Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Interventions
2.3. Analysis of Plasma Immune Activity Markers
2.4. Analysis of Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
2.5. Cell Culture
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Levels of Immune Activity Markers in ADHD Patients
3.2. Effects of Synbiotic 2000 on Immune Activity Markers
3.3. Baseline Levels of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) in ADHD Patients
3.4. Effects of Synbiotic 2000 on SCFAs
3.5. Associations between Immune Activity Markers and SCFAs
3.6. Effects of SCFAs on ICAM-1 Expression in Human Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children (n = 49) | Adults (n = 105) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Placebo (n = 21) | Synbiotic 2000 (n = 28) | Placebo (n = 54) | Synbiotic 2000 (n = 51) | ||
Median (IQR)/ N (%) | Median (IQR)/ N (%) | Median (IQR)/ N (%) | Median (IQR)/ N (%) | ||
Age [years] | 13 (8–18) | 14 (8–18) | 36 (19–51) | 37 (19–55) | |
Body mass index [kg/m2] | 22.8 (17.0–38.3) | 24.3 (19.3–40.4) | |||
Sex | Female | 4 (19) | 9 (32) | 38 (70) | 36 (71) |
Male | 17 (81) | 19 (68) | 16 (30) | 15 (29) | |
Delivery route | Vaginal | 18 (86) | 21 (75) | 48 (89) | 43 (84) |
C-section | 3 (14) | 4 (14) | 5 (9) | 7 (14) | |
Acute C-section | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | |
Unknown | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Breastfed | <3 months | 2 (10) | 5 (18) | 7 (13) | 9 (18) |
3–6 months | 0 (0) | 4 (14) | 12 (22) | 10 (20) | |
>6 months | 18 (86) | 17 (61) | 29 (54) | 22 (43) | |
None | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | |
Unknown | 1 (5) | 2 (7) | 5 (9) | 9 (18) | |
Antibiotic drugs a | >3 times | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 3 (6) | 1 (2) |
1–3 times | 5 (24) | 8 (29) | 15 (28) | 11 (22) | |
None | 16 (76) | 18 (64) | 34 (63) | 36 (71) | |
Unknown | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 2 (4) | 3 (6) | |
Melatonin medication | Yes † | 14 (67) | 9 (32) | 12 (22) | 37 (73) |
No † | 7 (33) | 19 (68) | 42 (78) | 14 (27) | |
ADHD medication b | Yes † | 14 (67) | 18 (64) | 36 (67) | 37 (73) |
No † | 7 (33) | 10 (36) | 18 (33) | 14 (27) | |
Other prescribed drugs for adults c | Yes † | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 24 (44) | 30 (59) |
No † | 21 (100) | 28 (100) | 30 (56) | 21 (41) | |
Dietary supplements d | Yes | 13 (62) | 15 (54) | 39 (72) | 37 (73) |
No | 8 (38) | 13 (46) | 15 (28) | 14 (26) | |
ICD-10 code e | F90.0 | 6 (29) | 4 (14) | 9 (17) | 10 (20) |
F90.0B | 12 (57) | 18 (64) | 28 (52) | 31 (61) | |
F90.0C | 2 (10) | 5 (18) | 13 (24) | 7 (14) | |
F90.0X | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | |
F90.1 | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
F90.8 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | |
F98.8 | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
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Yang, L.L.; Stiernborg, M.; Skott, E.; Xu, J.; Wu, Y.; Landberg, R.; Arefin, S.; Kublickiene, K.; Millischer, V.; Nilsson, I.A.K.; et al. Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051293
Yang LL, Stiernborg M, Skott E, Xu J, Wu Y, Landberg R, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Millischer V, Nilsson IAK, et al. Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2023; 15(5):1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051293
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Liu L., Miranda Stiernborg, Elin Skott, Jingjing Xu, Yujiao Wu, Rikard Landberg, Samsul Arefin, Karolina Kublickiene, Vincent Millischer, Ida A. K. Nilsson, and et al. 2023. "Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD—A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 15, no. 5: 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051293