged children. The findings highlight the necessity of an interdisciplinary therapeutic approach and the individualization of dietary interventions, taking developmental age into account. Further studies are warranted, with consideration of environmental and psychosocial factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents)

16 pages, 1466 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Habits, Residential Air Pollution, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

by Dong Liu, Junyi Ma, Xia-Lin Cui, Yunnan Zhang, Tong Liu and Li-Hua Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122029 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: The role of dietary patterns in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly under varying levels of ambient air pollution, remains insufficiently understood. Aims: We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to multiple established dietary patterns and the risk [...] Read more.

Background: The role of dietary patterns in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly under varying levels of ambient air pollution, remains insufficiently understood. Aims: We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to multiple established dietary patterns and the risk of incident COPD, and to assess potential effect modification by exposure to ambient air pollutants. Methods: We conducted a prospective study including 206,463 participants from the UK Biobank free of COPD at baseline. Individual-level residential air pollution exposure was estimated for the year 2010. Nine dietary indices were derived from 24 h dietary recalls. Associations with incident COPD were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Effect modification was examined using smoking-specific tertiles of nitrogen oxides (NO, NO₂, and NO_x) and particulate matter (PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10, and PM₁₀). Results: Greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns was associated with a 14% to 34% reduced risk of COPD (highest vs. lowest quintile). In contrast, high adherence to the Unhealthful plant-based diet index (PDI) was associated with a 34% increased risk (HR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.16–1.54). Notably, the protective associations of the AHA, EAT-Lancet, and MIND dietary patterns were most pronounced in settings with relatively high air pollution, as evidenced by elevated levels in at least four air quality indicators (p for interaction < 0.05). Conclusions: Adherence to AHA, EAT-Lancet, and MIND dietary patterns is associated with a reduced risk of incident COPD, with potentially amplified benefits observed in areas with higher ambient air pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 917 KB

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Food Allergy Prevalence and Characteristics Among Adults in Cyprus: Effects on Health-Related Quality of Life

by Stella A. Nicolaou, Alisa Thuy Anh Pham, Afroditi Alexandrou, Elena Andreou, Elena C. Papanastasiou and Nicolaos Nicolaou

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122028 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 621

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Food allergy (FA) is an increasing global concern, yet its prevalence, characteristics, and management vary across populations. Country-specific differences have also been observed in the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with FAs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Food allergy (FA) is an increasing global concern, yet its prevalence, characteristics, and management vary across populations. Country-specific differences have also been observed in the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with FAs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of FAs among Cypriot adults, aged 18–39 years, and explore its effects on HRQL. Methods: A total of 939 randomly selected adults attending universities and colleges across Cyprus completed a questionnaire on demographics and allergy status. Those reporting FA (n = 67, 7.1%) completed the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Adult Form (FAQLQ-AF). The results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Fruits/vegetables (40.5%) and seafood (12.6%) were the most common allergens, and 34.3% of participants reported multiple food allergies. Most participants (94%) experienced symptoms within two hours of allergen exposure, yet only 1.5% carried an epinephrine auto-injector, raising concerns regarding access to allergists or the confirmation of IgE-mediated FA. The mean FAQLQ-AF score was 3.32 ± 0.5 (on a scale of 1–7), indicating mild overall impairment. HRQL impairment was greatest in the Food Allergy-Related Health (FAH) domain and lowest in the Avoidance and Dietary Restrictions (AADR) domain, with participants with multiple allergies, concomitant allergic conditions, or severe symptoms reporting the greatest impacts. Conclusions: FA is the most commonly reported allergic disease amongst Cypriot adults and significantly affects their HRQL. The limited confirmation of FA diagnoses through objective methods and the inadequate management of such conditions highlight the need for improved education and access to allergy care for both healthcare providers and patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship Between Food Allergy and Human Health)

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15 pages, 942 KB

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Gender Differences in Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Its Association with Obesity Among Korean Adults

by Seung Jae Lee and Kyung Won Lee

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122027 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1003

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity in Korean adults. Methods: Data from the 2019 to 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake and UPF consumption were assessed using the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and obesity in Korean adults. Methods: Data from the 2019 to 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake and UPF consumption were assessed using the NOVA food classification based on 24 h recall data from 9662 participants (aged 19–64 years). The participants were divided into three groups based on the tertile of UPF intake. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m². Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after controlling for potential confounders. Results: Of the participants, 50.2% were men and 49.8% were women. Men consumed more UPFs daily (401.3 g) than women (260.1 g; p < 0.0001). Among the various categories of ultra-processed foods, ‘soft drinks, fruit and vegetable drinks’ were the most frequently consumed by both men and women, with men showing a notably higher intake than women. Compared to the lowest quartile of UPF intake, the highest tertile was significantly associated with obesity in men (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.05–1.55; p for trend = 0.0003). Conclusions: This study suggests that a high intake of UPFs is associated with increased odds of obesity in men. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific negative health effects of UPFs in different populations, and targeted efforts should promote healthy diets for both men and women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases)

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14 pages, 1146 KB

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Biological vs. Chronological Overnight Fasting: Influence of Last Evening Meal on Morning Glucose in Dysglycemia

by Diana A. Diaz-Rizzolo, Haley Yao, Leinys S. Santos-Báez, Collin J. Popp, Rabiah Borhan, Ana Sordi-Guth, Danny DeBonis, Emily N. C. Manoogian, Satchidananda Panda, Bin Cheng and Blandine Laferrère

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122026 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1494

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Nocturnal glucose regulation is a critical but underexplored determinant of next-day fasting glucose (FG), particularly in individuals with dysglycemia. This study examined the role of glucose levels after the last eating occasion (LEO) and during the overnight fast in predicting FG, considering [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Nocturnal glucose regulation is a critical but underexplored determinant of next-day fasting glucose (FG), particularly in individuals with dysglycemia. This study examined the role of glucose levels after the last eating occasion (LEO) and during the overnight fast in predicting FG, considering the potential influence of carbohydrate content in LEO and insulin sensitivity. Methods: In a controlled 24 h protocol, 33 adults (50–75 years) with prediabetes or diet-controlled type 2 diabetes followed a standardized feeding schedule with meals at fixed times, including a LEO at 10:00 p.m. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess glucose during the 3 h postprandial period (LEO-PPGR) and two fasting intervals: chronological overnight fast (COF) and biological overnight fast (BOF). Associations with FG were tested using general linear models, adjusting for carbohydrate intake and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index). Results: Glucose responses during LEO-PPGR—assessed by mean glucose, peak, and AUC—were strongly correlated with FG the next morning (r = 0.704, 0.535, and 0.708, p < 0.001). Similarly, glucose levels during COF and BOF were also correlated with FG (r = 0.878, p < 0.001 for both), but these associations weakened after adjustment for LEO carbohydrate content. The Matsuda index was positively correlated with glucose in all three periods (p < 0.05), yet its inclusion in the model attenuated all previously significant associations with FG. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the glycemic response to the last meal and subsequent overnight glucose levels contribute to next-day FG, but their impact is modulated by carbohydrate content and individual insulin sensitivity. Understanding nocturnal glycemic dynamics may inform strategies for improving metabolic outcomes in dysglycemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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31 pages, 868 KB

Open AccessReview

DASH Diet and Preeclampsia Prevention: A Literature Review

by Dimitris Baroutis, Eleni Katsianou, Diamantis Athanasiou, Aikaterini-Gavriela Giannakaki, Panagiotis Antsaklis, Marianna Theodora, George Daskalakis and Makarios Eleftheriades

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122025 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and limited intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, and refined sugars, has been suggested to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. This narrative review aimed [...] Read more.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and limited intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, and refined sugars, has been suggested to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. This narrative review aimed to summarize and synthesize the evidence regarding the role of the DASH diet in preeclampsia prevention. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant studies. Multiple observational and intervention studies examining DASH diet adherence and preeclampsia outcomes were included. Higher adherence to the DASH diet was associated with an approximately 35–45% reduced risk of preeclampsia in observational studies. Intervention trials in high-risk populations demonstrated improved blood pressure control and potential reductions in preeclampsia incidence. The DASH diet appears to exert protective effects through multiple mechanisms, including improved blood pressure regulation, enhanced antioxidant defense, reduced inflammation, and improved endothelial function. The heterogeneity in study designs, DASH diet assessment methods, and intervention protocols limited the strength of conclusions. Evidence for the effects of greater adherence to the DASH diet on preeclampsia prevention is promising but requires confirmation through larger randomized controlled trials. Future research should focus on standardized DASH diet assessment methods, optimal timing and duration of dietary intervention, and exploration of potential synergies with other preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Human Health and Disease)

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21 pages, 624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Determinants of Dietary Vitamin D Intake in a Polish National Sample of Male Adolescents

by Małgorzata Stachoń and Katarzyna Lachowicz

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122024 - 17 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 730

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has a broad physiological effect, and its deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for many diseases. This study aimed to analyze the dietary intake of vitamin D and the factors determining its intake [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, has a broad physiological effect, and its deficiency has been identified as a risk factor for many diseases. This study aimed to analyze the dietary intake of vitamin D and the factors determining its intake among Polish post-primary school students. The data obtained were then related to the dietary recommendations for the Polish population. Methods: The study was conducted on a nationwide sample of 3257 male adolescents (aged 14–20 years) recruited from all macroregions of Poland. Dietary vitamin D intake (dVDi) was assessed using the Vitamin D Estimation Only–Food Frequency Questionnaire (VIDEO-FFQ). Results: The median dietary intake of vitamin D was 4.36 µg daily. This value was below the recommended intake of 15 µg of vitamin D, according to Polish standards, in almost 80% of the study group. The observed dietary vitamin D intake bellow the recommended level ranged from 35.5% of students attending schools in the North-Western macroregion to 93.7% in the Central macroregion, from 45.4% of students attending schools located in the countryside to 92.7% in big cities, from 85.3% among underweight students to 76.7% of obese students, over 77% in both age groups (14–17 and 18–20 years old), and over 78% in both groups: supplementing and not supplementing vitamin D. Fish and fish products provided the highest vitamin D (38.7%), while cereal products and fats provided the lowest (4.49% and 4.35%, respectively). The highest amounts of vitamin D were provided by salmon, rainbow trout, herring, and eel (fish species containing 7–15 µg of vitamin D in 100 g of product), and halibut, mackerel, brook trout, sole, and tuna (fish species containing 1.05–4 µg of vitamin D in 100 g of product), and these fish were consumed in the largest quantities by male adolescents. Dietary vitamin D intake was notably higher in adolescents from the North-Western macroregion of Poland (median: 50.57 vs. 3.72–5.18 µg daily for other macroregions), those attending schools in the countryside (median: 49.49 vs. 3.97–4.39 µg daily for other locations of the school), those with a normal body weight (median: 4.59 vs. 3.38 µg daily for adolescents with underweight), and those who took vitamin D supplements (median: 4.71 vs. 4.06 µg daily for adolescents not supplemented with vitamin D). However, the results showed that dVDi was not dependent on age. Conclusions: The study results indicate that low dVDi among Polish male adolescents can be attributed to the limited supply of vitamin D from dietary sources, especially fish and fish products. The necessity for interventions has been identified, including nutritional education on the role of vitamin D and its sources in the diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Improving Nutrition Education in Schools and Communities)

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25 pages, 4879 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Phytochemical Sulforaphane and Dietary Fiber Inulin Contribute to the Prevention of ER-Negative Breast Cancer via PI3K/AKT/MTOR Pathway and Modulating Gut Microbial Composition

by Huixin Wu, Brittany L. Witt, William J. van der Pol, Casey D. Morrow, Lennard W. Duck and Trygve O. Tollefsbol

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122023 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer among women in the United States. It has been estimated that one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. Various BC risk factors, such as age, physical inactivity, [...] Read more.

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer among women in the United States. It has been estimated that one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. Various BC risk factors, such as age, physical inactivity, and smoking, play a substantial role in BC occurrence and development. Early life dietary intervention with plant-based bioactive compounds has been studied for its potential role in BC prevention. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent extracted from broccoli sprouts (BSp) and other plants. Dietary supplementation of SFN suppresses tumor growth by inducing protective epigenetic changes and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Inulin, as a dietary fiber, has been studied for alleviating GI discomfort and weight loss by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Objective: Early-life combinatorial treatment with both phytochemical SFN and potential prebiotic agent inulin at lower and safer dosages may confer more efficacious and beneficial effects in BC prevention. Methods: Transgenic mice representing estrogen receptor-negative BC were fed 26% (w/w) BSp and 2% (w/v) inulin supplemented in food and water, respectively. Results: The combinatorial treatment inhibited tumor growth, increased tumor onset latency, and synergistically reduced tumor weight. Gut microbial composition was analyzed between groups, where Ruminococcus, Muribaculaceae, and Faecalibaculum significantly increased, while Blautia, Turicibacter, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 significantly decreased in the combinatorial group compared with the control group. Furthermore, combinatorial treatment induced a protective epigenetic effect by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Intermediates in the AKT/PI3K/MTOR pathway were significantly suppressed by the combinatorial treatment, including PI3K p85, p-AKT, p-PI3K p55, MTOR, and NF-κB. Cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death were induced by the combinatorial treatment via elevating the expression of cleaved-caspase 3 and 7 and inhibiting the expressions of CDK2 and CDK4, respectively. Orally administering F. rodentium attenuated tumor growth and induced apoptosis in a syngeneic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model. Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that early-life dietary combinatorial treatment contributed to BC prevention and may be a potential epigenetic therapy that serves as an adjunct to other traditional neoadjuvant therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health)

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27 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessReview

Rewiring Mood: Precision Psychobiotics as Adjunct or Stand-Alone Therapy in Depression Using Insights from 19 Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults

by Alexandra-Eleftheria Menni, Helen Theodorou, Georgios Tzikos, Ioannis M. Theodorou, Eleni Semertzidou, Veroniki Stelmach, Anne D. Shrewsbury, George Stavrou and Katerina Kotzampassi

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122022 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: Depression is a leading contributor to global disability, with a large proportion of patients showing inadequate responses to conventional antidepressants. Probiotic bacteria with psychotropic potential seem to be an emerging treatment option, either alone or in conjunction with depression symptom management. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Depression is a leading contributor to global disability, with a large proportion of patients showing inadequate responses to conventional antidepressants. Probiotic bacteria with psychotropic potential seem to be an emerging treatment option, either alone or in conjunction with depression symptom management. Objective: To critically review the Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) whose primary focus was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics/psychobiotics to ameliorate depression status, quantified via validated psychometric tools. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed and Scopus databases (January 2014–January 2025) was conducted to identify RCTs with the primary aim of improving depression status in adults taking probiotics in comparison to those taking a well-defined placebo. Results: Nineteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria, with all demonstrating a significant amelioration of depression status after probiotic/psychobiotic treatment, taken either as a stand-alone treatment [n = 5] or as an adjunctive treatment to antidepressant therapy [n = 10]. However, only in 14 studies was a significant improvement achieved at the end of treatment over a placebo, which also showed an improvement against the baseline. In total, 7 out of 10 studies with probiotics as an add-on therapy and 7 out of the 9 with probiotics, either as a monotherapy or with a different percentage also taking antidepressants, exhibited a significant amelioration of depression status against placebo treatment. Conclusions: Probiotics, particularly multi-strain preparations and certain well-characterized single strains, seem to be noticeably beneficial in alleviating depressive symptoms in adults. However, there is an urgent need for large-scale randomized clinical trials with well-defined specific psychobiotic strains in order to confirm the most effective strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health (2nd Edition))

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19 pages, 7221 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Patterns on Maternal Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density During Three Trimesters in Chinese Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Jiajun Liu, Zhen Qin, Ziwei Xi, Yalin Zhou and Yajun Xu

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122021 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess dietary quality among Chinese pregnant women across three gestational trimesters using different assessment indices while investigating the relationship between dietary patterns and longitudinal alterations in maternal body composition parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) during pregnancy. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess dietary quality among Chinese pregnant women across three gestational trimesters using different assessment indices while investigating the relationship between dietary patterns and longitudinal alterations in maternal body composition parameters and bone mineral density (BMD) during pregnancy. Methods: A total of 556 healthy pregnant women were recruited. Dietary intake was assessed utilizing a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Diet quality was evaluated through three indices: the Dietary Balance Index for Pregnant Women (DBI-P), the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and the Eastern Health Diet Index (EHDI). Multiple linear regression models and mediation analyses were constructed to elucidate the relationships between dietary indices, body composition parameters, and BMD. Results: In the first trimester, excessive dietary intake was associated with increased maternal fat mass but reduced BMD, while insufficient intake correlated with declines in muscle mass, water compartments, and inorganic salt levels. Pro-inflammatory diets further exacerbated reductions in non-fat body composition, including protein and muscle mass. By the second trimester, low-quality diets continued to negatively affect muscle mass and water balance, whereas no significant dietary effects on body composition or BMD were observed in the third trimester. Mediation analyses revealed that body composition partially mediated the relationship between dietary imbalance and reduced BMD. Conclusions: Unbalanced, pro-inflammatory, and low-quality diets during early-to-mid pregnancy contribute to adverse changes in maternal body composition and bone health, especially in the first and second trimesters, with the DBI-P index demonstrating superior applicability for assessing dietary impacts in Chinese pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 12 (June-2 2025) – 107 articles

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